CHAPTER 4

PROPERTIES OF WAVE

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Properties
of wavereflection refraction

interference diffraction
reflection property of wave : reflection
is the change in direction of a wave at a boundary between two
different media, so that the wave moves back into the same medium
form which it came from.

The law of reflection

medium 2
“The angle at which the wave is
incident (i) on the surface equals the
angle at which it is reflected (r).”

medium 1
(θi) = (θr)
reflection property of wave : reflection
is the change in direction of a wave at a boundary between two
different media, so that the wave moves back into the same medium
form which it came from.

UNCHANGE CHANGE
f (source)
v (medium)
Phase (maybe)
λ (f, v)
θ
reflection property of wave : reflection
is the change in direction of a wave at a boundary between two
different media, so that the wave moves back into the same medium
form which it came from.

Fixed end Free end

reflection property of wave : reflection
is the change in direction of a wave at a boundary between two
different media, so that the wave moves back into the same medium
form which it came from.

Light to heavier Heavy to lighter

refraction property of wave : refraction
is the change in direction of a wave passing from one medium
to another caused by its change in speed.
refraction property of wave : refraction
is the change in direction of a wave passing from one medium
to another caused by its change in speed.

UNCHANGE CHANGE

v (medium)
f (source) λ (f, v)
θ
refraction property of wave : refraction
is the change in direction of a wave passing from one medium
to another caused by its change in speed.

Snell’s Law
sinθ1 v1 λ1 n2
= = =
sinθ2 v2 λ2 n1
refraction property of wave : refraction

Refraction of light
vair nglass
=
vglass nair
c nglass
=
vglass 1
c
nglass =
vglass
refraction Ex4.2 A light ray of wavelength 600 nm
traveling through air is incident on a smooth,
flat slab of crown glass (n = 1.6) at an angle of
35º to the normal.
a. Find the angle of refraction.
b. Find the wavelength of light in glass.
c. Find the speed of light in glass.

35º

n = 1.6
refraction Ex4.3 A light ray traveling through air of
incident angle 30º with quartz (n = 1.54).
Determine the refractive angle and vice versa.
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30º

n = 1.54
refraction property of wave : refraction
θ < θc θ = θc θ > θc

Critical Angle (θc)

The critical angle is the angle of incidence above which the total internal reflection occurs.
It is the largest angle of incidence for which refraction can still occur.

sinθ1 v1 λ1 n2
= = =
sinθ2 v2 λ2 n1

Critical angle occur when …

Small Angle --> Large Angle

Large Refractive Index --> Small Refractive Index
refraction property of wave : refraction

Critical Angle (θc)

The critical angle is the angle of incidence above which the total internal reflection occurs.
It is the largest angle of incidence for which refraction can still occur.

sinθc n2
=
sin90 n1
n2
sinθc =
n1
interference property of wave : interference
is the phenomenon that occurs when two waves meet while traveling
along the same medium.

Node (N)

antinode (A)
interference interference standing wave
combination of two waves moving in opposite directions, each having
the same amplitude and frequency.

loop

2 loop = 1 λ

ANTINODE

NODE
interference interference standing wave
combination of two waves moving in opposite directions, each having
the same amplitude and frequency.
interference interference standing wave
combination of two waves moving in opposite directions, each having
the same amplitude and frequency.
interference interference pattern

In Phase (Phases match)

P is Antinode (constructive interference):

Path diff = dsinθ = mλ

P is Node (destructive interference):

Path diff = dsinθ = (m - 1/2)λ
interference interference pattern

Out of Phase (Phases mismatch)

P is Antinode (constructive interference):

Path diff = dsinθ = (m - 1/2)λ

P is Node (destructive interference):

Path diff = dsinθ = mλ
diffraction property of wave : diffraction
is the bending of a wave around objects or the spreading after passing
through a gap due to any wave's ability to spread in circles or spheres.

In 1678, Huygens proposed that

“every point which a luminous disturbance reaches becomes a source of a spherical wave”
diffraction property of wave : diffraction
is the bending of a wave around objects or the spreading after passing
through a gap due to any wave's ability to spread in circles or spheres.

In 1678, Huygens proposed that

“every point which a luminous disturbance reaches becomes a source of a spherical wave”
diffraction diffraction + interference

single slit

double slit

grating
diffraction diffraction + interference
Double slit Young’s double slit experiment
(Diffraction + Interference)
Double slit Young’s Double slit experiment
(Diffraction + Interference)
Double slit Young’s Double slit experiment
(Diffraction + Interference)
Double slit Young’s Double slit experiment
(Diffraction + Interference)

In Phase (Phases match)

P is Antinode : Path diff = dsinθ = mλ
P is Node : Path diff = dsinθ = (m - 1/2)λ
Double slit Young’s Double slit experiment
(Diffraction + Interference)

If L >> x (θ → 0)

dsinθ ≈ dtanθ

dsinθ ≈ d(x/L)

In Phase (Phases match)

P is Antinode : Path diff = dsinθ = mλ
P is Node : Path diff = dsinθ = (m - 1/2)λ
Double slit Young’s Double slit experiment
(Diffraction + Interference)

In Phase (Phases match)

P is Antinode : Path diff = dsinθ = mλ
P is Node : Path diff = dsinθ = (m - 1/2)λ
Double slit Young’s Double slit experiment
(Diffraction + Interference)

In Phase (Phases match)

P is Antinode : Path diff = dsinθ = mλ
P is Node : Path diff = dsinθ = (m - 1/2)λ
Double slit Young’s Double slit experiment
(Diffraction + Interference)

Out of Phase (Phases mismatch)

P is Antinode : Path diff = dsinθ = (m - 1/2) λ
P is Node : Path diff = dsinθ = mλ
Double slit Ex4.7 Light of wavelength 5.6 x 10-7 m is
incident on double slits have a width of 5 x 10-6
m. Determine the distance between the first
and the second order bright fringe, if the
viewing screen is 2 m from the slits.
Double slit Ex4.8 Laser light of wavelength 600 nm is
incident on double slits. The interference
fringes are shown at a viewing screen (2 m
away from the slits). The distance between
central bright fringe and the first bright fringe is
8.3 mm. If the distance between central bright
fringe and the first bright fringe is 7.6 mm.
Determine the wavelength.
Double slit Ex4.8 Laser light of wavelength 600 nm is
incident on double slits. The interference
fringes are shown at a viewing screen (2 m
away from the slits). The distance between
central bright fringe and the first bright fringe is
8.3 mm. If the distance between central bright
fringe and the first bright fringe is 7.6 mm.
Determine the wavelength.
In Phase
P is A1 :
tan θ = x/L
tan θ = 8.3x10-3/2
θ = 0.24°
x
dsinθ = mλ
dsin0.24° = 1 x 600 x10-9
d = 600 x10-9/sin0.24°
d = 1.43 x10-4
Double slit Ex4.8 Laser light of wavelength 600 nm is
incident on double slits. The interference
fringes are shown at a viewing screen (2 m
away from the slits). The distance between
central bright fringe and the first bright fringe is
8.3 mm. If the distance between central bright
fringe and the first bright fringe is 7.6 mm.
Determine the wavelength.
In Phase
P is A1 :
tan θ = x/L
tan θ = 7.6x10-3/2
θ = 0.218°
x
dsinθ = mλ
1.43 x10-4sin0.218° = 1 x λ
λ = 5.43 x 10-7
λ = 543 nm
Double slit Ex4.9 Light of wavelength 650 nm is incident
on double slits. Fourteen dark fringes are
shown at the viewing screen where 0.5 m far
from the slits. If the distance between
maximum order of dark fringe and the central
bright fringe is 3.5 m. Determine the width of
the slits.

N7

3.5 m
0.5 m
A0
Double slit Ex4.9 Light of wavelength 650 nm is incident
on double slits. Fourteen dark fringes are
shown at the viewing screen where 0.5 m far
from the slits. If the distance between
maximum order of dark fringe and the central
bright fringe is 3.5 m. Determine the width of
the slits.

N7 In Phase
P is N7 :
3.5 m tanθ = x/L
0.5 m tanθ = 3.5/0.5
A0 θ = 81.87°

dsinθ = (m - 1/2)λ
dsin81.87° = (7 - 1/2) x 650 x 10-9
d = 4.27 x 10-6 m
 diffraction grating
Grating is the tool for separating the colors in incident light.

In Phase (Phases match)

P is Antinode : Path diff = (d/N)sinθ = mλ
P is Node : Path diff = (d/N)sinθ = (m - 1/2)λ

; N = number of grating lines

 diffraction grating
Grating is the tool for separating the colors in incident light.

In Phase (Phases match)

P is Antinode : Path diff = (d/N)sinθ = mλ
P is Node : Path diff = (d/N)sinθ = (m - 1/2)λ

; N = number of grating lines

Grating Ex4.10 Monochromatic light is incident
normally on a diffraction grating containing
4000 grooves per centimeter. The angle
between the central bright and the second
order bright fringe is 25º. The distance
between grating and screen is 2 m.
a. Determine the wavelength
b. How many bright fringe occur at the
screen?

2m
 single slit diffraction
single slit
 single slit diffraction
single slit is the tool for separating the colors in incident light.
 single slit diffraction
single slit is the tool for separating the colors in incident light.

In Phase (Phases match)

P is Antinode : Path diff = dsinθ = (m + 1/2)λ
P is Node : Path diff = dsinθ = mλ
 single slit diffraction
single slit is the tool for separating the colors in incident light.

In Phase (Phases match)

P is Antinode : Path diff = dsinθ = (m + 1/2)λ
P is Node : Path diff = dsinθ = mλ
 single slit diffraction
single slit

In Phase (Phases match)

P is Antinode : Path diff = dsinθ = (m + 1/2)λ
P is Node : Path diff = dsinθ = mλ
 single slit diffraction
single slit

In Phase (Phases match)

P is Antinode : Path diff = dsinθ = (m + 1/2)λ
P is Node : Path diff = dsinθ = mλ
 single slit diffraction
single slit

In Phase (Phases match)

P is Antinode : Path diff = dsinθ = (m + 1/2)λ
P is Node : Path diff = dsinθ = mλ
single slit Ex4.11 Light of wavelength 600 nm is incident
on a slit having a width of 0.1 mm. The viewing
screen is 40 cm from the slit. Find the distance
between the third order dark fringe and the
central bright.
single slit Ex4.12 Light of wavelength 587.5 nm is incident
on a slit having a width of 0.75 mm. The first
dark fringe is 0.85 mm far from the central
fringe.
a. Determine the distance between the
viewing screen and the slit.
b. Determine the width of the first bright
fringe
single slit Ex4.13 Determine a wavelength which
incident a narrow slit 0.8 mm width. If the
second order bright fringe is 1.15 mm far from
the center and the distance between screen
and the slit is 0.5 m.
Interference from Interference from thin films
thin films The light rays that are reflected off the inner surface of the bubble
travel further than the light rays that are reflected
off the outer surface.

Some wavelengths will interfere destructively and

others constructively, depending on the extra distance
traveled by a transmitted-and-reflected ray.
Interference from Interference from thin films
thin films The light rays that are reflected off the inner surface of the bubble
travel further than the light rays that are reflected
off the outer surface.

Some wavelengths will interfere destructively and

others constructively, depending on the extra distance
traveled by a transmitted-and-reflected ray.
Interference from Interference from thin films
thin films The light rays that are reflected off the inner surface of the bubble
travel further than the light rays that are reflected
off the outer surface.

Some wavelengths will interfere destructively and

others constructively, depending on the extra distance
traveled by a transmitted-and-reflected ray.
Interference from Interference from thin films
thin films The light rays that are reflected off the inner surface of the bubble
travel further than the light rays that are reflected
off the outer surface.

Some wavelengths will interfere destructively and

others constructively, depending on the extra distance
traveled by a transmitted-and-reflected ray.
Interference from Interference from thin films
thin films The light rays that are reflected off the inner surface of the bubble
travel further than the light rays that are reflected
off the outer surface.

Path diff = (AC + CB) - AD

Path diff = 2dnfcosθt

; θt = refractive angle
In Phase (nf < ns)
P is Antinode (constructive interference):
Path diff = 2dnfcosθt = mλ
P is Node (destructive interference):
Path diff = 2dnfcosθt = (m - 1/2)λ
Interference from Interference from thin films
thin films The light rays that are reflected off the inner surface of the bubble
travel further than the light rays that are reflected
off the outer surface.

θt

Path diff = (AC + CB) - AD

Path diff = 2dnfcosθt

; θt = refractive angle
Out of Phase (nf > ns)
P is Antinode (constructive interference):
Path diff = 2dnfcosθt = (m - 1/2)λ
P is Node (destructive interference):
Path diff = 2dnfcosθt = mλ
Double slit Ex4.14 Thin film with refractive index 1.6 is
coating on a glass (n = 1.5). The light with 500
nm wavelength can reflect the film, determine
the minimum of thickness of the film.

nf = 1.6
ns = 1.52
Interference from Ex4.15 Calculate the minimum thickness of a

thin films soap-bubble film that results in constructive

interference in the reflected light if the film is
illuminated with light whose wavelength in free
space is in range λ = 400 - 700 nm. The index
of refraction of soap film is 1.4.

nair

nf = 1.4
nair
Interference from Ex4.16 The thickness of glass is 0.4 x 10-6 m is

thin films incident by white light (λ = 380 - 700 nm).

Calculate the order and wavelength that
produce the constructive interference If the
refractive index of glass is 1.5 and the light ray
is perpendicular incident with an interface.

nair

nf = 1.5
nair
Interference from Ex4.17 Thin film with refractive index 1.2 and

thin films thickness 10-6 m is coating on glass (n = 1.5). A

white light (λ = 380 - 700 nm) incident at an
interface with 45º Determine the orders which
produce the constructive interference.

nf = 1.2

ns = 1.5