UT Useful Formulas

Main ultrasonic parameters and their definition or relationship:

Feature Formula Remarks

Longitudinal Where:
(Compression) = Modulus of elasticity (Young’s modul
us) [N/m2]
velocity
= Mass density [kg/m3]
; [ m/s ]
= Poisson’s ratio

Transverse Where:
(shear) = Shear modulus [N/m2]
velocity

; [m/s ]

Frequency Where:
= Wave Length [m]

= Velocity [m/s]
; [Hz]

Acoustic Where:
impedance = Velocity [m/s]

; [kg/m2s] = Density [kg/m3 ]

Near‐field Where:
= Transduser diameter [mm]
(circular)
= Transduser frequency [Hz]
; [mm]
= Sound velocity [mm/s]

Beam Where:
divergence‐ = Beam divergence angle from
angle (circular) centerline to point where signal
is at half strength
Reflection Where:
coefficient = Acoustic impedance of Medium 1

= Acoustic impedance of Medium 2

Transmission Where:
coefficient = Reflection coefficient

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Snell’s law Where:
= the longitudinal wave velocities
in the first and second materials,
respectively
= the shear wave velocities in the
first and second materials,
respectively
= the angles of incident and
refracted longitudinal waves,
respectively
= the angles of the converted
reflected and refracted shear
waves, respectively
Amplitude Where:
attenuation = Initial (unattenuated) amplitude
= Attenuation coefficient [dB/m]

= Traveled distance [m]

Sound amplitude Where:

; [dB] = Amblitude of the first pulse
gain (or loss) in
= Amblitude of the second pulse
Decibel

Distance to Where:
= Sound velocity (longitudinal or
reflector or
shear) [m/s]
discontinuity = Time difference [s]
(normal or angle
beam)

Surface Distance
& Depth (1st
Leg)

Surface Distance
& Depth (2nd
Leg)

Skip Distance for

weld inspection

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