MUHAMMAD ALI ASAD

FA19C2LA014
SUBMITTED TO DR RIZWAN ANJUM SB
CHAPTER REVIEW: LINEAR DIGITAL ICS
 LINEAR DIGITAL ICS
REVIEW
In this chapter we will be having a look at ICS containing digital circuits as well as analog
circuits. From recent times, technology is being more and more advance. Initially we had
analog circuits and with the passage of time we have digitalized almost each and
everything. We will further elaborate those circuits that have both digital and analog
circuitry in them. These circuits are as follows.

 Comparator Circuits
 D/A Convertors
 Timer Circuits
 Voltage Controlled Oscillator Circuits
 Phase locked loop Circuits

Comparator Circuit
Comparator circuit by name is derived from a word compare. In comparator circuits
we will compare the input voltage with a reference voltage. Our output will be a
digital condition analyzing that the output voltage increases from the reference
voltage or not.
Circuit diagram and the output voltage of a comparator circuit is given below
D/A Convertor
D/A converter convert digital code into analog signals mostly for audio. D/A converters DACs convert
digital audio samples into the analog waveforms sent to audio amplifiers and speakers. A D/A converter,
which may be a single chip or a circuit within a chip, is found on every device that sends analog speech
or music to an amplifier, speaker or headphones, including computers, smart phones, tablets.

Voltage resolution=Vref/2^n

LOGIC DIAGRAM OF A/D CONVERTOR

Timer IC Unit Operation

This IC is made of a combination of linear comparators and digital flip-flops.The entire circuit is usually
housed in an eight-pin package. A series connection of three resistors sets the reference voltage levels
to the two comparators

MODES OF OPERATION

 Astable mode
 Monostable mode
Astable mode
One popular application of the 555 timer IC is as an astable multivibrator or clock circuit. The following
analysis of the operation of the 555 as an astable circuit includes details of different parts of the unit and
how the various inputs and outputs are used.

Astable multiviberator using 555 IC

Monostable mode
555 timers can also be used as a one-shot or monostable multivibrator circuit. When the trigger input
signal goes negative, it triggers the one-shot with Output at pin 3 then going high for a time period given
by

Thigh = 1.1RAC

Operation of 555 timers as one shot

Voltage Controlled oscillator Circuit

A voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is a circuit that provides a varying output signal whose frequency
can be adjusted by an input DC voltage.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

There are several restrictions in the practical circuit of VCO

1 R 1 should be within the range 2 k_ … R1 … 20 k_.

2. V C should be within the range 34

3. f o should be below 1 MHz.

4. V _ should range between 10 V and 24 V.

PHASE LOCKED LOOP CIRCUIT

A phase-locked loop (PLL) is an electronic circuit that consists of a phase detector, a low pass filter and a
voltage-controlled oscillator. A phase-locked loop or phase lock loop is a control system that generates
an output signal whose phase is related to the phase of an input signal. There are several different types
the simplest is an electronic circuit consisting of a variable frequency oscillator and a phase detector in a
feedback loop

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PLL

OPERATIONS OF PLL

 The basic PLL, reference signal and the signal from the voltage controlled oscillator are
connected to the two input ports of the phase detector. The output from the phase detector is
passed to the loop filter and then filtered signal is applied to the voltage controlled oscillator. A
fixed phase difference between the two signals to the comparator results in a fixed dc voltage to the
VCO. Changes in the input signal frequency then result in change in the dc voltage to the VCO. Within a
capture-and-lock frequency range, the dc voltage will drive the VCO frequency to match that of the
input. While the loop is trying to achieve lock, the output of the phase comparator contains frequency
components at the sum and difference of the signals compared. A low-pass filter passes only the lower
frequency component of the signal, so that the loop can obtain lock between input and VCO signals.

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