STUDY ON CONSTRUCTION WASTE MANAGEMENT

DURING DESIGN PHASE

JASON CHONG JIE SHENG

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

 CONTENTS

TITLE i

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

CONTENTS iv – x

LIST OF TABLES xi

LIST OF FIGURES xii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-7

1.1 Introduction 1-2
1.2 Research Background 2-3
1.3 Problem Statement 3-4
1.4 Research Question 4
1.5 Research Objectives 4
1.6 Research Scope 5
1.7 Research Methodology 5-6
1.8 Research Significant 6-7
1.9 Summary 7

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 8 - 32

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2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 Construction Waste 8 - 15
2.2.1 Concept of Waste 8-9
2.2.2 Definition of Construction Waste 9 - 10
2.2.3 Classification of Construction 10 - 12
Waste
2.2.4 Impact of Construction Waste 13 - 14
2.2.4.1 Environment 13
2.2.4.2 Economic 13
2.2.4.3 Social Life 14
2.2.5 Construction Waste in Global and 14 - 15
Malaysia
2.3 Construction Waste Management 15 - 20
2.3.1 Concept of Waste Management 15 - 16
2.3.2 Definition of Construction Waste 16
Management
2.3.3 Waste Management Hierarchy 16 - 17
2.3.4 Factor Influencing Systematic 18 - 19
Construction Waste Management
2.3.4.1 Design Changes 18
2.3.4.2 Deliberation of 18
Construction Waste
Reduction in Design
Stage
2.3.4.3 Investment in 18
Construction Waste
Management
2.3.4.4 Site Space Provided for 19
Performing Waste
Management
2.3.4.5 Utilize of Waste 19
Technology
2.3.4.6 Waste Management 19
Culture
2.3.5 Waste Minimisation Practices 20
2.4 Construction Waste Management Life 21 - 23
Cycle
2.4.1 Phase 1: Objectives 21
2.4.2 Phase 2: Planning, Design and 22
Procurement
2.4.3 Phase 3: Construction 22
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2.4.4 Phase 4: Occupancy 23

2.4.5 Phase 5: Operation and 23
Maintenance
2.4.6 Phase 6: Renovation and 23
Demolition
2.5 Design Phase of Construction Waste 24 - 26
Management
2.5.1 Roles and Responsible of the 24
Parties Involved in
Construction Industry
2.5.2 Building Information Modelling 25 - 26
(BIM)
2.5.2.1 Definition of BIM 25
2.5.2.2 BIM Used for 25 - 26
Construction Waste
Management
2.6 Factor that Cause Construction Waste 26 - 29
during Design Phase
2.6.1 Frequent Design Change 26
2.6.2 Design Error 27
2.6.3 Lack of Design Information 27
2.6.4 Poor Design Quality 27
2.6.5 Slow Drawing Distribution 27 - 28
2.6.6 Incomplete Contract Document 28
2.6.7 Complicated Design 28
2.6.8 Inexperience Designer 28
2.6.9 Error in Contract Documentation 29
2.6.10 Interaction between Various 29
Specialists
2.6.11 Poor Coordination of Parties 29
during Design Stage
2.6.12 Last Minute Client Requirements 29
2.7 Solution to Solve Construction Waste 30 - 32
during Design Phase
2.7.1 Design to Reuse and Recovery 30 - 31
2.7.2 Design for Waste Efficient 31
Procurement
2.7.3 Design for Materials Optimisation 31
2.7.4 Design for Off-Site Construction 31
2.7.5 Design for Deconstruction and 32
Flexibility
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2.8 Summary 32

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 33 - 40

3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Methodology Flow Chart 34 -35
3.3 Quantitative Research Approach 35 - 38
3.3.1 Research Population 35
3.3.2 Research Sampling 36
3.3.3 Questionnaire Design 36- 37
3.3.4 Pilot Study 37
3.3.5 Instrumentation 37 - 38
3.3.6 Distribution 38
3.4 Data Collection 38 - 39
3.4.1 Literature Review 39
3.4.2 Questionnaire Survey 39
3.5 Questionnaire Data Analysis 39
3.6 Summary 40

CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 41 - 82

4.1 Introduction 41
4.2 Analysis of Respondents’ Background 42 - 46
4.2.1 Gender 42
4.2.2 Age 43
4.2.3 Position in Organisation 44
4.2.4 Working Experience in 45
Construction Industry
4.2.5 Type of Project Undertaken 46
4.3 Analysis of the Factor that Cause 47 - 64
Construction Waste during Design Phase
4.3.1 Frequent Design Change 47 - 48
4.3.2 Design Errors 48
4.3.3 Lack of Design Information 49
4.3.4 Poor Design Quality 50
4.3.5 Slow Drawing Distribution 51
4.3.6 Incomplete Contract Document 52
4.3.7 Complicated Design 53
4.3.8 Inexperience Designer 54
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4.3.9 Error in Contract Documentation 55

4.3.10 Interaction between Various 56
Specialists
4.3.11 Too Many Suppliers which is Not 57
Easy to Select
4.3.12 Poor Coordination of Parties 58
during Design Phase
4.3.13 Last Minute Client Requirements 59
4.3.14 Challenge of Lack of Awareness 60
which Material Management
4.3.15 Poor Scheduling of Construction 61
Materials on Site
4.3.16 Improper Arrangement of 62
Materials
4.3.17 Poor Communication between 63
Parties in Materials Management
4.3.18 Poor Storage of Facilities of 64
Materials
4.4 Discussion for the Factors that Cause 65 - 67
Construction Waste during Design Phase
4.5 Analysis of the Solution to Solve the 68 - 79
Problem about Construction Waste
during Design Phase
4.5.1 Design to Reuse and Recovery 68
4.5.2 Design for Waste Efficient 69
Procurement
4.5.3 Design for Materials Optimisation 70
4.5.4 Design for Off- Site Construction 71
4.5.5 Design for Deconstruction and 72
Flexibility
4.5.6 Design to Recycle by Process of 73
Collection, Separation, Clean Up
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and Processing of Waste

Materials to Produce a Marketable
Material
4.5.7 Dispose through Dumping in 74
Landfill
4.5.8 Plan Accurate Cost of 75
Construction Materials
Management System
4.5.9 Plan Appropriate Materials 76
Management in Construction
Industry
4.5.10 Effective Communication 77
between Parties in Storage of
Materials
4.5.11 Proper Handling and Use of 78
Materials on Site
4.5.12 Reporting Problems such as 79
Materials Breakage
4.6 Discussion for the Solutions to Solve the
Problem about Construction Waste 80 - 82
during Design Phase
4.7 Summary
82
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS 83 - 86

5.1 Introduction 83
5.2 Research Summary 83 - 84
5.3 Limitation of Research 84
5.4 Recommendation 85 - 86
5.4.1 Recommendation to Construction 85
Industry
5.4.2 Recommendation to Future 85 - 86
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Research
5.5 Closure 86

REFERENCES 87 - 94

APPENDIX
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LIST OF TABLES

1.1 Method to find out the objectives 6

3.1 Questionnaire distribution and return 36
3.2 Likert scale of acceptance 38
4.1 Summarize of factor that cause construction waste during
design phase
4.2 Summarize of solution to solve the problem about
construction waste during design phase
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LIST OF FIGURES

1.1 The total number of G7 contractor company in Johor Bahru 5

registered with CIDB
2.1 Waste management hierarchy 17
2.2 Systematic process for construction waste 21
management through life cycle of a building
3.1 Research methodology flowchart 34
4.1 Percentage of respondents’ gender
4.2 Percentage of respondents’ age group
4.3 Percentage of respondents’ position in organisation
4.4 Percentage of respondents’ working experience in
construction industry
4.5 Percentage of type of project undertaken by respondents
4.6 Frequency of factor that cause construction waste during
design phase in frequent design change
4.7 Frequency of factor that cause construction waste during
design phase in design errors
4.8 Frequency of factor that cause construction waste during
design phase in lack of design information
4.9 Frequency of factor that cause construction waste during
design phase in poor design quality
4.10 Frequency of factor that cause construction waste during
design phase in slow drawing distribution
4.11 Frequency of factor that cause construction waste during
design phase in incomplete contract document
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4.12 Frequency of factor that cause construction waste during

design phase in complicated design
4.13 Frequency of factor that cause construction waste during
design phase in inexperienced designer
4.14 Frequency of factor that cause construction waste during
design phase in error in contract document
4.15 Frequency of factor that cause construction waste during
design phase in interaction between various specialist
4.16 Frequency of factor that cause construction waste during
design phase in too many suppliers which is not easy to select
4.17 Frequency of factor that cause construction waste during
design phase in poor coordination of parties during design phase
4.18 Frequency of factor that cause construction waste during
design phase in last minute client requirements
4.19 Frequency of factor that cause construction waste during
design phase in challenge of lack of awareness with material
management
4.20 Frequency of factor that cause construction waste during
design phase in poor scheduling of construction materials on site
4.21 Frequency of factor that cause construction waste during
design phase in improper arrangement of materials
4.22 Frequency of factor that cause construction waste during
design phase in poor communication between parties in material
management
4.23 Frequency of factor that cause construction waste during
design phase in poor storage of facilities of materials
4.24 Frequency of solution to solve the problem about construction
waste during design phase in design to reuse and recovery
4.25 Frequency of solution to solve the problem about construction
waste during design phase in design for waste- efficient
procurement
4.26 Frequency of solution to solve the problem about construction
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waste during design phase in design for materials optimisation

4.27 Frequency of solution to solve the problem about construction
waste during design phase in design for off-site construction
4.28 Frequency of solution to solve the problem about construction
waste during design phase in design for deconstruction and
flexibility
4.29 Frequency of solution to solve the problem about construction
waste during design phase in design to recycle by process of
collection, separation, clean up and processing of waste
materials to produce a marketable material
4.30 Frequency of solution to solve the problem about construction
waste during design phase in dispose through dumping in
landfill
4.31 Frequency of solution to solve the problem about construction
waste during design phase in plan accurate cost of
construction materials management system
4.32 Frequency of solution to solve the problem about construction
waste during design phase in plan appropriate materials
management in construction industry
4.33 Frequency of solution to solve the problem about construction
waste during design phase in effective communication
between parties in storage of materials
4.34 Frequency of solution to solve the problem about construction
waste during design phase in proper handling and use of
materials on site
4.35 Frequency of solution to solve the problem about construction
waste during design phase in reporting problems such as
materials breakage