UNIT – V

HUMAN POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT

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[Population growth, variation among nations – population explosion – family welfare programme –
environment and human health – human rights – value education – HIV / AIDS – women and child welfare
–Environmental impact analysis (EIA)- -GIS-remote sensing-role of information technology in
environment and human health – Case studies.]

Population
“Group of individuals belonging to the same species, which live in a given area at a given time”.

Population density
“Number of individuals of the population per unit area or per unit volume”.

Parameters affecting population size

i. Birth rate or Natality
ii. Death rate or Mortality
iii. Immigration
iv. Emigration

Causes of rapid population growth

i. Decrease in death rate and increase in birth rate.
ii. Availability of antibiotics, immunization, increased food production, clean water and air
decreases the famine-related deaths.
iii. In agricultural based countries, children are required to help parents in the field that is why
population increases in the developing countries.
iv. Modern medical facilities reduces death rate & increases birth rate.
v. Illiteracy.

Problems of population growth

i. Increasing demand for food and natural resources
ii. Inadequate housing and health services
iii. Loss of agricultural lands.
iv. Unemployment problems.
v. Environmental pollution.
vi. Poverty
vii. Over–exploitation of natural resources
viii. Economic inequity
ix. Unemployment & Low living standard
Population Explosion
The enormous increase in population due to low death rate and high birth rate.

Doubling Time
“The number of years needed for a population to double in size”.
70
Td 
r Where, r-Annual growth rate

PART-B

Variation of population based on age structure

1. Pre –productive population (0-14 years).
2. Reproductive population (15-44 years).
3. Post reproductive population (above 45 years).
Pyramid shaped – India, Bangladesh, and Ethiopia. [Large no of young people enter into
reproductive age group, hence Population growth increases].

Bell shaped – France, USA, and UK. [Pre-productive age group population & reproductive age
group population are almost equal, hence population growth is stable].

Urn shaped - Germany, Italy, and Japan [pre-productive population is less that reproductive age
group, hence population growth decreases].
 Family Welfare Programme
“It is an overall national policy of growth covering human health, maternity, family
welfare, child care and women’s care”.
Objectives
i. Slowing down the population explosion.
ii. Reducing overexploitation of natural resources.
Family Planning Programme
1. It provides information on birth spacing, birth control & health care for pregnant women and
infants.
2. It also has reduced the number of legal & illegal abortions and decreases the risk of death
from pregnancy.
3. It provides educational & clinical services that help couples to choose number of children's.
Objectives
1. Reduce infant mortality rate.
2. Achieve 100% of birth, death, marriage, pregnancy registration.
3. Encourage late marriages, late child-bearing.
4. Improve women’s health, education, employment.
5. Prevent & Control of communal diseases.
6. Promote small family norms.
7. Making free & compulsory education upto 14 years.
8. Constraint spread of AIDS.
Fertility control methods
1. Traditional Method (By use of taboos & folk medicine)
2. Modern Method

Modern methods
a. Permenant method (Sterilization done by minor surgery)
i. Tubectomy → Female sterilization done by tying the tubes carrying ovum to uterus.
ii. Vasectomy → Male sterilization, done by tying the tubes carrying the sperms.
b. Temporary method
a) Condoms → Used by males to prevent sperms.
b) Copper Ts → Small objects placed by doctor in the uterus.
c) Oral contraceptive pills, drugs.

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Human Rights
Human rights are fundamental rights, which are possessed by all human beings
irrespective of their caste, nationality, sex & language.
Universal Declaration of Human rights
1. Human right to freedom – Express views, forming union, building houses, choose any
profession.
 2. Human right to property – Right to earn property
3. Human right to freedom of religion – Freedom to choose religion to his wishes.
4. Human right to culture and education – Right to conserve culture, language, establishing
educational institution.
5. Human right to constitutional remedies – can go to court, if fundamental rights are denied.
6. Human right to equality – All citizens are equal before law without discrimination of
religion, sex, caste and place.
7. Human right against exploitation – children should not be employed as labours.
8. Human right to food and environment – Right to get sufficient food, safe, water, healthy
environment.
9. Human right to good health – right to have very good physical and mental health.

Indian Constitution
Indian constitution article 14 to 32 refers about the human rights.
i. Article 14→ provides equality
ii. Article 15→ prohibits discrimination on caste, sex, religion
iii. Article 16→ equal opportunity for all citizens
iv. Article 19→ freedom of speech, expression, forming union
v. Article 20 → protection from convection
vi. Article 22 → rights of person in custody
vii. Article 23 → prohibits traffic in human being
viii. Article 24 → prohibits explosion of labour children
ix. Article 25 → freedom of profession, religion & practice
x. Article 26→ right to establish charitable & religious institution
xi. Article 27 → prohibits paying tax for any religion
xii. Article 28 → guarantees secular character in educational institution
xiii. Article 29 → guarantees to conserve language of minorities
xiv. Article 30 → right of linguistic minority
xv. Article 32 → right to constitutional remedies

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Value Education
i. Value education is learning about the particular thing through knowledge. We can identify our
values and ourselves with the help of knowledge and experience.
ii. Valve education is an instrument used to analyze our behavior and provide proper direction to us.
Types
i. Formal education – Self related learning process, all will read, write, get jobs, and tackle any
problem with formal education.
ii. Value education – Analyze our behaviour, provide proper direction to youth and know right &
wrong.
iii. Value-based environment education – Knowledge about principles of ecology, biodiversity, care
for natural resources, know to safe and clean environment.
Objectives
1. To improve the integral growth of human begins.
 2. To create attitudes and improvement towards sustainable lifestyle.
3. To increase awareness about our national history our cultural heritage, constitutional rights,
national integration, community development and environment.
4. To create and develop awareness about the values and their significance and role.
5. To know about various living and non- living organisms and their interaction with
environment.
6. To know about various living and non- living organisms and their interaction with
environment.
Concept of Value Education
1. Why & how can we use less resources and energy?
2. Why do we need keep our surrounding clean?
3. Why should we use less fertilizers & pesticides?
4. Why it is important for save water and keep water resources clean?

Methods of Imparting value Education

i. Telling – Process of developing values.

ii. Modelling – Presenting ideas to leaner’s as model.
iii. Role Playing – Acting the role of another person.
iv. Problem Solving – Asking the learners about their decision during dilemma.
v. Studying biographies of great man – Use of great man good deeds & worthy thoughts.
Types of values
i. Universal values – Importance of the human conditions, reflect in life, joy, love,
compassion, tolerance, truth etc.,
ii. Cultural values – Right, wrong, good and bad, behaviour of human being.
iii. Individual values – Individual personality and experiences.
iv. Global values – Human civilization.
v. Spiritual values – Self-restraint, discipline.

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HIV /AIDS
AIDS is the abbreviated form for Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome caused by a
virus called HIV (Human Immune deficiency Virus).

Origin of HIV/AIDS
1. Through African Monkey or Chimpanzees to human.
2. Through Vaccine Programme.
i. Polio, small pox vaccine prepared from monkey’s kidney-Africa.
ii. Spread through Hepatitis-B viral vaccine-Los Angles and New York.
iii. Through small pox vaccine programme of Africa.
Factors influencing modes of Transmission of HIV
i. Unprotected sex with infected person.
ii. Using needles or syringes from HIV positive person.
iii. During pregnancy, breast feeding HIV transmits from mother to infant babies.
iv. Blood transfusion during accident and pregnancy.
 v. Biologically the male to female transmission is 2 to 4 time more efficient than female to male
transmission.
vi. Women’s cervical tissue is more vulnerable to HIV than men.
vii. Transmission of HIV to new born babies happens easily.
Factors not influencing transmission of HIV
i. Tears, food, air, cough, handshake and normal kissing.
ii. Mosquito flies and insect bites.
iii. Sharing of utensils, clothes, toilets and bathroom.
Functions of HIV in human body
1. White blood cells (WBC) are responsible for the formation of antibodies called T-helper cells.
2. T-helper cells are the key infection fighters in the immune system
3. Once HIV cells are enter into the body they destroy the T-cells and cause many infection
diseases.
Symptoms
Minor symptoms
i. Persistent cough for more than one month.
ii. General skin disease.
iii. Viral infection.
iv. Fungus infection in mouth and throat.
v. Frequent fever, headache and fatigue.
Major symptoms
i. Diarrhea for more than one month.
ii. Fever for more than one month.
iii. Cough & TB for more than one month.
iv. Fall of hairs.
v. 10% of body weight loss within short period.
Effects
i. Death.
ii. Inability to work.
iii. Lack of energy.
iv. Frequent fever & Sweating.
Control and Preventive measures
i. Education → Health education, avoid sharing razors, needles and syringes.
ii. Prevention of Blood borne HIV transmission → Screening of blood for HIV before
transmission & following strict sterilization in hospitals.
Primary health care → AIDS awareness programme, participation of voluntary health
agencies.
iii. Counselling services → Counselling through telephone.
iv. Drug treatment → Early medical care, taking nutritious diet, maintaining stress free
mind.

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 Women and Child Welfare
Women and child are usually soft, who suffer in a number of ways mainly because they
are weak, helpless and economically dependent.
Women welfare
Women welfare is to improve the status of the women by providing opportunities in
education, employment & economic independence.
Need of Woman Welfare
i. Women suffer gender discrimination and devaluation at home, at workplace, in
matrimony.
ii. Dowry deaths, rape, domestic violence, criminal offence & mental torture.
iii. Human rights of women are violated.
iv. Male dominated society.
v. Women are neglected in policy & decision making
Objectives
i. To provide education
ii. To impart vocational training
iii. To generate awareness
iv. To improve employment opportunities
v. To restore dignity, equality and respect
vi. To aware problems of population
Objectives of National Commission For Women
i. To examine constitutional & legal rights for women.
ii. To review existing legislations.
iii. To sensitize the enforcement & administrative machinery to women’s causes.

Various Organizations towards Women Welfare

i. The National Network for Women & Mining (NNWM) → fighting for gender audit of India’s
mining companies.
ii. United Nations Decade for Women → inclusion of women welfare related issues on international
agenda.
iii. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
(CEDAW) → Protection & Promotion of women’s upliftment.
iv. Non-Government Organizations (NGO’s) → Empower, educate village women & making self
dependent.
v. Ministry for Women and Child Development → work for upliftment of women by family planning,
health, education & awareness.

Child welfare
Child welfare is to improve the status of the child by providing nutrient food, compulsory free
education, reducing the child labors and providing secure environment for them.
Reason for Child Labors
i. Poverty → work in unhealthy conditions
 ii. Need of Money → parents need money for their family
Various Organizations towards Child Welfare
i. UN Conventions on Rights of Child or International Law → promote & protect children in our
society.
Rights of the Child
a) The right to survival → emphasizes on good health, nutrition, standard of living.
b) The right to participation → freedom of thought to the child.
c) The right to development → ensures education, care, support, social security & recreation.
d) The right to protection → freedom from exploitation, inhuman treatment & neglect.
ii. World summit on children → well being of the children is targeted.
iii. Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) → Concentrate on child’s health, education,
nutrition.
iv. Environmental degradation & child welfare → children are most affected due to pollution, even
child in mother’s womb is affected by environmental toxins.
Centre for Science & Environment (CSE) → keeping environment clean for healthy life of
children.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

i. EIA is defined as a formal process of predicting the environmental consequences of any
development projects.
ii. It is used to identify the environmental, social and economic impacts of the project prior
to decision making.
Objectives of EIA
i. To identify main problem and issues of parties.
ii. To identify who is party.
iii. To identify what are the problems of the parties.
iv. To identify why are the problem arise.
Benefits of EIA
i. Cost and time of the project is reduced.
ii. Performance is improved.
iii. Waste treatment and cleaning expansive is minimized.
iv. Usages of resources are decreased.
v. Biodiversity is maintained.
vi. Human health is improved.
Process of EIA
i. Scoping – To identify the key issues.
ii. Screening – To decide whether EIA is required or not.
iii. Identifying and evaluating alternatives.
iv. Mitigating measures dealing with uncertainty – Minimize the adverse effects of a project.
v. Reports environmental statements.
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Role of Information Technology in Environment Protection
i. Information technology means collection, processing storage & dissemination of
information.
ii. Information technology plays a vital role in the field of environmental education.
iii. Numbers of software have been developed to study about the environment.
iv. The internet facilities, information through satellite, World Wide Web, and Geographical
Information systems, provide software techniques for environment & education.
Remote sensing [RS]
i. Gathering the information about an object without contacting or touching it is called remote
sensing.
ii. Any force like acoustic, gravity, magnetic, electromagnetic etc. could be used for remote
sensing.
iii. Components - A platform, aircraft, a balloon, rocket and satellite.
Applications
1. In agriculture → RS provide information about land, water management, use of seeds, fertilizer
input etc.
2. Forestry → Information on type, density & extent of forest cover, wood volume, forest fire, pest
etc.
3. Land cover → Gives spatial information on land, RS data is converted to map.
4. Water resources → surface water body mapping, ground water targeting, flood monitoring,
water quality monitoring, run-off modeling, and irrigation water management.
2. Data Base
Collection of inter related data on various subjects.
Applications
1. Ministry of environment and forest → compile data on biotic communities, diseases like HIV,
malaria, fluorosis.
2. National Management Information System (NMIS) → DB on R&D projects, research scientists
etc.
3. Environmental Information System (ENVIS) → DB on pollution control area, clean technology,
biodiversity, remote sensing, environmental management, desertification, etc.
3. Geographical information system (GIS)
It is a technique of superimposing various thematic maps using digital data on a large number of
inter-related aspects.
Applications
1. GIS is very useful for future land-use planning.
2. Natural resources analysis.
3. Better environmental management.
4. It provide information about smog, ozone layer depletion etc.,
5. GIS also provides information like approach of monsoon, inversion phenomena.
6. To check unplanned growth and related environmental problems.
Thematic maps are super imposed using software.
Interpretation of polluted zones, degraded lands.

4. Satellite data
 i. Helps in providing reliable information and data about forest cover by satellite pictures.
ii. Provide information about forecasting weather like monsoon, smog, ozone layer depletion,
etc.,
iii. Reserves of oil, minerals can be discovered.
5. World Wide Web
i. It provides Current data.
ii. Google one of the online learning website.
Applications
i. Online learning
ii. Digital files or photos, animations on environmental studies.

Role of Information Technology in Human Health

The health service technology involves three systems.
1. Finance and accounting
2. Pathology
3. Patient Administration – clinical system.
i. The advancements in digital and imaging technology have helped in better diagnosis as
the images.
ii. Tiny computers are providing valuable diagnostic tools.
iii. They can take and transmit photographs of internal problems such as blood clots and
tumour.
Applications
i. Data regarding birth and death rates, immunization, sanitation programme are maintained.
ii. To monitor the health of the people effectively.
iii. The information regarding the outbreak of epidemic diseases.
iv. Online Consultation with expert doctors for better treatment.
v. Hospital can run effectively.
vi. Drugs and its replacement.