Chapter 2

SOLUTIONS

2.1. Sol.
T1 − Tn +1
Using the following expression q = where n = 3.
1 n Ln
∑
A 1 Kn
q T1 − T4
∴ =
A L1 + L 2 + L3
K1 K 2 K 3
870 − 40
=
22 7.2 11
+ +
100 × 1 100 × 0.12 100 × 0.75

q (T2 − T1 )K1 (T2 − T3 ) (T3 − T4 )K 3

= = =
A L1 L2 L3
(T1 − T2 )K1
835 =
L1
L1 22 1
∴ T2 = T1 − 835 × = 870 − 835 × × = 686.5°C
K1 100 1
L2 7.5 1
Similarly T3 = T2 − 835 × = 686.5 − 835 × × = 163.5°C.
K2 0.12 100

Fig. Prob. 2.1

13
2.2. Sol.
The given data is r1 = 8 cms T1 = 800°C K1 = 50
r2 = 8.5 cms T4 = 50°C K 2 = 0.15
r3 = 11.5 cms L = 1 metre K 3 = 0.08

r4 = 16.5 cms
We can use the following formula
(T1 − Tn +1 ) 2πL
q= n
1  r + 1
∑ K loge  nr 
1 n  n 
(T1 − T2 )2πL
q=
1 r 1 r  1 r 
log e 2 + log e  3  + log e  4 
K1 r1 K 2  r2  K 3  r2 
(300 − 50) ⋅ 2π × 1
=
1  8.5  1  11.5  1  16.5 
log e  + log e  + log e  
50  8  0.15  8.5  0.08  11.5 
250 × 2π
q= = 240 W = 240 J/s = 864 kJ/hr
0.06 0.302 0.362
+ +
50 0.15 0.08
(T1 − T2 )2π × 1 (T2 − T3 )2π (T3 − T2 )2π
q= = =
1 r2 1 r3 1 r
log e log e log e 4
K1 r1 K2 r2 K3 r3

240 1 r  240
∴ T2 = 300 − × loge  2  = 300 − × 0.0012 = 300°C
2π K1  r1  2π

240 1 r  240
T3 = T2 − × log e  3  = 300 − × 2.02 = 300 − 77 = 223°C.
2π K 2  r2  2π

Total heat of the steam when it is saturated at 300°C = 2757.7 kJ/kg.

Heat carried by the steam per hour after losing the heat in the pipe
= 15 × 2757.7 − 864 = 40501.5 kJ

As flow of steam per hour

14
 = 0.25 × 60 = 15 kg

and this heat must be equal to:

15 (h f + xh fg ) = 40501.5

Taking the values of hf and hfg from steam table at

300°C saturated temperature,
15 × (1352.4 + 1405 x) = 40501.5
∴ x = 0.96.
864
Steam condensed per hour = = 615 kg/hour.
1403

Fig. Prob. 2.2

2.3 Sol.
The thermal resistance to the heat flow per metre length of pipe when the pipe is
bare.
loge (R 2 / R1 )
R T1 = + 0.05
2πK
 12.5 
loge  
=  11.0 
+ 0.05 = 0.05006
2π × 330
The heat lost from the bare pipe per metre length
T − Ta 100 − 30
q1 = s = = 1400 W/m
R T1 0.05006

The resistance per metre length of pipe when insulation is used

R T1 = R T1 + Resistance of insulation

 20 
loge  
= 0.05006 +  12.5 
= 0.05006 + 1.33 = 138006
2π × 0.06
Heat lost from the insulated pipe per metre length
T − Ta 100 − 30
q2 = s = = 51 W/m
R T2 1.38006
Net saving of heat per metre length of pipe
= 1400 − 51 = 1349 W/m

∴ Amount saved per hour per metre length of pipe

15
 1856.4 kW/hr
= × 5 = 6.07 N.P/hr - m
4 × 1000
Therefore the time of operation required to cover the insulation cost
4 × 100
= = 65.9 houres.
6.07

2.4. Sol.
q T1 − T4
= 600 =
A L1 L 2 L 3
+ +
K1 K 2 K 3

600 − 50
600 =
20 L2 2.5
+ +
100 × 0.32 100 × 0.045 100 × 0.7
L2 1  20 2.5  500
∴ + + =
100 × 0.045 100  0.32 0.7  600


∴ L 2 = 1.145 cms.

2.5.Sol.
Using the following formula
4πK (T1 − T2 )
q= × r1 r2
r2 − r1
1.5
r1 = = 0.75 m
2
r2 = 0.75 + 0.20 = 0.95 m
4π × 0.12 × (200 − 50) × 0.75 × 0.95
q= = 802 W = 2887.2 kJ/hr
0.95 − 0.75
q 802
q= = = 114 W/m 2
A 4π × (0.75) 2

2.6 Sol.
Assuming K2 = 5K1 where material of conductivity K\ is better insulator
T1 = Inside surface temperature of the pipe
T3 = Outside surface temperature of the insulation

16
 r1 = 1.5 cms, r2 = 1.5 + 2.5 = 4 cms.
r3 = 4 + 2.5 = 6.5 cms.

(a) (b)

Fig. Prob. 2.6.

In the first case when better insulation is inside.

(T1 − T3 ) 2πL(T1 − T3 )
q1 = =
1 r  1 r  1  4  1  6.5 
log e  2  + log e  3  log e   + log e  
K1  r1  K 2  r2  K 1  1.5  5K 1  4 

2πL(T1 − T3 )K 1 2πLK 1 (T1 − T3 )

= =
 4  1  6.5  1.0774
log e   + log 
 1.5  5  4 

In the second case when better insulation is outside

(T1 − T3 )2πL 2πLK1 (T1 − T3 )
q3 = =
1 4 1 6.5 0.683
log e + log e
5K 1 1.5 K 1 4

Percentage reduction
1 1
−
q 2 − q 1 0.683 1.0774 1.465 − 0.93
= = × 100 = × 100 = 57.65%.
q1 1 0.93
1.0774

17
2.7. Sol.
The heat flow per unit length of the pipe when it is insulated is given by:
2π (Tg − Ta )
q1 =
 1 1 r  1 r  1 
 + log e  2  + log e  3  + 
 h i r1 K 1  r1  K 2  r2  h 0 r3 
2π (325 − 50)
=
 1 1  5  1  r  1 
 + log e  + log e  3  + 
 25 × 0.047 40  4.7  0.045  0.05  10.r3 
550 π
= W/m (i)
 1 
0.8565 + 22.2 log e (20r3 ) + 
 10 r3 

The heat lost from the outer surface by convection per metre length of pipe.
q 2 = 2π r3 h 0 (50 − 25)
= 2π r3 × 10 × 25 = 500π r3 W/m. (ii)

For steady state-condition

q1 = q 2
550 π
∴ = 500π r3
 1 
0.8565 + 22.2 log e (20 r3 ) + 
 10 r3 

 1  500 10
∴ r3 0.8565 + 22.2 log e (20 r3 ) + = =
 10 r3  550 11
Solving by trial and error method
r3 = 0.8 m = 8 cm.

∴ Thickness of insulation = r3 − r2 = 8 − 5 = 3 cm
8
∴ q = 500 π r3 = 500 × π × = 125.6 W/m.
100

18
 Fig. Prob. 2.7.

2.8 Sol.
The total area through which the heat is coming inside the refrigerator
= 0.5 × 0.5 × 2 + 0.5 × 4 × 1 = 2.5 m 2 .
Th − Ta
q=
1  1 1 L L L 
  + + 1 + 2 + 3 
 A  h 0 h i K 1 K 2 K 3  
(28 − 7) × 2.5
=
1 1 3 5 3
+ + + +
12.5 10 1000 × 40 100 × 0.04 1000 × 40
21 × 2.5
= = 36.7 W.
1.43015

For finding outside temperature of the wall. Fig. Prob. 2.8

q = Ah (28 − T1 )
36.7
= 28 − T1
2.5 × 12.5
∴ T1 = 28 − 1.18 = 26 − 82°C

2.9. Sol.
The heat passing through the section at distance x as shown in figure is given by:
dT
q = −KA x . .
dx
where Ax is the cross-sectional area at distance x. Radius of the section at distance x
is given by:

19
  R − R1  R − R1
Rx = R2 −  2  x = R 2 − C.x where C = 2
 L  L

∴ A x = πR 2x = π(R 2 − Cx ) 2
dT
∴ q = −Kπ(R 2 − Cx ) 2 ⋅
dx
L T2
q dx
∴ ∫ (R − Cx ) 2
= ∫ − KπdT
0 2 T1

Putting R 2 − Cx = M.
∴ − C.dx = dM.

The limits change as x = 0 then M = R2

and x = L then R = R 2 − CL Fig. Prob. 2.9.

Substituting in the above equation and integrating, we get

( R 2 −CL ) T
 qdM 1  2

∫  − ⋅
 M2 C
 = − Kπ ∫ dT
R2 T1

( R −CL )
q 1 2
∴ − −  = −Kπ (T2 − T1 ) = Kπ (T1 − T2 )
C  M  R2

( R −CL )
q 1 2
− − = Kπ(T1 − T2 )
C  M  R 2

q 1 1 
∴  −  = Kπ (T1 − T2 )
C  R 2 − CL R 2 

R 2 −R1
Substituting the value of C = in the above equation, we get:
L
 
 
L  1 1 
q⋅ − = Kπ (T1 − T2 )
R 2 − R1   R 2 − R1  R2 
R 2 −  ×L 
  L  

20
 L  1 1 
∴ q  −  = Kπ (T1 − T2 )
(R 2 − R 1 )  R 1 R 2 

πK (T1 − T2 )R 1 − R 2 πK (T1 − T2 )R 2
∴ q= =
L L

Where R 2 = R 1R 2 or R = R 1R 2

2.10. Sol.
3 5 100
q = π × 54(200 − 50) × × ×
100 100 10
15 1
= π × 54 × 150 × × = 382 W
100 10

2.11. Sol.
The equivalent electric circuit is shown in Fig. Prob. 2.11 (b).
3 1 8 1 8
Ra = = = 0.2 × 10 −3 Rb = × = × 10 − 2
100 × 150 × 1 5000 100 30 × 0.5 15

Fig. Prob. 2.11 (b).

8 1 8
Rc = × = × 10 − 2
100 65 × 0.5 32.5
5 1
Rd = × = 1 × 10 −3
100 50 × 1
The equivalent resistance for Rb and Rc is:
1 1 1 1 1
= + = +
Re Rb Rc 8 8
× 10 − 2
15 32.5 × 10 −2
1
= [1.875 + 4.06] = 100 × 5.935
10 − 2

21
 1
R e = 10 − 2 × = 0.169 × 10 − 2 = 1.69 × 10 −3
5.935
400 − 60
q= −3
0.2 × 10 + 1.69 × 10 −3 + 1 × 10 −3
340 × 103
= = 118 × 103 W = 118 kW
2.89

2.12 Sol.
The heat only flows along Z-direction as given in the problem therefore it is a
simple problem of unidirectional heat
conduction.
KA (T1 − T2 )
∴ q=
L
The area through which the heat is flowing is
given by:
Fig. Prob. 2.12.
θ r2 ⋅ θ 2
2
A = πr × = m where θ is in radians.
2π 2
T1 + T2
K m = K 0 (1 − αTm ) where Tm = as its variation is linear.
2

Km  r2 ⋅ θ
∴ q=   (T − T2 )
L  2  1
 
(b) If the given data is:
L = 50 cm, r = 10 cm, θ = 90°, T1 = 100°C, T2 = 20°C and K0 = 100 W/m-K and
α = 10 −4 find the heat flow rate.
∴ Tm = (100 + 20)/2 = 60°C

Then K m = 100(1 − 10 −4 × 60) = 100(1 − 0.6 × 10 −2 ) = 99.4

π
r = 0.1, θ = , T2 − T1 = 80°C
2
99.4 0.01 × π
∴ q= × × 80 = 125 W.
0.5 4
2.13. Sol.

22
 dT dT
q = −K ⋅ = −K 0 T 2
dx dx
L T2 T1

∫ qdx = −K 0 ∫ T . dT = + K 0 ∫ T 2 dT
2
∴
0 T1 T2

K0 3
∴ qL = (T1 − T23 )
3

K 0 (T13 − T23 ) Fig. Prob. 2.13.

∴ q= (1)
3L

If we want to write down the equation as:

K (T − T2 )
q= m 1 (2)
L
Then equating (1) and (2)
K m (T1 − T2 ) K 0 (T12 − T23 )
=
L 3L
K
∴ K m = 0 [T12 + T1T2 + T22 ] = K 0 Tm2
3
T12 + T1T2 T22
∴ Tm =
3

At this temperature conductivity should be calculated.

2.14. Sol.
Using the following formula
2πL(Tg − Ta )
q=
1 1 n
1 r 
+ +∑ log e  n +1 
h i r1 h 0 rn +1 1 Kn  rn 
2πL(Tg − Ta )
=
1 1 1 r  1 r 
+ + log e  2  + log e  3 
h i r1 h 0 r3 K 1  r1  K 2  r2 
Fig. Prob. 2.14.

23
 2π × 40 (40 − 10)
=
1 1 1 9 1  12 
+ + log e   + log e  
50 ×
5
10 ×
12 0.1  5  0.32 9
100 100
80π × 30
=
0.4 + 0.83 + 10 log e (1.8) + 3.13 log e (1.33)
2400π 2400π
= = = 942 W
1.23 + 5.80 + 0.89 7.89

2.15 Sol.
For the steady state heat flow,
q Ts − Tw1 Tw1 − Tw 2 Tw 2 − Ta Tw1 − Ta
= = = =
A 1 Rw 1 1
Rw +
hi h0 h0

where Rw is the thermal resistance of the wall per m2

area of the wall.
q 1000 − 500 500 − 30
∴ = =
A 1 1 Fig. Prob. 2.15 (a).
Rw +
200 300

The maximum temperature in the plate is Tw1 as Tw1 > Tw2 ,

Solving the above equation; we get:
Rw = 0.00135 m2-k/W
1
Rg (Gas side resistance) = = 0.005 m 2 − k / W
200
1
R a (Air side resistance) = = 0.0033 m2-k/W
300
The equivalent electric circuit is given in Fig. Prob. 2.15 (b).

(b) Determine the value of equivalent resistance in Ω if a 20 volt D.C. battery is used to
provide the electrical potential. Assume the heat flow rate of 2000 W/m2 corresponds to one
ampere of current.
q Tg − Ta 1000 − 30
= =
A R g + R w + R a 0.005 + 0.00135 + 0.0033
= 100800 W/m2

24
 100800
The current equivalent to 100800 W/m2 = = 50.4 Amp.
200
20
∴ Equivalent electric resistance = = 0.397 Ω
50.4

Fig. Prob. 2.15 (b).

2.16. Sol.
For steady-state heat flow through the system, we can write
Ti − T2 Ti − T0
(a) q= =
1 x 1 x 60 − x 1
+ + + +
h i 100 K 1 h i 100 K 1 100 K 2 h 0

1 x 60 − x 1  1 x 
∴ (Ti − T2 )  + + +  = (Ti − T0 )  + 
 h i 100 K 1 100 K 2 h o   h i 100 K 1 

Substituting the values in the above equation; we get:

 1 x 60 − x 1   1 x 
(850 − 500)  + + +  = (850 − 30)  + 
 200 200 20 40   200 200 
350
[1 + x + 10 (60 − x ) + 5] = 820 (1 + x )
200 200
35 (606 − 9x ) = 82 (1 + x )
∴ 21210 − 315 x = 82 + 82 x
∴ 397 x = 21128
21128
∴ x= = 53 cm
397
∴ Thickness of refractory material = 53 cm
and thickness of insulating material = (60-53) = 7 cm.

25
 Ti − T2 (850 − 500) 200 × 350
(b) ∴ q = = = = 1300 W/m 2
1 x 1 53 54
+ +
h i 100 K 1 200 100 × 2
But q = h i (Ti − T2 ) = h o (T3 − T0 )

∴ 1300 = 200 (580 − T1 ) = 40 (T3 − 30)

1300
∴ T1 = 850 − = 850 − 6.5 = 843.5°C
200
1300
And T3 = + 30 = 32.5 + 30 = 62.5°C.
40
1300 × 3600
(c) Heat loss to atmosphere = = 4680
100
kW/m2. Fig. Prob. 2.16.

2.17 Sol.
The resistance of silica brick layer per m2
12
12
R 1 = 100 = = 0.075 m 2 − k / W
1.6 160
The resistance of magnetic brick per m2
20
20
R 2 = 100 = = 0.04 m 2 − k/W
5 500
Total resistance including contact resistance
= 0.075 + 0.003 + 0.04 = 0.118
800 − 130
∴ q= = 5680 W/m 2
0.118
800 − T1 T2 − 130
q= =
R1 R2

∴ T1 = 800 − qR 1 = 800 − 5680 × 0.075 = 374°C

T2 = 130 + qR 2 = 130 + 5680 × 0.04 = 358°C
Temperature drop at interface = 374 − 358 = 16°C.

26
 SILICA BRICK

Fig. Prob. 2.17 (a). Fig. Prob. 2.17 (b).

2.18. Sol.
If q1 is the heat supplied per m2 per sec to plastic surface by radiant heat
source as shown then for steady state heat flow
K K
q 1 = 1 (T1 − 50) = 2 (50 − T2 ) = h (T2 − Ta )
L1 L2

Where Ta is the room air temperature.

2 100 0.04 × 100
∴ q= × (T1 − 50) = (50 − T2 ) = 50(T2 − 20)
1 1.5 3
4
∴ (50 − T2 ) = 50 (T2 − 20)
3
∴ 200 − 4T2 = 150T2 − 150 × 20
∴ T2 = 20.8°C
Using this value of T2 in the above equation
K1 K
= (T1 − 50) = 2 (50 − T2 )
L1 L2
2 × 100 0.04 × 100
(T1 − 50) = (50 − 20.8)
1.5 3
∴ T1 = 50.292°C

∴ q 1 = 50 (T2 − 20) = 50 (20.8 − 20) = 40 W/m 2

This heat is convected from the surface of the cork-bord to the surrounding air.

27
As there is heat flow from the surface of the plastic, the heat is also lost from that
surface by convection and assuming that convected heat is q2 then it is given by:
q 2 = h (T1 − Ta ) = 50 (50.292 − 20) = 1514.5 W / m 2

Total heat to be supplied by the radiant source must be equal to (q1 + q2)
∴ qs (heat supplied by radiant source)
= q 1 + q 2 = 40 + 1514.5 = 1554.5 = 1554.5 W/m2.

Fig. Prob. 2.18.

2.19. Sol.
The total heat flow through the system per unit area of mattress is give by:
qT = qL + qr (1)
where qL and qr are the heat-flow through left-hand and right-hand side slabs
respectively.
T1is the temperature at the contact of slabs with mattress.
For steady state heat flow per unit area
K (T − Ti ) T − Ta
qL = 1 1 = h i (Ti − Ta ) = 1 (2)
L1 1 L1
+
h i K1
K (T − T0 ) T − Ta
And qr = 2 1 = h 0 (T0 − Ta ) = 1 (3)
L2 1 L2
+
h0 K2
Substituting the values in the above equations, we get:
T1 − 15 T − 15
qL = = 1 = 8.65 (T1 − 15) (4)
1 1 1 1 1
+ × +
20 100 0.15 20 15

28
 T1 − 15 T − 15
qr = = 1 = 1.8 (T1 − 15) (5)
1 2.5 1 1 2.5
+ × +
10 100 0.04 10 4

substituting the values of 4 and 5 into equation (1), we get:

q L = 4.3 × 1000 = 8.56 (T1 − 15) + 1.38 (T1 − 15) = 9.94 (T1 − 15)

4.3 × 1000
∴ T1 = + 15 = 433 + 15 = 448°C
9.94

∴ q L = 8.56 (448 − 15) = 8.56 × 433 = 3700 W/m 2

∴ q r = q T − q L = 4300 − 3700 = 600 W/m 2

q L = h i (Ti − Ta ) = 3700 = 20 (Ti − 15) = 3700

3700
∴ TT = = 15 = 185 − 15 = 200°C
20

q r = h 0 = (T0 − Ta ) = 600
Fig. Prob. 2.19.
∴ 10 (T0 − 15) = 600

600
∴ T0 = + 15 = 60 + 15 = 75°C
10

2.20. Sol.
K1 = 0.69 W/m-K, K2 = 0.93 W/m-K
T1 = 30°C and T3 = 5°C
L1 = 0.25 m and L2 = 0.05 m.

The heat flow through the composite slab is given by:

A(T1 − T3 ) (10 × 5)(30 − 5) 1250
q= = = = 3000 W = 3000 J/s = 3 kJ/s = 3 kW
L1 L 2 0.25 0.05 0.415
+ +
K1 K 2 0.69 0.93

∴ Heat lost/hr = 3 × 3600 = 10800 kJ

29
 K 1A (T1 − T2 ) K 2 A (T2 − T3 )
For steady state heat flow q = =
L1 L2
0.69 × 50 (30 − T2 )
∴ 3000 =
0.25
3000 × 0.25
T2 = 30 − = 33 − 21.7 = 8.3°C where T2 is interface temperature
0.69 × 50
0.93 × 50 (T2 − 5)
or 3000 =
0.05
3000 × 0.05
∴ T2 = 5 + = 5 + 3.3 = 8.3°C
0.93 × 50

2.21. Sol.
The over all heat transfer coefficient is given by:
1 1
U= =
1 L L L 1   1 + 0.110 + 0.075 + 0.025 + 1 
 + 1 + 2 + 3 +   2.5 1.15 0.06 3.1
 h i K 1 K 2 K 3 h 0  
0.04

1
= = 0.32 W/m 2 - k = 0.32 J/m 2 - s - K
3.115
q = UA(Ti − To ) = 0.32 × (10 × 4)(27 − 10)
= 0.32 × 40 ×17 = 217.5 J/s = 317.5 W
217.5 × 3600
∴ Heat lost per hour = = 780 kJ/hr.
1000

2.22. Sol.
The effective inside heat transfer coefficient
h i = 16.5 + 17.5 = W/m 2 ° − C
The effective outside heat transfer coefficient
h 0 = 12.5 + 7.5 = 20 W/m 2 - °C.
The heat flow per m2 area is given by:

(Tg − Ta ) (1355 − 45) 1310

q= = = = 3000 W/m 2
1 L L 1 1 0.2 0.2 1 0.435
+ 1 + 2 + + + +
h i K1 K 2 h 0 34 3.8 0.66 20
Fig. Prob. 2.22.

30
The maximum temperature at which common brick is subjected is T2.
Tg − T2 1355 − T2
q = 300 = =
1 L1 0.082
+
h i K1

∴ T2 = 1355 − 3000 × 0.082.

= 1355 − 245 = 1110°C

2.23. Sol.
The analogous electrical circuits are shown in Fig. Prob. 2.23. (a) and (b).
Considering unit surface area:
L 0.075
R brick = 1 = = 0.0682
K 1 1.01

L 2 0.0064
R steel = = = 1.64 × 10 − 4
K2 39
1 1
Rcon(convective resistance) = = = 0.0147
h 0 63

(a) (b)
Fig.-Prob. 2.23.

∴ TT = R brick + R steel + R con

= 0.0682 + 1.64 × 10 −4 + 0.0147 = 0.083

T1 − Ta 647 − 27
∴ q (heat flow- per m2 area) = = = 7460 W/m 2
RT 0.083

T1 − T2 (647 − T3 ) (647 − T3 )
q= = =
R brick + R steel 0.0682 + 1.64 × 10 − 4 0.0684

31
 647 − T3
7460 =
0.0684
∴ T3 = 647 − 7460 × 0.0684 = 647 − 510 = 137°C

Minimum length of the bolt through which conduction takes place = thickness of
composite wall
= 0.075 + 0.0064 = 0.0814 m = 8.14 cm
The thermal resistance of the 18 bolts
L
R bolt = where Ab is the total cross-sectional area of 18 bolts
KbAb
0.0814
= = 0.041
π 
39 ×  (0.019) 2  × 18
4 

The equivalent resistance of the parallel portion of the circuit (b) is given by:
1
R equi =
1 1
+
R bolt R brick + R steel
1 1 1
= = = = 0.0587
1 1 1 2.44 + 14.6 17.04
+ +
0.041 0.0682 0.00064
The total resistance of the circuit (b) is given by
RT = Requi + Rcon = 0.0587 + 0.0147 = 0.0694
(T − T ) (647 − 27)
∴ q (heat flow per m2 area ) = 1 a = = 8930 W/m 2
RT 0.0694
8930 − 7400
∴ Percentage increase in the heat flow = × 100 = 19.7%
7460
T −T (647 − T3 )
q= 1 3 ∴ 8930 =
R equi 0.0587

∴ T3 = 647 − 8930 × 0.0587 = 647 − 524 = 123°C.

This shows that steel surface temperature is decreased by (137 -123) = 14°C after putting
the bolts.

32
2.24. Sol.
If the heat flux in case (a) and (b) remains same, then the thermal potential and
thermal resistance in both cases must be same.
For the above condition T4 = T3
(T1 − T4 ) (T1 − T3 )
q= =
 L1 L 2 L3   L1 x 
 + +   + 
 K1 K 2 K 3   K1 K 3 
L1 L 2 L3 L1 x
∴ + + = +
K1 K 2 K 3 K1 K 3

L L  K
∴ x = K 3  2 + 3  = L 2 ⋅ 3 + L3
 K 2 K3  K2

0.7
= 5× + 25 = 26.9 + 25 = 51.9 cm.
0.13

(a) (b)
Fig. Prob. 2.24.

2.25. Sol.
The heat flow through the wall is given by:
T − T2 T2 − T3
q= 1 = (a)
L1 L2
K m1 K2
T 1
1
(T1 − T2 ) T∫
where K m1 = K . dT where K = K0 (1 + αT )
1
Substituting this in the above equation

33
   T + T2 
K m1 = K 0 1 + α 1 
  2 

The value of K is given in the problem as:

K = (0.28 + 0.00023 D W/m-C where
T is in °C
= 0.28 (1 + 0.00082 T) W/m-°C.

Substituting the value of Km in the equation (a)

(T1 − T2 ) (T − T3 )
= 2 (b)
L1 L2
  T + T2  K2 Fig. Prob. 2.25. (a)
K 0 1 + α 1 
  2 
T1 = 1100°C, T3 = 50°C, L1 = 0.125 m, L2 = 0.5 m
K2 = 0.7, K0 = 0.28 and α = 0.00082

Substituting the values in the equation (b)

(100 − T2 ) (T − 50)
= 2
0.125 0.5
  1100 − T2  0.7
0.28 1 + 0.0082  
  2 
0.125 (T2 − 50) × 7
(1100 − T2 ) [0.28 + 0.000115 (1100 − T2 )] =
5
(1100 − T2 ) (0.41 − 0.000115 T2 ) = 0.175 (T2 − 50)

0.000115 T22 − 0.715 T2 + 460 = 0

∴ T2 = 765°C
T2 − T3 (765 − 50)
∴ q= = = 1000 W/m 2
L2 0.5
K2 0.7

(b) If the layer of red-brick wall is to be reduced half of its original and filling the
space between the fireclay and red brick by diatomite whose thermal conductivity
is given by:
K= 0.113 (1 + 0.00203 T) W/m-°C.

34
 what should be the thickness of the diatomite to insure the same loss of heat with
the inside and outside wall temperatures remaining as before.
As the heat flow remains constant
(T − T4 )
q= 3
L3
K3
L 0.25
∴ T3 = T4 + q ⋅ 3 = 50 + 1000 × = 407°C.
K3 0.7

The mean thermal conductivity of diatomite is

given by:
  T + T3 
K m 2 = K 0 1 + α 2 
  2  Fig. Prob. 2.25. (b)
  765 + 407 
= 0.113 1 + 0.00203   = 0.248 W/m - °C
  2 
(T2 − T3 )K m 2
q=
x
(765 − 407) × 0.248 358 × 0.248
∴ x= = = 0.0885 m = 8.85 cm.
1000 1000

2.26. Sol.
(a) The heat flow per unit surface area is given by:
(Tg − Tw )
q=
1 L1 1
+ +
h i K1 h 0

(1000 − 200)
=
1 0.012 1
+ +
100 50 5000
800 (a) (b)
= = 76800 W/m 2
0.01044 Fig. Prob. 2.26.

= 76.8 kW/m 2

(b) The heat flow in the second case is given by

35
 (Tg − Tw )
q=
 1 L1 L 2 L3 1
 + + + + 
 h i K1 K 2 K 3 h 0 
(1000 − 200)
=
 1 0.001 0.012 0.002 1 
100 + 0.08 + 50 + 0.8 + 5000 
 
800
=
[0.01 + 0.0125 + 0.00024 + 0.0025 + 0.0002]
800
= = 31500 W/m 2 = 31.5 kW/m 2
0.02544

The heat flux is also given by,

Tg − T1 T1 − T2 T2 − T3 T3 − T4 T4 − Tw
q= = = = =
1 L1 L2 L3 1
hi K1 K2 K3 h0
q 31500
∴ T1 = Tg − = 1000 − = 1000 − 315 = 685°C
hi 100
q 31500
T4 = Tw + = 200 + = 200 + 6.3 = 206.3°C
h0 5000
1000 − 685 685 − T2
=
1 0.001
100 0.08
0.001
∴ T2 = 685 − 100 × 315 × = 685 − 75 = 291.25°C
0.08
T3 − 206.3 206.3 − 200
=
0.002 1
0.8 5000
0.002
∴ T3 = 206.3 + 6.3 × 5000 × = 206.3 + 78.75 = 285.05°C
0.8

36
2.27. Sol.
The heat flow through the composite furnace wall is given by:
Tg − T1 T3 − Ta (T1 − T2 ) (T2 − T3 )
q= = = =
1 1 L1 x
hi h0 K m1 K m2
  T + T2    T + T 
Where K m1 = K 01 1 + α1 1  and K m 2 = K 02 1 + α 2  1 3 
  2    2 
∴ 750 = 30 (1300 − T1 )
750
∴ T1 = 1300 − = 1300 − 25 = 1275°C
30
750 = 10 (T3 − 30)

750
∴ T3 = + 30 = 75 + 30 = 105°C
10
K
Now using the equation h 0 (T3 − Ta ) = m1 (T1 − T2 )
L1
Substituting the value of Km1 in the above equation
  T + T2 
K 01 1 + α1  1 
  2 
h 0 (T3 − Ta ) = (T1 − T2 )
L1

Now substituting the values in the above equation

  1275 + T2  Fig. Prob. 2.27.
0.28 1 + 0.833 × 10−3  
  2 
10 (105 − 30) = (1275 − T2 )
0.25
  1275 + T2 
750 = 1.12 1 + 0.833 × 10 −3   (1275 − T2 )
  2 
750
1.12
[ ]
= 1 + 0.4165 × 10−3 (1275 + T2 ) (1275 − T2 )

670 = (1275 − T2 ) + 0.4165 × 10 −3[(1275) 2 − T22 ]

Solving the above equation, we get

∴ T2 = 950°C

37
   950 + 106 
K m 2 = 0.113 1 + 0.206 × 10−3  
  2 
= 0.113 (1 + 109) = 0.113 × 1.109 = 0.125

  1275 + 950 
K m1 = 0.28 1 + 0.833 × 10−3  
  2 
0.28 (1 + 0.925) = 0.28 × 1.925 = 0.548
K m1 (T1 − T2 ) K m 2 (T2 − T3 )
Now using the equation =
L1 x
0.548 (1275 − 950) 0.125 (950 − 105)
∴ =
0.25 x
(0.125 × 845) × 0.25
∴ x= = 0.148 m = 14.8 cm.
0.548 × 325

2.28. Sol.
(a) Saturation temperature of steam at 1.7 MN/m2 (from steam table) = 204.3ºC
∴ Temperature of steam passing through the pipe
= 204.3 + 30 = 234.3ºC
The heat flow through the pipe is given by (neglecting pipe resistance)
2πL (T1 − T3 )
q=
1 R  1 R 
log e  2  + log e  3 
K1  R1  K 2  R2 
100
R1 = = 50 mm, R 2 = 50 + 40 = 90 mm, R 3 = 90 + 25 = 115 mm
2
2π × 20 (234.3 − 24)
∴ q=
1  90  1  115 
log e   + log e  
0.7  50  0.1  902 
40π × 210.03 40π × 210.3
= = = 2440 J/s = 2440 W
0.587 0.246 (8. 4 + 2.4 )
+
0.07 0.1
2440 × 3600
∴ Heat lost per hour = = 8780 kJ
1000

38
(b) For steady state heat flow
2πK1L(T1 − T2 ) 2πK 2 L(T2 − T3 )
q= =
 R2  R 
log e   log e  3 
 R1   R2 
2π × 0.07 × 20 (234.3 − T2 )
∴ 2440 =
 90 
loge  
 50 

 90 
2440 × log e  
∴ T2 = 234.3 −  50 
2π × 0.07 × 20
2440 × 0.587
= 234.3 − = 234.3 − 163 = 71.3°C
2π × 1.4
Where T2 is interface temperature
R 
q loge  3 
or q=
2πK 2 L(T2 − T3 )
∴ T2 =  R2  + T
3
R  2πLK 2
log e  3 
 R2 

 115 
2440 × loge  
∴ T2 =  90 
+ 24 =
2440 × 0.246
+ 24 = 47.3 + 24 = 71.3°C
2π × 20 × 0.1 4π

2.29. Sol.
The heat flow through the pipe is given by:
2πL(T1 − T0 )
q=
1 R  1 R  1
loge  2  + loge  3  +
K1  R1  K 2  R 2  R 3h 0

R1 = 75 mm, R2 = 75 + 40 = 115 mm, R3 = 115 + 40 = 155 mm.

T1 (saturation temperature of steam at 3.6 MN/m2) = 244.2ºC and T0 = 27ºC

2π × 50(244.2 − 27)
∴ q=
1  115  1  155  1
log e  + log e  +
0.07  75  0.1  115  0.155 × 3

39
 100π × 217.2
= = 6060 W = 6060 J/s
6.1 + 3 + 2.15
6060 × 3600
∴ Heat lost per hour = = 21800 kJ = 21.8 MJ
1000
The heat flow is also given by:
q = h 0 (2πR 3L) (T3 − T0 )

where T3 is the temperature of the outside surface of the outer insulation.

q 6060
∴ T3 = T0 + = 27 + = 27 + 41.5 = 68.5°C.
2πR 3Lh 0 2π × 0.155 × 50 × 3

2.30. Sol.
R1 = 5 mm, R2 = 5 + 2 = 7 mm and R3 = 7 + 40 = 47 mm and L = 1 m.
(a) The heat flow through the pipe when insulated is given by:
2πL(Ti − T0 )
q=
1 1 R  1 R  1
+ log e  2  + log e  3  +
R i h i K1  R1  K 2  R 2  R 3h 0
2π × 1(−40 − 40)
=
1 1 7 1  47  1
+ log e   + log e   +
0.005 × 500 400  5  0.03  7  0.047 × 5
− 2π × 80
=
1 1 1 1
+ loge (1.4) + log e (6.7) +
2.5 400 0.03 0.235

The -ve sign indicates that the heat flows into the pipe.
3600
∴ Heat leakage per hour = 7.4 × = 26.8 kJ
1000
26.8
∴ Refrigerant vapourized per hour = = 0.0192 kg
1390

(a) Heat flow through the bare pipe is given by

2πL(Ti − T0 )
q=
1 1 R  1
+ log e  2  +
R1h i K1  R1  R 2 h 0

40
 2π × 1(−80) − 160π
= =
1 1  
7 1 1 1 1
+ log e   + + log e (1.4) +
0.005 × 500 400  5  0.007 + 5 2.5 400 0.035

− 160π
= = −17.2 J/s
0.4 + 0.084 × 10 − 2 + 28.6
3600
∴ Heat leakage per hour = 17.2 × = 62 kJ
1000
62
∴ Refrigerant vapourized per hour = = 0.0446 kg.
1390

2.31.Sol.
Latent heat of steam 2 MN/m2 (from steam table)
= 1888.6 kJ/kg
Heat loss per kg of steam passing through the pipe
= (0.98 − 0.96) × 1888.6 = 37.8 kJ.
Q Heat loss' per second through the pipe
1000
= × 37.8 = 10.5 kJ = 10500 J
3600

Heat loss through the cylinder (neglecting pipe resistance) is given by:
2πLK (T1 − T2 )
q=
R 
log e  2 
 R1 

T1 saturation temperature of steam at 2 MN/m2) = 212.4°C

0.19 × 2π × 30 (212.4 − 27)
∴ 10500 =
R 
log e  2 
 R1 
 R  0.19 × 2π × 30 × 185.4
∴ log e  2  = = 0.632
 R1  10500
R2
∴ = (e) 0.032 = 1.88
R1

41
 7.5
∴ R 2 = 1.88 × R1 = 1.88 × = 7.05 cm
2
7.5
∴ Minimum thickness of lagging = (R 2 − R1 ) = 7.05 − = 3.3 cm.
2

2.32. Sol.
d2 = 80 cm, d3 = 130 cm
2π (T1 − T2 ) 2π (T2 − T3 )
q= =
1 d  1 d 
log e  2  log e  3 
K1  d1  K 2  d2 
2π (425 − 200)
∴ 2000 =
1  80 
log e  
0.5  d1 

 80  π × 225
∴ log e   = = 0.35
 d1  2000

80
∴ = 1.42
d1
80
∴ d1 = = 56.4 cm
1.42 Fig. Prob. 2.32.
(d − d ) (80 − 56.4)
δ (thickness of lining) = 2 1 = = 11.8 cm
2 2
2π (200 − T3 )
q= = 2000 W
1  130 
log e  
1.1  80 
2000
∴ T3 = 200 − × log e (1.62) = 200 − 139 = 61°C
2.2 π
  T + T2 
(b) K m1 = K 01 1 + α  1 
  2 

42
 2π(T1 − T2 )
q=
1 d 
log e  2 
K m1  d1 
  425 + 200 
Where K m1 = 0.84 1 + 0.00075   = 0.84(1 + 0.234) = 1.02 W/m - °C
  2 
2π × 1.02 (425 − 200)
∴ 2000 =
 80 
loge  
 d1 
 80  2π × 1.02 × 225
∴ log e   = = 0.723
 d1  2000

80 80
∴ = 2.13 ∴ d1 = = 37.6 cm
d1 2.13
δ (thickness of lining)
80 − 37.6
= = 21.2 cm.
2

2.33. Sol.
The heat flow through the superheater tube is given by
2πL(Tg − Ta )
q=
1 1 r  1
+ log e  2  +
h i r1 K1  r1  h o r2
 T + To )   311 + 500 
Ta =  i =  = 405.5°C
 2   2 
Ta (saturation temperature at 10 MPa) = 311°C
q = msc ps (To − Ti )

= 60 × 1.872(500 − 311) = 21200 kJ/s = 212 × 105 W = 21.2 MW

2πL(900 − 405.5)
∴ 212 × 105 =
1 1  40  1
+ log e   +
0.032 × 1160 39.5  32  0.04 × 81.5

43
 2πL × 494.5 2πL × 494.5
= =
0.027 + 0.00565 + 0.307 0.34
212 × 105 × 0.34
∴ L= = 2.32 × 103 metres
2π × 494.5
40
A = π doL = π × × 2.32 × 103 = 292 m 2
1000

2.34. Sol.
Referring to the Fig. Prob. 2.8.
x c − x p 14 − 4
b= = = 0.2, x c = 14 cm = 0.14 m
R 50
2πKx c (T2 − T1 ) 2π × 0.37 × 0.14(600 − 320)
q= =
 r  x − br1   50  14 − 0.2 × 10 
loge  2  c  loge   
 1  c
r x − br2   10  14 − 0 .2 × 50 

2π × 0.37 × 0.14 × 280 2π × 0.37 × 0.14 × 280

= = = 3.4 W.
loge (15) 2.7

(b) If the rotor is of uniform thickness 4 cm, then also calculate the radial heat flow
taking all the conditions same.
In this case heat flow is given by:
2π K x p (T2 − T1 )
q=
 r2 
log e  
 r1 
2π × 0.37 × 0.04 (600 − 320) 2π × 0.37 × 0.04 × 280
= = ≈ 16 W.
 50  1.61
log e  
 10 

This indicates that the heat flow reduces nearly half of the heat flow when the
rotor is made tapered.

44
2.35. Sol.
L 70 × 10−6 × 150
R = Resistance of wire = ρ ⋅ = 2
= 0.214 ohm.
A π  2.5 
 
4  10 
2
π π  2.5  −6
Volume of the wire = ⋅ d 2 ⋅ L =   × 1.5 = 7.35 × 10 m
3
4 4  1000 
Power developed = I 2 R watts = (300) 2 × 0.214 = 19260 W
19260
q′′′ = −6
= 2.62 × 109 W/m3
7.35 × 10

Using the following equation

2
q′′′r22 2.26 × 109  2.5 
T(max) = Tw + = 180 + × 
4K 4 × 25  2 × 1000 
= 180 + 41 221ºC

2.36. Sol.
The maximum temperature difference is given by:
q′′′R 2
Tmax − Tw =
4K
V2
Where ′
′′
q = 2 ⋅ Ke
L

where V is the voltage drop causing the required flow of current, L is the length
of wire and Ke is the electrical conductivity of wire. Substituting this value of q′′′ in
the above equation
V2 R2
Tmax − Tw = 2 ⋅ K e
L 4K
L K L K
∴ V = 2⋅ (Tmax − Tw ) = 2   ⋅ Tw (Tmax − Tw )
R Ke  R  K eTw

Substituting the given values in the above equation

 5000 mm  −8  Volt 
V = 2  2.23 × 10   293 × 10 K = 40 volts
 2 mm   K 

45
2.38. Sol.
Using the following formula
q′′′L2
T(max) = T1 +
8K

T1 = 25°C q′′′ = 80 W/m3

K = 1.2 L=4m
80 × 16
T(max) = 25 + = 158.3°C
8 × 1.2
Fig. prob. 2.38.
Heat (flowing per hour) = Heat generated in the dam

= 100 × 40 × 4 × 80 = 128 × 104 watt = 1280 kW.

2.38. Sol.
Using the formula for Tmax
q′′′ 2
T(max) = Tw + ⋅ r2
6K

Where q′′′ = 0.005 × 106 Wm3 = 5 × 103 W/m3.

2
5 × 103  5 
∴ T(max) = 5 + ×  = 15.4°C
6 × 0.2  100 
According to equation given below
3
4π 3 4π  5  3
q(heat flow) = ⋅ r2 ⋅ q′′′ =   × 5 × 10 = 2.62 watts.
3 3  100 

2.39. Sol.
Heat generated between (r = r1) and r = r) = Heat conducted at r = r
dT
q r = π (r 2 − r12 ) ×1× q ′′′ = −K 0 (1 + αT )2πr ×1×
dr
The length of the cylinder is considered as unity.
r 2 − r12 q′′′
∴ ⋅ dr ⋅ = −(1 + αT)dT
r 2K 0

46
  r 2  q′′′
∴ − r − 1  ⋅ ⋅ dr = (1 + αT )dT
 r  2K
  0

q ′′′  r12 
r −  dr
∴ ∫ (αT + 1) dT = − 2K 0 ∫  r 
 

α 2 q′′′  r 2 2 
∴ T +T = −  − r1 ⋅ loge r  + C
2 2K 0  2 
For finding the constant C, the boundary condition
is
Fig. prob. 2.39.
T = Tw at r = r2

α 2 q′′′  r22 2 
∴ C= Tw + Tw +  − r1 ⋅ loge r2 
2 2K 0  2 
Substituting the valve of C in the above equation
α 2 α q′′′  r22 − r 2 r2 
∴ T + T −  Tw2 + Tw +  − r1
2
log e  = 0
2  2 2K 0  2 r 

α 2 q ′′′  r22 − r 2 r 

−1 + 1 + 4 ⋅ +  T w 2 + Tw +  − r12 log e 2 
2 α

2K 0  2 r 

T=
α

2 ⋅ q′′′  r22 − r 2 r 
2
1 1 2 2
T=− +   + Tw + Tw +  − r12 log e 2 
α α α 2α ⋅ K 0  2 r 

q′′′  r 2 r 2 r22 
2
1 1  2
=− +  + Tw  −  + r1 loge − 
α α  2K 0  2

r 2


 2 2
r  r 
2
1 1  q′′′r12  r  
=− +  + Tw  −   + 2 loge  2  −  2 
α α  2αK 0  r1   r   r1 


 

47
2.40. Sol.
Using the following equation

q ′′′L2
Tmax = Tw + at x = 0
8K
Tw = 55°C, L = 5 cms, K = 0.04 W/m - K

1 8 × 0.04
∴ q′′′ = [Tmax − Tw ] × 8K × 2
= (150 − 55) 2
= 12160 W/m3.
L  5 
 
 100 
2.41. Sol.
The insulation of the lateral face of the rod assumes zero radial temperature
gradient. Therefore, the temperature field is one-dimensional and equivalent to that
found in plate under similar conditions. The strength of the source can be calculated
as follows :
2
π π  2.5  30 π × 6.25 × 30 1 3
The volume of the rod = D 2 × L = ×   × = ⋅ 6m
4 4  100  100 4 10
6
130 130 × 4 × 10
∴ q ′′′ = = = 0.822 × 10 6 = 822000 W/m 3
volume π × 6.25 × 30

For finding out the total heat flow

q T = q1 + q 2 if the heat
flows in both directions.
Using the following equation
 T − T  q′′′L 
q1 x = 0 = KA  1 2  − 
 L  2K 
2
π  2.5   40 822000  Fig. prob. 2.41.
= 40 ×   −
4  100   0.3 2 × 40 
= −56.5 Watts

The - ve sign indicates that heat flows towards the opposite direction (towards
the left face instead of towards the right face).
Using the following equation

48
  T − T  q′′′L 
q 2 x = L = KA  1 2  − 
 L  2K 
6.25π 6.25π × 3213.5
= 3
[133.3 + 3080] = = 62.8 Watts.
10 103

Total heat flow q T = q1 + q 2 = 56.5 + 62.8 = 119.3 Watts.

Maximum temperature occurs within the rod as the heat flows out of both ends.
The location for the maximum temperature is given by the following equation
x B −1
=
L 2B
q′′′L2 822000 × (0.3) 2
Where B= = = 32.2
2K (T1 − T2 ) 2 × 40 × 40
x 23.2 − 1
= = 0.48
L 2 × 23.2
∴ x = 30 × 0.48 = 14.4 cms
Using the following equation for temperature distribution we get:
Tmax − T2 (B + 1) 2
=
T1 − T2 4B

T(max) − T2 (23.2 + 1) 2
∴ = = 6.31
T1 − T2 4 × 23.2

∴ T(max) = 40 × 6.31 + 80 = 332.4°C

2.42. Sol.
L1 = L2 = 5 cm T1 = 95°C T2 = 40°
K1 = 30 W/m-K, K2 = 65 W/m-K, .
q" = 15000 W/m2, Ti = Interface temperature
of the slabs.
First we will deal the problem theoretically.
(T1 − Ti )
q1 = K1 assuming that T1 > Ti
L1
Fig. prob. 2.42.
and area is 1 m2.

49
 (Ti − T2 )
q2 = K2 .
L2
If heat is flowing from left to right then
q1 + q′′ = q 2
K1 (T1 − Ti ) K (T − T2 )
∴ + q′′ = 2 i (1)
L1 L2
If we assume that Ti >T1 and Ti > T2 then
K1 (Ti − T1 ) K 2 (Ti − T2 )
q′′ = q1 + q 2 = + (2)
L1 L2
Assuming heat is flowing from left to right and using equation (1)
30 (95 − Ti ) 65 (Ti − 40)
+ 15000 =
0.05 0.05
∴ 30 (95 − Ti ) + 750 = 65 (Ti − 40)
30 × 95 + 750 + 65 × 40 = Ti (65 + 30)
10 [285 + 75 + 260]
∴ Ti = = 65.3°C.
95
As the heat is flowing through right hand slab
K 2 (Ti − T2 ) 65 (65.3 − 40)
q 2 = q1 + q′′ = = = 32890 W/m 2 = 32.89 kW
L2 0.05

2.43. Sol.
T1 = 80°C T2 = 40°C.
Assuming the interface temperature is Ti and
as Ti > T1 and Ti > T2
Heat generated must be dissipated from both sides of the
composite slab for steady state condition.
Considering surface area one metre square, we can write
K1 (Ti − T1 ) K 2 (Ti − T2 )
∴ + = q′′
L1 L2
36(Ti − 80) 70(Ti − 40)
∴ + = 136 × 103
6 5 Fig. prob. 2.43 (a).
100 100

50
 100 [6(Ti − 80) + 14 (Ti − 40)] − 136 × 103
∴ 20 Ti − 1040 = 1360
1360 + 1040 2400
∴ Ti = = = 120°C
20 20

Heat transfer through the steel slab per m2

36 (120 − 80)
q1 = = 24 × 103 Watts/m 2 = 24 kW/m 2
6
100

Heat transfer through the brass slab

q 2 = q′′ − q1 = 136 × 103 − 24 × 103 = 112 × 103 Watts/m 2 = 112 kW/m 2

(b) Referring to Fig. Prob. 2.43 (a).

K (T − 10) K 2 (T − 40)
q′′ = 1 i +
L1 L2

30 (Ti − 80) 60 (Ti − 40)

∴ + = 10 × 10 4
0.05 0.05
0.05 × 10 × 104
∴ (Ti − 80) + 2 (Ti − 10) = = 167
10
∴ 3Ti − 160 = 167
∴ Ti = 109°C
K 1 (Ti − 80) 30 (109 − 80)
q1 (through steel slab) = =
L1 0.05

= 17.41 × 104 W/m2 = 17.41 kW/m2.

q 2 = q ′′ − q 1 = 10 ×10 4 − 1.74 ×10 4

= 8.26 ×10 4 W/m2 = 82.6 kW/m2.

2.44. Sol.
Considering that the heat generating up to a radius r equal to the heat conducted at a
radius r.

51
 4 3 dT
q= πr q′′′ = −K 0 (1 + αT) 4πr 2 ⋅
3 dr
q′′′
∴ ∫ (1 + αT)dT = − 3K 0 ∫ rdr
α 2 q′′′ r 2
∴ T +T = − ⋅ +C (1)
2 3K 0 2

For finding the value of C, the boundary condition is:

T = Tw (Temperature of the surface at r = R)

∴ Calculating the value of C and substituting in equation (1) we get:

α 2 α  q′′′ 2
Tw + Tw −  T 2 + T  − (r − R 2 ) = 0
2 2  6K 0
α 2  α  q′′′R  r 
2 2 
 2
Tw + Tw −  T + T  −   − 1 = 0
2  2  6K 0  R  

α  2 2  q ′′′R
2   r  2 
−1+ 1+ 4 +  T + T  − 1 −   
2  α  6K 0   R  

∴ Tw =
α

2T 2′′′R 2   r  
2
1 1
=− + + T2 + − 1 −   
α α2 α 2αK 0   R  

q′′′R 2   r  
2 2
1  1
=− +  T +  − 1 −    (2)
α  α 2αK 0   R  

For steady state condition the heat generated from the sphere must be convected
from the surface of the sphere.
4 3
∴ πR .q′′′ = 4πR 2h.(Tw − Ta )
3
3q′′′
∴ Tw = Ta +
3h
Substituting the value in equation (2) we get:

52
 q′′′R 2   r  
2 2
1  1 Rq′′′
− + T +  + 1 −    = Ta +
α  α 3x.K 0   R   3h

Squaring both the sides and rearranging, we get:

q′′′R 2   r    1
2 2 2
 1 Rq′′′ 
∴ T +  + 1 −    = + Ta +
 α 3α.K 0   R    α 2h 

q′′′R 2   r  
2 2
1 1 Rq′′′ 
∴ T+ =  + Ta + − 1 −   
α α 3h  3αK 0   R  

q′′′R 2   r  
2 2
1 1 Rq′′′ 
∴ T = − +  + Ta + − 1 −   
α α 3h  3αK 0   R  

2.45. Sol.
Newton's equation for steady state unidirectional heat conduction through
sphere can be written as follows :
dT
q = − K 4πr 2
dr
dr
q⋅ = −4πKdT
r2
Substituting the value of K as given in problem
dr   T − Ti 
q ⋅ 2 = −4π K i + (K 0 − K i )  dT
r   To − Ti 

Integrating the above equation

Ro To
dr   T − Ti 
q ∫ r2
= −4 π ∫ 

K i + ( K o − K i )
 T − T
 dT

Ri Ti  o i

1 1   K o − K i  To2 − Ti2  Ti (K o − K i ) 
∴ q −  = −4π K i (To − Ti ) + − (To − Ti )
 Ri Ro   To − Ti  2  (To − Ti ) 

53
 1 1    Ko − Ki  
∴ q −  = −4π K i (To − Ti ) +  (To + Ti ) − Ti (K o − K i )
 Ri Ro    2  

1 1   (K o − K i ) 
∴ q −  = −4π K i (To − Ti ) + (To + Ti ) − Ti (K o − K i )
 Ri Ro   2 

 (K − K i ) 
= −4π K i (To − Ti ) + o (To + Ti − 2Ti )
 2 
 (K − K i )   K − Ki 
= −4π K i (To − Ti ) + o (To − Ti ) = −4π(To − Ti ) K i + 0
 2   2 

 K + Ko   K + Ko 
= −4π (To − Ti )  i  = 4π (Ti − To )  i 
 2   2 

 K + K o   Ti − To 
∴ q = 4πR i ⋅ R o  i 
 2   R o − R i 
Substituting the given numerical values
 0.2 + 0.6   − 180 + 10 
q = 4π × 1 × 1.1   = −2110 Watts.
 2   1.1 − 1.0 
Negative sign indicates the heat is flowing into the sphere.

2.46. Sol.
The given data is

Tmax = 200°C, q′′′ = 5 × 106 W/m3.

L = 12 mm, K = 20 W/m-K
Using the following equation
q′′′L2
Tmax − T1 =
8K
5 × 106 (12) 2 1
∴ T1 = 200 − × 2
× = 195.5°C.
1 (1000) 8 × 20
Using the equation
q′′′L
T1 − Ta =
2h

54
 q′′′L 5 × 106 12 1
∴ h= = × × = 193.5 W/m 2 - K
2 (T1 − Ta ) 1 1000 2 (195.5 − 40)

2.47.Sol.
The current density in amp/cm2 is given by:
34000
i= = 2720 amp./cm2
1.25 × 10

Heat generated per unit is given by

q′′′ = i 2ρ W/cm3

Where ρ is the resistivity in ohm-cm and i is the

current density in amp.cm2
∴ q′′′ = (2720) 2 × 12 × 10−6 Fig. Prob. 2.47.

= 88.78 W/cm3 = 88780 kW/m3

The controlling differential equation is

d 2T q′′′
+ =0
dx 2 K
d 2T 88780
∴ 2
+ =0
dx 0.054

d 2T
∴ + 1644000 = 0
dx 2

Integrating the above equation, we obtain,

T + 822000 x 2 + Ax + B = 0

where A and B are the constants of integration, Choosing the origin of the X-
coordinate at 95°C surface of the plate, the boundary conditions are:
T = 95 at x = 0 and T = 80 at x = 0.0125 m
the above boundary conditions, we get
B = -95 and A = -9075
Hence the equation of temperature distribution becomes
T + 822000 x 2 − 9075 x - 95 = 0 ∴ T = 95 + 9075 x - 822000 x2

55
The position of the maximum temperature can be calculated by using a condition
dT
=0
dx
dT
∴ = 9075 − 1644000 x = 0
dx
∴ x = 0.00552 m = 0.552 cm

∴ Tmax = 95 + 9075 × 0.00522 − 822000 (0.00552) 2 = 120°C

The heat flow from the plate across the 95°C surface per metre length of bar is
 dT   10 
q1 = + KA   = 0.054 ×  × 1 × 9075 = 49 kW or 49 kJ/s
 dx  x = 0  100 

 dT   10 
q 2 = − KA   = −0.054 ×  × 1 × (9075 − 1644000 × 0.0125)
 dx  x = 0.0125  100 
= 62 kW or 62 kJ/s

Total heat lost.

q = q1 + q 2 = 49 + 62 = 111 kW

This total heat lost must be equal to the heat generated for steady state condition.
q = q ′′′V = 88780 × (1× 0.0125 × 0.1) = 111 kW.

2.48.Sol.
For steady state heat conduction
Heat generated = Heat lost by convection
2
∴ I R = hA(Tw − Tf ) (1)
where Tw and Tf are the wire surface temperature and temperature of the fluid
surrounding the wire
L 100
R = ρ ⋅ = (70 × 10− 6 ) × = 0.1 Ω
A π(0.15) 2

Substituting the values in equation (1)

 3 
(200) 2 × 0.1 = 4000 ×  π × × 1 (Tw − 110)
 1000 
∴ Tw = 215°C

56
Heat generated per unit volume
I2R 4000
q′′′ = 2
= 2
= 560 × 106 W/m3
πr L  1.5 
π  ×1
 1000 
The centerline temperature is given by:
2
 1.5 
560 × 10 6 ×  
q ′′′r 2  1000 
Tmax = + TW = + 215 = 15.75 + 215 = 230.75°C
4K 4 × 20

The heat flow through the plastic to the surrounding per unit length of wire is given
by:
2π(Tsi − Ta )
q=
1 R  1
loge  2  +
Kp  R1  R 2 h o

where Tsi is the temperature of the plastic at inner surface and Ta is the
temperature of the surrounding air
2π(90 − 40) 100π
∴ q= = = 4.5 W/m
1  1.5  1 [2.5 log e 3 + 66.7]
log e  +
0.4  0.5  1.5 × 10 −3 ×10
The electric energy I2R must be equal to q for steady state condition
1 L 1 1 1
R= = × = = 0.0425 Ω/m
R e A 5 × 10 7  0.05  7.5π
π 
 1000 
∴ I2R = q

I 2 × 0.0425 = 4.5
4.5
∴ I2 = = 105
0.0425
∴ I = 10.84 amp.
q
q′′′ = where V is the volume of the wire
V

57
 4.5
= 2
= 5.75 × 106 W/m3
 0.5 
π  ×1
 1000 
Tmax (centre point temperature)
2
q′′′r 2 5.72 × 106  0.5 
= Tsi + = 90 + ×  = 90°C.
4K e 4 × 380  1000 

2.50. Sol.
The controlling differential equation is:
d  dT  q′′′r
r ⋅ + =0
dr  dr  K

Integrating the above equation

dT q′′′r 2
r⋅ + = C1
dr 2K
dT q′′′r C1
∴ + =
dr 2K r
Fig. Prob. 2.50.
Integrating once more
q′′′r 2
T+ = C1 log e r + C 2 (1)
4K
dT
The boundary conditions are = 0 at r = R i (inside radius)
dr
And T = TI at r = Ri
Using the above boundary conditions, we get:
q′′′R i2 q′′′R i2  1
C1 = and C 2 = Ti −  loge R i − 
2K 2K  2
Substituting the values of the constants in equation (1), we get:
 r  q′′′R i2  r  
2
q′′′R i2
T = Ti + loge   −   − 1 (2)
 
2K  R i  4K  R i  

The given data is Ri = 0.01 m, RO = 0.03 m
Ti = 500°C, K = 0.5 W/m-K, q′′′ = 6 × 105 W/m3

Substituting the values in the above equation (2) as T = T0 where r = R0

58
  3  6 × 10 × (0.01)  3  
2
6 × 105 × (0.01) 2 5 2
To = 500 + × log e   −   − 1
2 × 0.5 1 4 × 0.5  1  
= 500 + 60 × 1.1-30 x 8 = 566-240 = 326°C.

2.51. Sol.
The electrical resistance is given by:
ρL 0.3 × 10−5 × 1
R= = = 0.0385
Ac 0.01 × 0.08
Heat generating rate
2
V V2 12 2
qg = I2R =   × R = = = 37240 W
R R 0.0385
qg 3740 Fig. Prob. 2.51.
q′′′ = = = 468.5 × 104 W/m3
Ac × R 0.08 × 0.01 × 1
Then centre temperature is given by:
q ′′′L2 468.5 × 10 4 × (0.005) 2
Tmax = Tw + = 800 +
8K 8 × 5.2
= 800 + 2.82 = 800.82°C
The heat lost (q ) = (A c × L) ⋅ q′′′

= 0.08 × 0.01 × 468.5 × 104 = 3750 W.

2.52. Sol.
The maximum temperature in the rod is given by
q′′′r 2
Tmax = Tw +
4K
2
 6 
3.88 × 10 8 ×  
 1000  3.88 × 36 × 100
∴ 2000 = Tw + = Tw + = Tw + 60
4 × 58 4 × 58
∴ Tw = 2000 − 60 = 1940°C
Heat lost = heat generated

59
 2
2  6  8
= πr L ⋅ q′′′ = π  × 1 × 3.88 × 10 W
 1000 
= π × 36 × 3.88 × 100 W
The surface area through which heat is lost
12 12π 2
= πdL = π × ×1 = m
1000 1000
∴ Heat lost per m2 surface area
π × 36 × 3.88 × 100
= = 11.64 × 105 W/m 2 = 1.164 MW/m 2
12π
1000

2.53. Sol.
L (70 × 10−6 ) × 100
R (total resistance) = ρ = = 0.1Ω
Ac π(0.15) 2
Heat generated = Heat convected to the liquid

q g = I 2 R = hAs (Tw − Tf )

∴ 2002 × 0.1 = 4000 × (π ⋅ dL)(Tw − Tf )

 3 
= 4000 ×  π × × 1 (Tw − 80)
 1000 
200 × 20
∴ Tw = + 80 = 10.6 + 80 = 186°C.
12π
qg 200 × 20
q′′′ = = -3 2
= 568 × 106 W/m3
V π (1.5 × 10 ) × 1
The centre temperature is given by:

q ′′′r 2 565 × 10 6 × (1.5 ×10 −3 ) 2

Tmax = + Tw = + 186
4K 4 × 25
= 12.7 + 186 = 198.7°C.

60
2.54. Sol.
T1 = T2 = 300°C and L = 5 cm
The location for the maximum temperature is
given by equation
1 1 − (e)−µL 
x = − loge  
µ  µL 

And if x is calculated by using this formula then

T(max) is given by expression Fig. Prob. 2.54.
q′′′  x 
{ }{
T(max) = T1 + 0 2  (e) −µL − 1 − (e) −µx − 1 
Kµ  L 
}
µ = 0.27 cm −1 = 27 m −1

1 1 − e − 27×0.05 
x = − loge  
27  27 × 0.05 
∴ x = 0.0222 m = 2.22 cm from left side of the slab.
q′0′′ = φ × E × Ce

1014 mev 0.164 mev

q′0′′ (Heat generating rate) = CeφE = 2
× = 1014 × 0.164 2
cm - sec cm cm - sec
1014 × 0.164
= × 106 × 3600 mev/m3 - hr = 1.64 × 1021 × 36 mev/m3 -hr
1

1 mev = 1.6 × 10−6 erg

∴ q′0′′ = 1.64 × 1021 × 36 × 1.6 × 10−6 = 94.5 × 1015 erg/m3 - hr

1 erg = 2.35 × 10−10 kcal

∴ q′0′′ = 94.5 × 1015 × 2.35 × 10−10 = 259 × 105 W/m3

259 × 105  0.0222 

∴ T(max) − 300 = 2  0.05
100 × (27) 
{ }{
(e) − 27×0.05 − 1 − (e) − 27×0.0222 − 1 

}
259 × 10
= [0.44(0.266 − 1) − (0.56 − 1)]
(2.7) 2

61
 2590
= [− 0.324 − 0.56 + 1] = 41.2°C
7.3
T(max) = 341.2°C

2.55. Sol.
Using the following equations
q′′′r22 r q′′′
Tmax = Tw + and Tw = Ta + 2
4K 2h
q′′′r2  1 r2 
∴ Tmax = Ta + +
2  h 2K 
The given data is

Ta = 150°C, q′′′ = 8 × 107 W/m3

r2 = 2.5 cm, h = 50 × 108 W/m 2 - K

K = 25 W/m-K
8 × 107 2.5  1 2.5 1
∴ Tmax = 150 + ×  3
+ ×  = 150 + 520 = 670°C
2 100  50 × 10 2 × 100 50 

2.5 8 × 107
and Tw = 150 + × = 150 + 20 = 170°C
100 2 × 5 × 104

2.56. Sol.
Given q = 25 × 105 W/m3
q′′′ r
Using equation 0 0 = 25 × 105
4
q ′0′′ 2.5
∴ × = 25 × 10 5 ∴ q ′0′′ = 4 ×10 8 W/m 3
4 100
Using the following equation
2
3 q′0′′ 2 3 4 × 108  2.5 
(Tmax − Tw ) = do = × ×  = 1562°C
16 K 16 30  100 

62
 q
= h (2πr0 L) (Tw − Tf )
sec
q
∴ 2
= h (Tw − Tf )
m - sec

∴ 25 × 105 = h (200 − 100)

∴ h = 25 × 103 W/m 2 - K = 25 kW/m 2 - K

2.57. Sol.
The difference in outer and inner surface temperature is given by equation
q′′′r22  
2
 r2   r1 
T2 − T1 = 2 loge   +   − 1 (a)
4K   r  r  
  1  2 
Heat generating rate is given by:
(I 2R )
q′′′ =
Volume of the wire in m3 / m

Where R is resistance in Ω per metre length.

0.1 0.1
R= 2 2
= Ω/m
π (4 − 2.5 ) 7.75 π

(1500) 2 0.1 1
∴ q′′′ = × ×
1 9.75 π π (4 − 2.52 ) × 1 × 10− 6
2

= 2.42 × 108 W/m3.

Using the given data and the equation (a) Fig. Prob. 2.57.
2
r1 = 2.5 mm, r2 = 4 mm, K = 15 W/m-K, h = 104 W/m -K.
2 2 
2.42 × 108  4   4   2.5 
T2 − T1 = ×   2 log e  
+  − 1
4 × 15  1000    2.5   4  

= 62.8 [0.96 + 0.396 − 1] = 22.35°C

q′′′r1  r2  
2
T1 = Ta +   − 1
2h  r1  
 

63
 2.42 × 108 × 2.5  4  
2
= 20 +   − 1 = 20 + 30.25(2.56 − 1) = 70°C
2 × 104 × 1000  2.5  

∴ q (2πr1 × 1) h (T1 − Ta ) W/m.

2π 2.5 10000
× × (70°C − 20) = 7854 W/m.
1 1000 1

2.58. Sol.
K = 28.8 W/m-K
ρ = 18.9 grams/cm3 = 18900 kg/m3
2.6 × 1000 KW
q′′′ = 2.6 MW/ton = = 2.6 KW/kg = 2600 W/kg.
1000 kg
1
But 1 kg = m3
18900

∴ q′′′ = 2600 × 18900 W/m3 = 49.1 × 106 W/m3

Using the following equation, we can find the position of maximum temperature
in the fuel tube
2  1 1   1 1 
(Tco − Tci ) + R o2  +  − R 2  − 
q ′′′  2K R o h o   2K R i h i 
R m2 =
1  Ro  1 1 
 log e   + + 
K  Ri  R oho Rihi 
Substituting the given values in the above equation
    
 2  2 
2  3   1 1 − 2   1 1 
 ( 220 − 200 ) =   +  −
 49.1 × 10
6
 100   2 × 28. 8 3 
× 200   100   2 × 28. 8 2
× 250 
 
    
=
100 100
R m2
 
 1 3 1 1 
 log e   + + 
 28.8 2 3 2
× 200 × 250 
 100 100 

64
 0.814 × 10−6 + 9 × 10−4 (0.184) − 4 × 10−4 (−0.1826)
=
0.0348 × 0.405 + 0.167 + 0.2

10−4 [0.00814 + 1.66 + 0.7304] 10−4 × 2.4

= = = 6.3 × 10− 4
0.014 + 0.167 + 0.2 0.381

∴ R m = 2.5 × 10−2 m = 2.5 cm.

Substituting this values of Rm in the equation given below, we can find the value of
Tm.

q′′′  R o2 − R i2  R  q′′′
Tm − Tco =  − R 2m loge  o  + (R o2 − R 2m )
2K  2  m 
R 2 R h
o o

49.1 × 106  32 − 22 2.52  3  49.1 × 106  32 − 2.52 

=  − log    +
 2.48  2 × 3 × 200  104 
g
2 × 28.8  2 × 104 104
100

49.1 × 106 6
= 4
[2.5 − 6.15 × 0.191] + 49.1 × 104 (9 − 6.15)
57.6 × 10 12 × 10

= 85.2 × 1.325 + 409.7 × 2.85 = 113 + 1168 = 1281°C.

Tm = 1281 + 220 = 1501°C.

2.59. Sol.
The temperature distribution in the given tube is given by the equation
q′′′r12   r   q′′′r22
2
r
T − T1 = 1 −    + loge  
4K   r1   2K  r1 
 
The temperature T1 is given by:

q′′′r1  r2  
2
T1 = Ta +   − 1
2h  r1  
 

65
 5 × 106 × (32 × 10−3 )  80  
2
= 200 +   − 1 = 200 + 84 = 284°C
2 × 5000  32  

T = Tmax at r = r2

q′′′r 2   r 
2
q′′′r22 r 
Tmax = T1 + 1 1 −  2  + loge  2 
4K   r1   2K  r1 
 
  r2  1  r1    r2  
2 2
q′′′r22 
= T1 + loge   +   1 −   
2K   r1  2  r2    r1  

  r2  1  r2 
2 
q′′′r22 
= T1 + loge   +   − 1
2K   r1  2  r1  

Substituting the given values
5 × 106 × (8 × 10− 2 ) 2   80  1  32  
2
Tmax = 284 +  loge   +   − 1
2 × 40   32  2  80  
284 + 194 = 478°C

Heat carried by fluid

h ⋅ A (T1 − Ta ) = h × (2π r1 × 1) (T1 − Ta )

 3.2 
= 500 ×  2π × × 1 (284 − 200) = 84.4 × 103 W/m.
 100 
Heat generated
= π (r22 − r12 ) × 1 × q′′′

 80  2  23  2  6 3
= π   −   × 1 × 5 × 10 = 84.4 × 10 W/m.
 100   100  

This indicates that the heat generated is equal to heat carried away by the fluid
and it is essential requirement for steady state heat flow.

2.60. Sol.
We can use the following equation for solving the problem as it is a problem of
steady state unidirectional heat conduction with heat generation.

66
 d 2T q′′′
2
+ =0
dx K

d 2T αx
∴ + =0
dx 2 K

dT αx 2
∴ + = C1 (1)
dx 2 2K

αx 2
∴ T+ = C1x + C 2
6K
Using the boundary condition, T = T1 at x = 0, ∴ C 2 = T1

αx 2
∴ T+ = C1x + T1.
6K
Using the boundary condition T = T2 at x = L, we get

1 αL3 
C1 = (T2 −T1) + 
L  6K 

Substituting this value in equation (1), we get:

dT αx 2 1  αL3 
+ = (T2 − T1 ) + 
dx 2K L  6K 

dT
The maximum temperature occurs where =0
dx

αx 2 1  αL3 
∴ 0+ = (T2 − T1 ) + 
2K L  6K 

2K  αL3 
∴ x= (T2 − T1 ) + 
αL  6K 

L
If the maximum temperature occurs at the centre, of the rod, then x = . Substituting
2
this value of x in the above equation and squaring both sides, we get:

67
 L2 K  αL3  2K L2
=  2 1
( T − T ) +  = ( T2 − T1 ) +
4 αL  6K  αL 3

2K L2 L2 L2
∴ (T2 − T1 ) = − =−
αL 4 3 12
2K 12 24 K
∴ α=− (T2 − T1 ) × 2 = 3 (T1 − T2 ).
L L L

2.61. Sol.
The electric resistance per metre length of tube
ρ 0.85
Re = = = 0.113 Ω/m
π (R 2 − R1 ) π (6.22 − 62 )
2 2

Heat generated = Heat lost from the outer surface

π (R 22 − R12 )Lq′′′ = 14000

 6.2  2  6  2 
∴ π   −   × 0.5 × q′′′ = 14000
 1000   1000  

π
∴ × 2.4 × q′′′ = 14 × 103 × 106 = 14 × 109
2
14
∴ q′′′ = × 109 = 3.72 × 109 W/m3
1.2π
qL
q ′′′ =
π (R 22 − R 12 )

Where qL is the heat generated per metre length.

∴ q L = 3.72 × 109 × π (6.22 − 62 ) × 10−6

= 3.72 × 2.4 × π × 103 = 2800 W

q L = I 2 Re = 28000 W/m.

28000 28 × 104
∴ I2 = = = 24.8 × 104 ∴ I = 4.95 × 100 = 495 Amp.
0.113 1.13
Now substituting the values in the following equation

68
 q′′′r12  r2  r  
2
T1 − T2 =   − 2 loge  2  − 1
4K  r1  r  
 1 


3.72 × 109 × 62 × 10− 6  6.2   6.2  

2
=   − 2 log e   − 1
4 × 18.6  6   6  

3.72 × 9 × 103
= (1.06 − 0.0575 − 1)
18.6
3.75 × 9 × 103 × 0.0025
= = 4.5°C.
18.6

2.62. Sol.
The electric resistance per metre length of the tube is given by:
ρ 0.85
Re = = = 0.174 Ω/m
π (r22 − r12 ) 3.14 (42 − 3.82 )
Rate of heat generation per metre length

= I 2 Re = 2502 × 0.174 = 10870 W/m

The heat generation rate q′′′ is given by:

10870 10870
q′′′ = 2 2
= 2 2 −6
= 2.22 × 109 W/m3
π (r2 − r1 ) 3.14 (4 − 3.8 ) × 10

The temperature drop through the tube is given by the equation

q′′′r22  
2
 r2   r1 
∴ T2 − T1 = 2 loge   +   − 1
4K   r  r  
  1  2 

2.22 × 109 × (0.004) 2  

2
 4   3.8 
= 2 log e  +  − 1 = 2.4°C.
4 × 18.6   3.8   4  

69
2.63. Sol.
The maximum temperature in the plate is given
by:
1 K K
+ 2
(Tf 2 − Tf 1 ) +
 x  2 q′′′L h 2L
 =
L K 1 1 
1 +  + 
L  h1 h 2 

Fig. Prob. 2.63.

Where x is measured from the surface which is
exposed to the fluid at temperature Tf1 as shown in Fig.
Prob. 2.63.
1 25 25
+ (140 − 130) +
−
7
x 2 2.7 × 10 × (5 × 10 ) 3 2
1500 × 5 × 10 −3
∴ = = 0.7
L 25  1 1 
1+  + 
5 × 10 −3 1500 3000 
∴ x = 0.7 × 5 = 3.5 mm.
The surface temperature of the plate are given as
q1 q′′′x
T1 = Tf 1 + = Tf 1 +
h1 h1

2.7 × 107 × 3.5 × 10−3

= 130 + = 130 + 31.5 = 161.5°C.
3000
q2 q′′′(L − x )
T2 = Tf 2 + = Tf 2 +
h2 h2

2.7 × 107 (5 − 3.5) × 10−3

= 140 + = 140 + 27 = 167°C.
1500
The maximum temperature is given by:
x q′′′x 2
Tmax = Tw1 + q1 ⋅ = Tw1 +
2K 2K
2.7 × 107 (3.5 × 10−3 ) 2
= 161.5 + = 161.5 + 6.5 = 168°C.
2 × 25

70
2.64. Sol.
The controlling differential equation is

d 2T q′′′
2
+ =0
dx K
Integrating the above equation twice
dT q′′′ q′′′ x 2
+ ⋅ x = C1 and T + ⋅ = C1x + C 2
dx K K 2
Fig. Prob. 2.64.
As the heat flow from one surface is zero that means
(dT/ dx) from this surface is zero because Tf2 = T2
therefore T2 − Tf 2 = 0.
Now using the boundary conditions
dT
= 0 at x = 0 and T = T1 at x = L
dx
q′′′ L2
We get C1 = 0 and C2 = T1 + ⋅
K 2
q′′′ x 2 q′′′ L2
∴ T+ ⋅ = T1 + ⋅ (1)
K 2 K 2
Heat conducted (at x = L) = heat convected from the surface.
dT
∴ −K⋅ = h1 (T1 − Tf 1 )
dx x =L

 q′′′ 
∴ − K − L  = h1 (T1 − Tf 1 )
 K 
q′′′L
∴ T1 = Tf 1 +
h1
Now substituting the value in equation (1)
q′′′ 2 q′′′L
T− (L − x 2 ) = Tf 1 +
2K h1
Now using the condition
T = T2 = Tf 2 at x = 0

71
 q′′′L2 q′′′L
∴ Tf 2 − = Tf 1 +
2K h1

 1 1
∴ Tf 2 = Tf 1 + q′′′L + 
 2K h1 

2.65. Sol.
To calculate the temperature distribution, we must find the neutral section
 dT 
where  = 0  at radius r0.
 dx 
First we have to find effective heat transfer coefficients h1e and h2e accounting
for the thermal resistance for cladding or referred to fuel surfaces.
1 d1 d  d1 
= + 1 log e  
h e1 h1 (d1 − 2δ) 2K c  d1 − 2δ 

 1.6 
 
1.6  100   1.6  1
= + loge  =
520 × (1.6 − 0.1) 2 × 21  1.6 − 0.1  480

∴ h e1 = 480 W/m 2 − °C
Similarly

1 d2 d  d + 2δ 
= + 2 log e  2 
h e 2 h 2 (d 2 + 2δ) 2K c  d2 

 2.6 
 
 2.6 + 0.1 
+
2.6 100  1
= loge  =
560(2.6 − 0.1) 2 × 21  2.6  575
∴ he2 = 575 W/m2-°C
The neutral section radius is given by:

q′′′  r1 r 1 
(Tf 2 − Tf 1 ) +  + 2 + (r22 − r12 )
2  h e1 h e 2 2K f 
r0 =
q′′′  1 1 1  r  Fig. Prob. 2.65.
 + + log e  2 
2  h e1r1 h e 2 r2 K f  r1 

72
Substituting the given values in the above equation, we get:
r0 = 10.2 × 10−3 m = 10.2 mm or d0 = 20.4 mm.

The heat flow rate per unit length of tube given to the inner fluid is given by:
q′′′π (r02 − r12 ) q′′′ [π (r02 − r12 ) × 1]
q1 = =
surface for unit length 2πr1 × 1

q′′′r1  r0   5 × 107 × 8 × 10−3  10.2

2
  − 1 =   
=     − 1
2  r1   2  8  
 
= 125 × 103 W/m2 = 125 kW/m2
The temperature at inner surface of uranium fuel element is given by:
q 125 × 103
T1 = Tf + 1 = 200 + = 200 + 260 = 160°C
h e1 480

The rate of heat flow on the inner surface of the cladding is given by
d1 16
q c1 = q1 × = 125 × 103 × = 133.5 × 103 W/m 2 = 133.5 KW/m 2
d1 − 2δ 15

Therefore, the temperature of the inner surface of the cladding is given by:
q 133.5 × 103
Tc1 = Tf 1 + c1 = 200 + = 200 + 257 = 457°C
h1 520

The rates of heat flow q2 and qc2 and temperatures T2 and Tc2 for the outer
surface of the fuel element are also determined in a similar manner]
q′′′r2   r0  
2
q2 = 1 −   
2   r2  
 

5 × 107 × 1.3 × 10− 2   10.2 

2
= 1 −    = 125 × 103 W/m 2 = 125 kW/m 2
2   13  

q2 125 × 103
T2 = Tf 2 + = 240 + = 240 + 218 = 458°C
h c2 575
d2 26
qc2 = q 2 ⋅ = 125 × 102 × = 120.5 × 103 W/m 2 = 120.5 kW/m 2
d 2 + 2δ 27

73
 qc2 120.5 × 103
Tc 2 = Tf 2 + = 240 + = 240 + 215 = 455°C
h2 560

The distribution of temperature over the cross-section of the uranium fuel

element is determined from the following equation
q′′′  2 r 2 
2r0 loge   − (r − r1 )
2
T = T1 +
4K   r1  
The temperature T is maximum at r = r0
q′′′   ro  2 
2r0 log e   − (r0 − r1 )
2
Tmax = T1 +
4K   r1  
5 × 107   10.2   10.2  (10.2)  8  
2 2
= 460 + 2  loge   −  
4 × 31   1000   8  1000  1000  
 
= 460 + 4.5 = 464.5°C.

2.66.Sol.
The given data is as follows:
2δ = 5 mm L = 50 mm W = 100 cm.
2
K = 50 W/m-K h = 10 W/m -K θ0 = 80°C
Using the following equation for finding the heat flow
 h cosh mL + mK sinh mL 
q = K.A c m.θ0  
 mK cosh mL + h sinh mL 

h 10
m= = = 8.95
Kδ 2.5
50 ×
1000
5 1
A c = W × 2δ = 1 × = m2
100 200
mL = 8.95 × 0.05 = 0.447

1 10 cosh (0.447) + 8.95 × 50 sinh (0.447) 

∴ q = 50 × × 8.95 × 80  
200  8.95 × 50 cosh (0.447) + 10 sinh (0.447) 
= 79 W

74
For finding the θL we can use
 h cosh mL + mK sinh mL 
θL = θ0 cosh mL − ⋅ sinh mL
 mK cosh mL + h sinh mL 
 11 + 203 
= 80 cosh (0.447) − ⋅ sinh (0.447)
 490 + 4.55 
= 80 [101 − 0.434 × 0.465] = 72.
TL − Ta = 72

TL = 72 + 28 = 100°C.

2.67.Sol.
Using the following equation
 h cosh mL + mK sinh mL 
q = K.A c .m.θ 0  
 mK cosh mL + h sinh mL 
L = 10 cm, d = 1.6 cm, K = 40 W/m-K, h = 25 W/m2-K and
θ 0 = 300 − 30 = 270°C.

Ph 1.6 25 1
m= = π× × × = 12.5
K.A c 100 1 2
π  1.6 
40 ×  
4  100 

10
∴ mL = 12.5 × = 1.2
100
π 2.56  25 cosh 1.2 + 12.5 × 40 sinh 1.2 
∴ q = 40 × × × 12.5 × 270 
4 10 4
12.5 × 40 cosh 1.2 + 25 sinh 1.2 
=2.3 W

2.68. Sol.
 h cosh mL + mK sinh mL 
q = K.A c .m.θ 0  
 mK cosh mL + h sinh mL 

75
 h 20 100
m= = × = 27.6
Kδ 65 0.04
27.6 × 2.5
mL = = 0.69
100

 0.08   20 cosh (0.69) + 1790 sinh (0.69) 

∴ q = 65 × 1×  × 27.6 × 110  
 100  1790 cosh (0.69) + 20 sinh (0.69) 
 25 + 1337 
= 157.5 ×   = 91 W from one fin.
 2239 + 15 
So that heat transfer from 12 fins = 12 × 91 = 1002 W.

2.69. Sol.
The temperature distribution in a large rod is given by

θ = θ 0 ⋅ e − mx
at x=x

θ x = θ 0 e − mx and

at x = x + δx (1)

θ x + δx = θ 0 (e) − mx − m.δx (2)

Dividing equation (1), by (2) we get:

θx θ 0 e − mx 1
= = = (e) m⋅δx (3)
θ x + δx − mx − m.δx − m δx
θ 0 ( e) ( e)

θ x = 125 − 28 = 97
θ x + δx = 91 − 28 = 63
δx = 10 cm = 0.1 m.
Substituting the values in the equation (3)
97
= e 0.1 m
63

76
  97 
∴ 0.1 m = log e   = 0.4316
 63 
0.4316
∴ m= = 4.316
0.1
hP
But m2 =
KA c
hP
∴ = (4.316) 2 = 18.63
KA c
hP h × πd 4h
∴ K= = =
18.63 A c π 2 18.63 d
18.63 × d
4
4 ×15
= = 161 W/m - K
18.63 × 0.02

2.70.Sol.
For maximum heat dissipation for the given profile area the relation between L
and δ is given by the expression
L 0.7095 K
= = 0.7095 (1)
2δ Bi hδ

And L × 2δ = 1.75 × 10 −4 (given) (2)

Dividing equation (2) by (1)

L ⋅ 2δ 2δ 1.75 × 10 −4 1 hδ
× = ×
1 L 1 0.7095 K

1.75 1 200 1.75 1 1

∴ δ3/ 2 = × = × ×
10 4 × 4 0.7095 50 0.7095 10 4 2
1.144 1.144
∴ δ= metres = × 100 = 2.4 mm
480 480
∴ 2δ = 4.8 mm
A f 1.75 1000 1.75 1000
L= = × metre = × × 100 cm = 3.65 cm
4
2δ 10 4.8 10 4 4.8

77
 h 200 1000 4000
m= = × = = 40.6
Kδ 50 2.4 2.4
3.65
mL = 40.5 × = 1.48
100
 h cosh mL + mK sinh mL 
q = K.A c .m.θ 0  
 mK cosh mL + h sinh mL 
 1× 4.8   200 cosh 1.48 + 40.6 × 50 sinh 1.48 
= 50 ×  40.6 × 220  
 1000   40.6 × 50 cosh 1.48 + 200 sinh 1.48 
 462 + 4200 
= 2140   = 1950 Watts.
 4680 + 415 

2.71.Sol.
Using the following equation for finding the heat loss from the rod.
q = KA c .h.P.θ 0

K = 50 W/m-K, h = 40 W/m2-K
π 2 π
Ac = ⋅ d = × 16 = 4π = 12.56 cm 2 = 12.56 × 10 − 4 m 2
4 4
4 12.56
P = π⋅d = π⋅ = = 0.1256 m
100 100
θ 0 = 100 − 20 = 80°C

∴ q = 50 × 12.56 × 10 − 4 × 40 × 0.1256.80 = 45 Watts.

2.72. Sol.
This blade can be considered as a fin
of constant cross-section area of length L.
As the heat flow from the free end is
neglected, we can use the following
formula for finding the heat flow through
the blade
q = KA c mθ 0 tanh mL
Fig. Prob. 2.72.

78
 hP 100 6 10 4
m= = × × = 38
KA c 20 100 2

2
∴ q = 70 = 20 × × 38 × (800 − 300) tanh (38L)
10 4
40 × 10 4
∴ tanh (38L) = = 0.91
40 × 38 × 500
Using the hyperbolic function table
38L = 1.53
1.53
∴ L= metres = 4.3 cm.
38

2.73. Sol.
The arrangement of the thermometer
well for measuring the temperature of a
flowing gas in pipe is shown in Fig. Prob. 2.73.
(a).
The thermometer well can be considered as a
hollow rod protruding into hot gas at a
temperature Ta. As the heat flows from the hot
gas along the well towards the cooler pipe
walls, the thermometer does not read the true
temperature of the hot gas but it reads the
temperature at the bottom of the well.
This well can be considered as a hollow fin as
shown in Fig. Prob. 2.73 (b).
P = perimeter of the tube Fig. Prob. 2.73. (a)
= π(d + 2δ) = πd as 2δ << d
Ac = cross-sectional area of tube
= πd δ
We can use the following formula
θ Tx − Ta cosh m (L − x )
= =
θ 0 T0 − Ta cosh mL
Where T0 = Temperature of the pipe wall.
Ta = Temperature of the hot air or gas
flowing over the pipe.
Fig. Prob. 2.73. (b)

79
 Tx = Temperature at any distance x measured from the pipe wall along the well
(tube). x = L, then
If x = L, then
TL − Ta 1
=
T0 − Ta cosh mL

where TL is the temperature at the bottom of the well.

The given data is
T0 = 60°C TL = 120°C L = 10 cm 6 δ = 2 mm
2 2
K = 100W/m -K h = 100 W/m -K
hP hπd h
m= = =
KA c Kπdδ Kδ

The expression of m shows that the diameter of well does not have any effect on temperature
measured by thermometer.
h 100 1000 10
∴ mL = ⋅L = × ⋅ = 3.55
Kδ 40 2 100
120 − Ta 1 1
∴ = =
60 − Ta cosh (3.55) 17.42

∴ Ta = 124°C

 124 − 120 
% Error in reading   × 100 = 3.24 %.
 124 

2.74.Sol.
Now using the same formula given in the last example and referring the figure of
the same problem.
TL − Ta 1
=
To − Ta cosh mL

h 200 1000
m= = × = 43.8
Kδ 35 3
43.8 5
∴ mL = × = 2.19
1 100
200 − Ta 1 1
∴ = =
100 − Ta cosh (2.19) 4.525

80
The measurement error
230 − 200
= × 100 = 13.1%
230

2.75.Sol.
Referring to the Fig.Prob. 2.57. (a) and using the formula
TL − Ta 1
=
T0 − Ta cosh mL
Ta = 320°C
TL = 98.5% of Ta
= 0.985 × 320 = 315.2°C
T0 = 120°C

h 80 1000 Fig. Prob.2.75.

m= = × = 42.3
Kδ 45 1
315.2 − 320 1 1
∴ = =
120 − 320 41.8 cosh (42.3L)
42.3L = 4.425
4.425 4.425
∴ L= metres = × 100 cm = 10.5 cm.
42.3 42.3

As the length of well required is more than the diameter of the tube, it is necessary to
locate the well obliquely in the tube as shown in Fig.-Prob. 2.75.

2.76. Sol.
For the given maximum heat flow, the weight of the fin will be minimum when
the profile area will be minimum and the condition for the minimum profile area is
given by the following equation
3
2.109  q 
Af =   (1)
4 W 2h 2K  θ0 

For the maximum heat flow for the given profile area, the condition is given by the
following equation

81
 L 1.419
= (2)
δ Bi
K
∴ L = 1.419 ⋅ δ where δ is in metres
h
K
= 1.419 1000δ where δ is in mm
h
40
= 1.419 1000δ = 28.38 δ (3)
100
3
2.109  480  2
A f = L × 2δ =   m
4 × 1× 100 × 100 × 40  80 
3
2.109  480  2.109 10
=   × (1000) 2 mm 2 = × × 216 = 285 mm 2 (4)
4 × 4 × 10 
5 80  15 1

Substituting the value from equation (3) into equation (4), we get:
28.38 δ ⋅ 2δ = 285
285
s3/ 2 = =5
2 × 28.38

∴ δ = (5.0) 2 / 3 = 2.83 mm
∴ 2δ = 2 × 2.83 = 5.66 mm
and L = 28.38 δ = 28.38 2.83 = 47.5 mm.

2.77.Sol.
The weights of copper and aluminium for fins are given by the equation
Wc ρ c K a
= ⋅
Wa ρc K c

where suffix c and a represent copper and aluminium alloys.

8500 80
∴ Wc = Wa ⋅ × = 1.36 Wa (1)
2500 200
If the cost of copper alloy is C per unit weight then the cost of aluminium will be
1.5C per unit weight.
The equation (1) shows that if the weight of aluminium alloy is Wa for the above
heat transfer then the weight of copper required for the same heat transfer is 1.36 Wa.

82
∴ Cost of aluminium alloy = Wa × 1.5C = 1.5Wa C
Cost of copper alloy = 1.36 Wa × C = 1.36WaC
Saving in the money by using the copper alloy
1.5 − 1.36
× 100 = 10.3%
1.36

2.78.Sol.
Tmnx = 400°C, T0 = 200°C,
K = 170 W/m-K, q T = 15 × 0.2 × 42,000 = 1,26,000 kJ/hr.
7 1,26,0000 × 1000
q = Heat conducted through piston = × = 2450 W.
100 1× 3600
Using the following equation, we get
q 2450
T= = metres
4πK (Tmax − T0 ) 4π × 170 (400 − 200)
2450 × 1000
= mm = 5.74 cm.
680π × 200

2.79. Sol.
The heat flow for this problem is given by equation
d 2θ
∴ − m 2θ = 0
2
dx
hP
Where m=
KA c
The solution of this equation is given by:
θ = C1 cosh mx + C 2 sinh mx Fig. Prob.2.79.
The boundary condition for this problem are:
θ = θ 0 at x = 0 and θ = θ 0 at x = L
Using these boundary condition, we get
1 - cosh mL 
C1 = θ 0 and C 2 = θ 0  
 sinh mL 
 1 − cosh mL 
∴ θ = θ 0 cosh mx + ⋅ sinh mx  (1)
 sinh mL 

83
The heat flow through the given rod is given by:
 dθ 
q 1 = − KA c
 dx  x =0

d   1 − cosh mL 
= −KA c θ 0 cosh mx + sinh mL sinh mx 
dx    x = 0

 1 − cosh mL 
= −KA c θ 0 m sinh mx + ⋅ m cosh mx 
 sinh mL  x =0

1 − cosh mL   cosh mL − 1
= −KA c θ 0 m   = KA c θ 0 m   (2)
 sinh mL   sinh mL 

In this given problem, by symmetry the total heat loss from both sides is 2q1.
The given data is
h = 50 W/m2-K K = 100 W/m-K
L = 15 cm d = 1.25 cm θ 0 = 40°C
hP h × πd 4h
m= = =
kA c π Kd
− K× d2
4
4 × 50 × 100
∴ m= = 12.6
100 × 1.25
15
mL = 12.6 × = 1.89
100
mL 1.89
= = 0.945
2 2
 1 − cosh (1.89) 
∴ θ x = L / 2 = 40 cosh (0.945) + ⋅ sinh (0.945)
 sinh (1.89) 
 1 − 3.385 
= 40 1.48 + × 1.002 = 26.8°C
 3.234 
2
π  125   3.385 − 1
q 1 = 100 ×   × 40 × 12.6   = 5.8 W
4  100   3.234 
Total heat from both ends = 2q1 = 11.6 W.

Note. The total heat can also be calculated by considering on element dx at a distance
x.

84
∴ dq = πd.dxh.θ
Where θ is the function of x.
L
∴ q = πd.h ∫ θ.dx
0
Substituting the value of θ from equation (1), we get
L
 1 − cosh mL 
q = πdhθ 0 ∫ cosh mx + ⋅ sinh mx  dx
0 
sinh mL
After completing the integration, again we get
q = 2q1
where q1 is already calculated.

2.80. Sol.
θ 0 = 70 − 15 = 55°C
hP hπd 4h 4 × 50
m= = = = = 7.45
KA c π 2 Kd −2
K× d 300 × 1 .2 × 10
4
The temperature at the centre id given by:
 mL   7.45 × 0.15 
sinh   sinh  
 2   2 
θ c = 2θ 0 ⋅ = 2 × 55 × = 48°C
sinh (mL) sinh (7.45 × 0.15)
∴ Tc = 48 + 15 = 63°C.

2.81.Sol.
Effective area = 640 cm2
Using the following equation
m.c p T − T4
A= ⋅ log e i
h T0 − Ta
640 m × 4.2 85 − 15
= ⋅ log e
10,000 40 30 − 15
640 × 40
∴ m= = 1.66 kg/sec.
 70 
10,000 × 4.2 log e  
 15 

85
2.82.Sol.
The heat lost by the rod neglecting the end loss is given by
q = KA c mθ 0 tanh mL
hP hπd 4h
m= = =
KA c π 2 Kd
K⋅ d
4
4 × 20
∴ m= = 8.95
50 × 0.02
2
π 2 
∴ q = 50 ×   × 8.95 × (200 − 30) tanh (8.95 × 0.1)
4  100 
= 50π = 10 −4 × 8.95 × 170 tanh (0.895) = 17 W = 17 J/s
17 × 3600
∴ Heat lost per hour = = 61 kJ.
1000

2.83. Sol.
The heat flow from the tube is given by
q = KA c mθ 0 (tanh mL)

hP h ⋅ (πd 0 ) 4hd o
m= = =
KA c π 2 2 K (d o2 − d i2 )
K ⋅ (d o − d i )
4

4 × 10 × 0.25 10
= = = 3.33
2 2 0.9
40 (0.25 − 0.20 )
Fig. Prob.2.83.
5
mL = 3.33 × = 0.1665
100
π
∴ q = 40 × (0.25 2 − 0.20 2 ) × 3.33 (120 − 20) tanh (0.1665)
4
π
= 40 × × 0.0225 × 3.33 × 100 × 0.17 = 40 W.
4

2.84.Sol.
The heat loss per fin is given by
q = KA c mθ 0 tanh mL

86
 0.5 0.5
Ac = × = 0.25 × 10 −6 m 2
3 3
10 10
K = 190 W/m-K, θ 0 = 80 − 40 = 40°C.

hP 0.5 × 4 1× 10 6
m= = 12.5 × × = 23 m −1
KA c 1000 190 × 0.25

L = 0.01 m

∴ q = 190 × 0.25 × 10 −6 × 23 × 40 tanh (23 × 0.01)

= 190 × 230 × 10 −6 tanh (0.23) = 190 × 230 × 10 −6 × 0.226

= 11.5 × 10 −3 W = 11.5 mW.

Therefore the number of fins required to carry out 46 mW energy
46
= =4
11.5

2.85.Sol.
The temperature distribution along the well is given by
TL − Ta 1
=
T0 − Ta cosh (mL)
hP h ⋅ πd h
m= = =
KA c K ⋅ πd ⋅ δ Kδ
23.5
∴ m= = 16.7
1.5
55.8 ×
1000
12
mL = 16.7 × =2
100
Ta − TL 1
∴ =
Ta − To cosh (2) Fig. Prob.2.85.
Ta − 84 1
=
Ta − 40 3.76

87
 3.76(Ta − 84) = Ta − 40

∴ 2.76 Ta = 3.76 × 84 − 40 = 276

276
∴ Ta = = 100°C.
2.76
∴ Error is measurement
= 100 − 84 = 16°C.

2.86.Sol.
The temperature distribution along the length of the pocket is given by,
TL − Ts 1
=
To − Ts cosh mL
where TL = temperature at the bottom of the pocket
Ts = steam temperature
TO = temperature of the pipe wall

hP
m=
KA c

(12.5 + 2) 14.5π
P = πd o = π × = m
1000 1000
12.5 1
A c = πd i δ = π × × = 12.5π × 10 −6 m 2
1000 1000
L = 5 cm as the pocket is up to the centre of the pipe

400 × 14.5π × 10 −3
∴ m= = 59.5 m −1
−6
112 × 12.5π × 10
TL − 200 1 1
= =
140 − 200 cosh (59.5 × 0.05) 9.87
− 60
∴ TL = 200 + = 200 − 6.2 = 193.8°C.
9.87

88
 The error in the measurement can be reduced by lagging the pipe to increase TO and
also by increasing the product mL.
m can be increased by using a thinner tube or by using a metal of lower
conductivity for pocket. But if the conductivity is reduced considerably, the radial
resistance to heat flow increases to such an extent that the temperature distribution is no
longer one dimensional. L can be increased by inclining the pocket and letting it
projects beyond the pipe axis.

2.87.Sol.
The given data is
2 δ = 2.5 cm, L = 10 cm, W = 1 m,
K = 25 W/m-K, h = 60 W/m2-K
θ 0 = (600 − 30) = 570°C

hL 60 × 0.1 Fig. Prob.2.87.

B= = = 19.2 = 4.38
Kδ 125
25 ×
100

The temperature distribution in triangular fin is given by the following equation.

θ I ( 2B x ) I (2 × 4.38 x ) I (3.76 x )
= o = o = o
θ 0 I o ( 2B L )  1  I o (2.78)
I o  2 × 4.38 
 10 

From table given in Appendix for bessel Io (2.78) = 4.10 by interpolation

I (3.76 x ) 570
∴ θ = θo o = ⋅ I o (8.76 x ) = 139 I o (8.76 x )
4.10 4.10
∴ θ = 139 I o (8.76 x )

The heat flow through the fin for width W is given by the following equation.
I ( 2B L ) 1.25 I (2.78)
∴ q = 2W hKδ θ o 1 = 2 × 1 60 × 25 × × 570 1
I o ( 2B L ) 100 I o (2.78)

From tables given in Appendix for Bessel I1 (2.78) = 3.24 by interpolation

3.24
∴ q = 2 18.7 × 570 × = 3780 W/m
4.10

89
The weight of fin per unit width of fin
1
Wf = × 2δ × L × W × ρ
2
1 2 1.25 1 1
= × × × × × 8000 = 10 kg/m.
2 1 100 10 1

Rate of heat flow per unit weight through triangular fin

3780
q= = 378 Watts/kg
10

(b) Rectangular Fin

The temperature distribution of rectangular fin is given by the following equation
 h cosh mL + Km sinh mL 
θ = θ o cosh mx − θ o   sinh mx
 Km cosh mL + h sinh mL 

h 60 × 100
Where m = = = 192 = 13.9
Kδ 25 × 1.25
13.9 10 25
∴ mL = × = 1.39 Km = × 13.9 = 346
1 100 1
 60 cosh 1.39 + 346 sinh 1.39 
∴ θ = θ o cosh (13.9 x) −   sinh (13.9 x)
 346 cosh 1.39 + 60 sinh 1.39 
= 570 [ cosh (13.9 x) − 0.91 sinh (13.9 x] (2)

The heat flow through the fin is given by the following equation
 h cosh mL + Km sinh mL 
q = KA o mθ o  
 Km cosh mL + h sinh mL 
 2.5 
= 25 ×  × 1 × 13.9 × 570 × 0.91 = 4470 watts/m
 100 

Weight of Rectangular fin per unit width

= 2 × weight of triangular fin per unit width = 2 × 10 = 20 kg

Rate of heat flow per unit weight through rectangular fin

4470
q= = 223.5 W/kg
20

90
 Fig. Prob.2.87(b).

Extra heat dissipated by the triangular fin per kg mass = 378 -223.5 = 154.5
154,5
Percentage increase in heat dissipation = × 100 = 69.3%
223.5
The values of 0 for different x for triangular and rectangular fins are calculated
from equations (1) and (2) and tabulated in the table as given below.
x is measured along X as shown in figure for triangular fin and in opposite
direction for rectangular fin.

Points x in cm °C Triangular °C Rectangular

a 0 139 240
b 2 198 247
c 4 269 290
d 6 356 358
e 8 458 450
f 10 570 570

The temperature distribution is drawn as shown in the Fig. Prob. 2.87 (b) from
the table given above.

91
2.88.Sol.
The cross-section of the fin on cylinder is shown in the figure and given
dimensions are also represented on the
diagram
r1 = 7.5 cm
r2 = 10.5 cm
2 δ = 0.3 cm
k = 50 W/m-K
h = 100 W/m2-K
θ o = 120 − 20 = 100°C
P (pitch) =8 mm Fig. Prob.2.88(b).
h 100 × 1
B= = = 36.6
Kδ 0.3
50 ×
2 × 100
7.5
r1 B = × 36.6 = 2.74
100
10.5
r2 B = × 36.6 = 3.84.
100

The heat flow from each fin is given by the following equation as
 I (Br ) ⋅ K 1 (Br1 ) − K 1 (Br2 ) ⋅ I1 (Br1 ) 
q = 4πKr1δθ o B 1 2 
 I 0 (Br1 ) ⋅ K 1 (Br2 ) + K o (Br1 ) ⋅ I1 (Br2 ) 

From Table given in Appendix for Bessel Function.

I1 (Br1 ) = I1 (2.74) = 3.14 I1 (Br2 ) = I1 (3.84) = 8.464

K 1 (Br1 ) = K 1 (2.74) = 0.0565 K 1 (Br2 ) = K 1 (3.84) = 0.0096

I 0 (Br1 ) = I 0 (2.74) = K 0 (Br1 ) = K 0 (2.74) = 0.048

7.5 0.3  8.464 × 0.0565 − 0.0096 × 3.14 

∴ q = 4π × 50 × × × 100 × 36.6 ×  
100 200  3.596 × 0.0096 + 0.048 × 8.464 

 0.478 − 0.0302  0.4478

= 259  = 259 × = 264 Watts
 0.0345 + 0.406  0.4405

92
Heat loss from bare surface without fin
7.5 0.8
q b = (2πr1 × p) × h × θ o = 2π × × ×100 ×100 = 37.6 Watts
100 100
q 264
Effectiveness of fin = = = 7.
q b 37.6

2.89.Sol.
This given data is
Af = L . δ = 0.9 × 10 −4 . m2, K = 100 W/m-K, h = 120 W/m2-K,
θ 0 = 300 − 30 = 270°C

The required condition for the optimum heat flow for a triangular fin of a given profile
area is given by the equation
L 1.3094 1.3094 1.3094 1.195
∴ = = = = (2)
2δ Bi hδ 120 δ
δ
K 100

Dividing equation (1) by (2)

L ⋅ δ 2δ δ
× = 1.8 × 10 −3 ×
1 L 1.195

10 −4 1
(δ)1.5 = 0.45 × ×
1 1.195

1 1000
∴ δ= metres = = 1.11 mm
900 900

∴ 2δ = 2.22 mm (Base thickness of the fin)

0.9
L= cm = 8.1 cm
0.11

q  I ( 2B L ) 
= q = 2θ o hKδ  1 
W  I o (2B L ) 

93
 hL 120 × 0.081
B= = = 9.6
Kδ 1
100 ×
900

∴ 2B L = 2 × 9.6 0.081 = 5.45

From the tables of Bessel function given in Appendix

I 0 (2B L ) = I 0 (5.45) = 39.96 and I1 (2B L ) = I1 (5.45) = 36.97

120 100 1 36.97 36.97

∴ q = 2 × 270 × × ⋅ = 540 × 1.13 × = 610 Watts/m.
1 1 900 39.96 39.96

94