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Linier Algebra – Part 2
*from various sources
Outlines
1. Cross Product
2. Planes and Hyperplanes
3. Quadratic forms
4. Scalar and vector valued function
5. Jacobian, Hessian
6. Taylor Expansion
The Cross Product
What is the cross product?
a × b is a vector that is perpendicular to both a and b.
||a × b|| is the area of the parallelogram spanned by a and b (i.e. the
parallelogram whose adjacent sides are the vectors a and b).
The direction of a×b is determined by the right‐hand rule. (This means
that if we curl the fingers of the right hand from a to b, then the thumb
points in the direction of a × b.)
Definition of Cross Product of
Two Vectors in Space
Find the cross product of vectors (by hand and with a calculator)
u = 3i +2j – k
v = i + 2k
Note: To find a cross product on the TI89
Press 2nd 5 (math) – 4 matrix – L Vector ops ‐ crossP
crossP([3,2,‐1],[1,0,2])
Example 1
If a = 1, 3, 4 and b = 2, 7, –5, then
= –43i + 13j + k
The Cross Product
We constructed the cross product a b so that it would be perpendicular to both a
and b. This is one of the most important properties of a cross product.
The Cross Product
If a and b are represented by directed line segments with the same initial point (as in
Figure 1), then Theorem 8 says that the cross product a b points in a direction
perpendicular to the plane through a and b.
The right‐hand rule gives the direction of a b.
Figure 1
Quadratic Forms
QUADRATIC FORMS
x1
x
Example 1: Let . Compute xTAx for the
x2
following matrices.
a. A
4 0
0 3
b. 3 2
A
2 7
QUADRATIC FORMS
Solution:
a. x T Ax x 4 0 x1 4 x1
1
x2 x1 x2 4 x12 . 3 x22
0 3 x2 3 x2
2 entries in A.
b. There are two
3 2 x1 3 x1 2 x2
x Ax x1 x2
T
x1 x2
2 7 2
x 2 x1
7 x2
x1 (3 x1 2 x2 ) x2 (2 x1 7 x2 )
3 x12 2 x1 x2 2 x2 x1 7 x22
3 x12 4 x1 x2 7 x22
scalar valued dan vector valued function
gradient dari fungsi bernilai scalar
Jacobian matrix
Hession matrix
Ekspansi taylor
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