REVISION MAP

Coordination Compounds 2+
These retain their identity even in solution state, e.g. [Ni(NH3)6]

Terminology Nomenclature and Isomerism Bonding

Coordination Entity
Nomenclature Werner's Theory
It contains central metal atom/ion ?
For Cationic Complexes
surrounded by the fixed number of According to it, primary valency is
Counter ion name + ligand name with ionisable but secondary (also called
ions or molecules. quantity in alphabetical order + metal name coordination number) does not. These
+ ate + (OS of metal) are written inside the sphere.
Ligands ?
For Anionic/Neutral Complexes
? These are the ions/molecules which Ligand no. + ligand name (alphabetically)
donate their lone pair to central metal + metal name + (OS of metal) + counter Valence Bond Theory
atom/ion. ion name (if present). By it, property of a complex can be
–
These may be positive (e.g. NO ,
?
+ ?
H2O-aqua, NO-nitrosyl, Cl - chlorido, calculated as:
–
+ – –
NO2 ), negative (e.g. CN , Cl ), CN - cyano, etc. (i) Predict the OS of central metal
atom/ion.
neutral (e.g. H2O, CO, NO, etc.)
(ii) Write EC of central metal atom/ion.
? Further, on the basis of donor sites
Isomerism (iii) Pair up the d-electron, if ligand is
or denticity, these are called It is shown by such compounds which has –
–
unidentate (e.g. Cl , CO), bidentate strong like CN , CO, NH3, etc.
same molecular formula but different
(e.g. en, oxalate), polydentate arrangement of atom. (iv) Fill ligands in empty d-orbitals and
(e.g. EDTA), ambidentate (e.g. nitrito, predict hybridisation and structure
thiocyanate) or chelating. as:
Orbital Used Hybridisation Structure
Structural Isomerism 1s + 3p sp3 Tetrahedral
Coordination Number (CN) It is due to difference in structural arrangement. 1d + 1s + 2p dsp2 Square planar
It shows the number of ligands bonded It may be
? 2d + 1s + 3p sp3d 2 Octahedral
to metal. (i) Linkage isomerism (due to the presence (v) If unpaired electron (s) present, then
CN = number of unidentate ligands of ambidentate ligand like NO2, SCN, paramagnetic otherwise diamagnetic.
or etc., e.g. [M—NCS] and [M—SCN].
(vi) (n –1) d-orbital used by ligand
CN = number of ligands × denticity (ii) Ionisation isomerism (due to difference = inner orbital,
in counter ion)
nd-orbital used by ligand = outer
(iii) Hydrate or solvate isomerism (due to orbital.
Oxidation Number (ON or OS) difference in H2O molecule inside the
sphere).
It shows the charge carried by the Crystal Field Theory
central metal atom/ion if all the ligands (iv) Coordination isomerism (when both the
are removed. ions are complexes), Here , d-orbital of metal splits into dx –y and
2 2

e.g. [Co(NH3)6] [Cr(CN)6]. dz (i.e. eg set) and dxy, dyz, dzx (i.e. t2g set).
2

For tetrahedral, eg < t2g.

Charge on Complex Ion For octahedral, eg > t2g.
It is the algebraic sum of the charges of ? If D o < P, then complex is high spin or
central metal atom/ion and ligands weak field.
attached with it. Stereoisomerism
? If D o < P, then complex is low spin or
Complexes shows different arrangement in
strong field.
space.
Carbonyl Compounds ? It may be
? These are the compounds of (i) geometrical isomerism (shown by
transition element with CO. complexes of the type MX2L2, MABXL, Stability of Complex
? They may be s bonded, p bonded or MX2L4, etc., but not by tetrahedral A complex is more stable, if
both. complexes. ? metal has more charge.
? The M—L bonding creates a (ii) optical isomerism (shown by complexes ? ligand is more basic (strong).
synergic effect which strengthens having at least one bidentate ligand, ? CFSE is more.
CO—M bond. 2+
e.g. [PtCl2(en)2] . ? chelate is formed.