NVKH JF HVBFCZO

Xvfyfbow mykwhy xvf fwzf pyonyhbh CÇO ë vb ZYHZHBFCZO BËJKGO(

Fwzf pyonyhbh ë gobpowzo poy ftfygâgkow chzvyhkw, gvao oiafzk}o ë powwkiklkzhy vbh bfldoyh co wfv jfwfbpfcdo wftvhl, wfah ho câ}fl
mâwkgo, wfah ho câ}fl pwkgol÷nkgo, bfldoyhcjo wvh gocmkhcîh f hvzo"fwzkbh#

Ho kckgkhy o pyonyhbh, wknh yknoyowhbfczf hw kcwzyvîöfw phyh ghjh ftfygâgko# Ghwo dhah hlnvb fmfkzo hj}fywo $joyfw, lfwöfw, kyykzhîöfw
ov xvhlxvfy ovzyo jfwgocmoyzo+ phyf gob ow ftfygâgkow f pyogvyf kbfjkhzhbfczf vb bëjkgo#

Zojow ow ftfygâgkow goczkjow co pyonyhbh wço, phyh vwo nfyhl, wfbpyf wfcjo hjhpzhjo h wvh cfgfwwkjhjf, bhw cfwzf ghwo gocwvlzf vb
bëjkgo fwpfgkhlkwzh co hwwvczo

Fwzfw ftfygâgkow moyhb zfwzhjow poy bkldhyfw jf pfwwohw co bvcjo f hpyfwfczhyhb yfwvlzhjow whzkwmhz÷ykow# Ë kbpoyzhczf fwglhyfgfy xvf
ow fmfkzow pojfb }hykhy jfpfcjfcjo jhw gocjkîöfw jf ghjh oynhckwbo, wfcjo xvf cowwhw pfwxvkwhw wf ihwfkhb fb pfwwohw xvf
oizk}fyhb nyhcjfw yfwvlzhjow, bhw cço hwwfnvyhbow yfwvlzhjow, pykcgkphlbfczf poyxvf mhzoyfw ikol÷nkgow fwzço fb xvfwzço#

Gocwkjfyhcjo xvf o pyonyhbh Zfb yflhîço gob o goypo f h whñjf, yfgobfcjhbow hgobphcdhbfczo bëjkgo#

Zojow ow phyzkgkphczfw jo pyonyhbh jf}fb wfy bhkoyfw f ghphqfw# Ow phyzkgkphczfw mkghb zhbiëb gkfczfw jf xvf cço cow
yfwpocwhiklkqhbow poy xvhkwxvfy jhcow ov fmfkzow hj}fywow jfgoyyfczfw jh pyèzkgh jow ftfygâgkow, wfcjo xvf h goczkcvkjhjf jo fthbf
jhw kcmoybhîöfw hxvk goczkjhw wfyè gocwkjfyhjh gobo wvh bhckmfwzhîço jf }oczhjf ftpyfwwh jf cço cow yfwpocwhiklkqhy poy jhcow ov
fmfkzow hj}fywow#

Ghwo }ogá fwzfah pyogvyhcjo vbh wolvîço bëjkgh phyh hvbfczhy o wfv páckw f/ov bfldoyhy wfv jfwfbpfcdo wftvhl, fwzf pyonyhbh cço
ë yfgobfcjhjo, jf}fcjo wfv gocwvlzhjo vb bëjkgo fwpfgkhlkwzh#

Ghwo }ogá zfcdh hlnvb jkwzñyiko mâwkgo $}hwgvlhy, bvwgvlhy ov jf zfgkjow fb nfyhl+ f/ov pwkgol÷nkgo, gocwvlzf vb bëjkgo hczfw jf
pyhzkghy ow ftfygâgkow#

BFCOYFW JF 98 HCOW fwzço pyokikjow jf ftfgvzhy ow ftfygâgkow wfb hvzoykqhîço jf wfvw yfpyfwfczhczfw lfnhkw#

Cço wf fwxvfîh jf lfy o z÷pkgo Wfnvyhcîh Jvyhczf ow Ftfygâgkow, hczfw jh wfwwço zyfkchbfczo yfgobfcjhjo (
Wfah bvkzo Ifb ]kcjo ho Jfwfc}ol}kbfczowftvhl#gob ((((
C÷w nowzhyâhbow jf ldf jhy ow phyhiëcw poy wf zoychy w÷gko jo cowwo pyonyhbh# ]ogá aè jfv o pykbfkyo phwwo fb ivwgh jh bfldoyh jf
wfv jfwfbpfcdo wftvhl# Poyëb, hpfchw lfy cço ihwzh5 ë cfgfwwèyko mhqfy ow ftfygâgkow gob bvkzh jkwgkplkch phyh xvf ow yfwvlzhjow
gobfgfb h wfy cozhjow#
Zëgckghw phyh hpfymfkîohy o jfwfbpfcdo wftvhl wço wfbpyf ifb"}kcjhw (
Fwzhw zëgckghw fwzço hxvk (
Hnoyh }ogá powwvk zojhw hw zëgckghw xvf pyfgkwh phyh bfldoyhy wfv jfwfbpfcdo wftvhl# Bkldhyfw jf dobfcw gobpyo}hyhb h fmkgègkh
jo pyonyhbh# Gdfnov h wvh }fq (

Bëzojow GOBPYO]HJOW f 800& CHZVYHKW xvf wfbpyf ftkwzkyhb, bhw cvcgh moyhb zyhcwbkzkjow phyh h gvlzvyh bojfych#

Hw kcmoybhîöfw jfwzf pyonyhbh cço wço fcgoczyhjhw mhgklbfczf, pokw wço yfwzykzhw f }hloykqhjhw# Zëgckghw 800& chzvyhkw, wfb
gkyvynkhw, iobihw, gyfbfw fwpfgkhkw, jyonhw ov hphyfldow jf zyhîço#
Zvjo o xvf }ogá pyfgkwh fwzè cfwzf PYONYHBH (((
Cço ë jf vb jkh phyh o ovzyo, bhw wf ow ftfygâgkow moyfb mfkzow jkhykhbfczf f gob jkwgkplkch, gobo ë yfgobfcjhjo, }ogá jf}f
gobfîhy h cozhy hw bvjhcîhw co zhbhcdo f jfwfbpfcdo jo wfv páckw((( Wknh ow ftfygâgkow goyyfzhbfczf#

Wfah hplkghjo cow ftfygâgkow, wfah phgkfczf, f ow yfwvlzhjow xvf }ogá fwpfyh }ço hphyfgfy fb povgow bfwfw#

Hlëb jf yf}flhy ow wfnyfjow phyh o hvbfczo jf gobpykbfczo f gkygvcmfyácgkh, fwzf nvkh zyhq zhbiëb kcmoybhîöfw woiyf gobo oizfy 
fyfîöfw bfldoyfw, goczyolf jh fahgvlhîço, bfldoyhy h pfymoybhcgf wftvhl, }kzhbkchw, cvzykfczfw, gkygvlhîço jo páckw f bvkzo bhkw(

O nvkh gobfîh gob h wfîço HXVFGKBFCZO , xvf ë bvkzo kbpoyzhczf phyh f}kzhy mfykbfczow f phyh bhtkbkqhy ow yfwvlzhjow# Lono
jfpokw fwzço ftplkghjow ow ftfygâgkow ch oyjfb fb xvf jf}fb wfy ftfgvzhjow# Lfkh ZVJO HCZFW JF KCKGKHY XVHLXVFY 
FTFYGÂGKO f cço pvlf cfcdvb pyogfjkbfczo jfwgykzo, fwpfgkhlbfczf o hxvfgkbfczo# W÷ jfpokw }è phyh h wfîço ZYFKCHBFCZO
YFGOBFCJHJO#

Fb povgow bfwfw fwpfyhbow yfgfify fb cowwo fcjfyfîo flfzyúckgo vb zfwzfbvcdo jf wvgfwwo }kcjo jf }ogá(

Ioh Woyzf (((

JKYFKZOW HVZOYHKW
Hw kcmoybhîöfw goczkjhw cfwzf wkzf wço myvzo jf pfwxvkwhw jo Jfwfc}ol}kbfczowftvhl#gob
Jfwfc}ol}kbfczowftvhl#gob,, wfcjo jf wvh ftglvwk}h pyopykfjhjf#
H yfpyojvîço, g÷pkh, jkwzykivkîço ov xvhlxvfy ovzyh moybh jf jkwwfbkchîço, ocfyowh ov nyhzvkzh, phyh xvhlxvfy pfwwohW wfb
h pyë}kh hvzoykqhîço fwgykzh jf cowwh fbpyfwh wfyè gocwkjfyhjh gobo omfcwh ho jkyfkzo jf pyopykfjhjf f ftployhîço jhw

8
kcmoybhîöfw hxvk goczkjhw, wfcjo ow kcmyhzoyfw yfwpocwhiklkqhjow gk}kl f gykbkchlbfczf, kcglvwk}f mkghcjo oiyknhjow h yfwwhygky
ow pyfavâqow womykjow pflh cowwh fbpyfwh jfgoyyfczfw jow wfvw hzow ov obkwwöfw#
O HXVFGKBFCZO POY GOBPYFWWH XVFCZF
O pyop÷wkzo goyyfzo co hvbfczo jo zhbhcdo pfckhco ë mhqfy gob xvf wf hvbfczf ow )Goypow Gh}fycowow) f zojo o zfgkjo fwpocaowo
xvf o gkygvcjh " f xvf wf fcgdf jf whcnvf xvhcjo }ogá oizëb vbh fyfîço# Wf }ogá gobfîhy h ftfgvzhy ow ftfygâgkow h myko, o wfv
páckw kyè womyfy hw gocwfxüácgkhw woi h moybh jf bhgdvghjow f bhcgdhw xvf pojfb wfy f}kzhjow gob o hxvfgkbfczo# Jh bfwbh
bhcfkyh xvf }ogá jf}f fwxvfczhy ovzyhw phyzfw jo wfv goypo f zfgkjo bvwgvlhy hczfw jf vb zyfkchbfczo, o bfwbo }hlf fb yflhîço h
wfv páckw# Kwzo pyfphyhyè wfv páckw phyh o zyfkchbfczo xvf kyè wf wfnvky, mhqfcjo gob xvf ow fwphîow jf whcnvf cow )Goypow
Gh}fycowow) wf hxvfîhb, o xvf ftphcjf o zfgkjo zoychcjo"o bhkw mlftâ}fl f fwpocaowo#
Fwzf ftfygâgko ë gdhbhjo )hxvfgkbfczo poy gobpyfwwh xvfczf), f jf}f wfy mfkzo hczfw f jfpokw jf zojo zyfkchbfczo h xvf }ogá
wvibfzfy wfv páckw f zfwzâgvlow#

C÷w gdhbhbow fwzh zëgckgh jf )gobpyfwwh xvfczf) poyxvf }ogá }hk vzklkqhy vbh zohldkcdh xvfczf phyh ftphcjky f hxvfgfy o zfgkjo fb
wfv páckw f zfwzâgvlow#

Pfnvf vb phco lkbpo $pojf wfy vbh zohldkcdh jf bço+ f jfktf jfihkto jh ènvh xvfczf jvyhczf bfko bkcvzo hpyotkbhjhbfczf#
Hnoyh, wfczf"wf ch ftzyfbkjhjf jf hlnvbh wvpfymâgkf gocmoyzè}fl f wfnvyf fwzf phco $xvf jf}fyè fwzhy xvfczf bhw cço pflhcjo+ woiyf
wfv páckw f zfwzâgvlow jvyhczf 9 bkcvzow5 yfpkzh o pyogfwwo 9 }fqfw wf hwwfnvyhcjo jf xvf o phco wf bhczfcdh xvfczf# Fwzf
hxvfgkbfczo ë mfkzo phyh pyobo}fy f bhczfy o whcnvf jfczyo jo páckw, zoychcjo ow fwphîow whcnüâcfow bhkoyfw f bhkw mlftâ}fkw# Kwzo
havjhyè fb zfybow jf pyonyfwwo bhkw yèpkjo f nhcdo jf zhbhcdo, gobo zhbiëb pyobo}f vbh ioh gkygvlhîço jf whcnvf#

Ftfgvzf WFBPYF h zëgckgh jf )gobpyfwwh xvfczf) hczfw f jfpokw jf wfv zyfkchbfczo# Kwzo hwwfnvyhyè yfwvlzhjow bhkw yèpkjow,
bfldoyfw f gob bfcow gdhcgf jf bhcgdhw f goczvwöfw fb }kyzvjf jf )Goypow Gh}fycowow) bhl pyfphyhjow#
KCZYOJVÎÇO HO FTZFCWOY JF GOBPYKBFCZO
Fwzf ftfygâgko ë bvkzo wkbplfw f mok gocgfikjo f kcgoypoyhjo how ftfygâgkow pfckhcow phyh moycfgfy ow bfwbow fmfkzow powkzk}ow
oizkjow h phyzky jo vwo jf pfwow jfpfcjvyhjow, wfb zojow ow pfyknow fc}ol}kjow pflo vwo jow pfwow#
Gobo Mvcgkoch
O Ftzfcwoy jf Gobpykbfczo pojf hlocnhy wfv páckw wkbplfwbfczf poy kcgoypoyhy h zëgckgh jf vb .pvtço. # Xvhcjo hplkghjh, fwzh
zëgckgh hlocnh o zfgkjo gfczyhl jo páckw, wfbfldhczf h vb zfcjço, moyîhcjo"o h fwzfcjfy"wf f fcgobpykjhy"wf bhkw hp÷w vb pfyâojo jf
hlnvcw bfwfw# Hpfwhy jf pojfy wfy}ky phyh hlocnhy wfv páckw, flf chjh mhyè phyh fcnyowwè"lo# Phyh yfwvlzhjow kjfhkw, zhczo co
hlocnhbfczo xvhczo co fcnyowwhbfczo, vzklkqf hbiow, o Ftzfcwoy jf Gobpykbfczo f o Bëzojo jo )Aflx) Èyhif $ftfygâgko wfnvkczf+
xvhcjo }ogá wf ftfygkzhy# Kwzo cço hpfchw kyè pyobo}fy vbh bfldoy gkygvlhîço fb wfv páckw, bhw zhbiëb kyè jfwfc}ol}á"lo bhkw
yhpkjhbfczf fb hbiow ow hwpfgzow, zhczo co gobpykbfczo, xvhczo ch fwpfwwvyh#
Fczfcjfcjo h Fmkgkácgkh jo Hlocnhbfczo
Phyh oizfy yfwvlzhjow kjfhkw co hlocnhbfczo jf wfv páckw }ogá pyfgkwh gobpyffcjfy gobo flf mvcgkoch# Wfv páckw ë gocwzkzvâjo poy 
fwphîow whcnüâcfow xvf hvbfczhb xvhcjo pyffcgdkjow gob whcnvf# Fwzfw fwphîow whcnüâcfow mkghb jfczyo jf wfv zfgkjo fyëzkl,
zhbiëb gocdfgkjo gobo )Goypow Gh}fycowow)# Xvhcjo }ogá hlocnh wfv páckw, }ogá fwzè hlocnhcjo zojhw hw phyzfw jflf, kcglvwk}f hw
èyfhw xvf wço pyffcgdkjhw poy whcnvf# Xvhcjo fwzhw èyfhw moyfb hlocnhjhw cvbh gfyzh bfjkjh, o wfv páckw wf hlocnhyè
goyyfwpocjfczfbfczf " zhczo co fwzhjo mlègkjo, xvhczo xvhcjo fyfzo#
Mh}oy wfnvky hw kcwzyvîöfw hihkto 1
8 " Wfczhjo, gfyzkmkxvf"wf jf xvf wfv páckw fwzfah fb fwzhjo mlègkjo# Hnhyyf"o fb }olzh jh ghifîh, cço gob vbh pyfwwço bvkzo
moyzf xvf ghvwf joy, bhw hpfchw phyh hwwfnvyhy vb hnhyyço mkybf#
9 " Pvtf wfv páckw jkyfzhbfczf phyh moyh à wvh myfczf, hzë xvf }ogá wkczh vb iob fwzkyhbfczo fb wfv gfczyo f ch ihwf#
Bhczfcdh fwwf pvtço poy vbh goczhnfb hzë 70# Mhîh vbh phvwh jf vcw wfzf wfnvcjow f, fczço, yfpkzh o pyogfjkbfczo bhkw
zyáw }fqfw, yfpfzkcjo hw pfxvfchw phvwhw#
7 " Yflhtf f ihlhcgf $ihzh wvh}fbfczf+ wfv páckw goczyh wvh pfych vbhw 60 }fqfw, phyh xvf o whcnvf }olzf h gkygvlhy
lk}yfbfczf#
: " Hnoyh, hnhyyf fb }olzh jh ghifîh jf wfv páckw co}hbfczf " w÷ xvf jfwzh }fq pvtf"o phyh h ftzyfbh fwxvfyjh " hzë wfczky
vb iob fwzkyhbfczo fb wfv lhjo jkyfkzo# Bhczfcdh fwzh powkîço f goczf hzë 70# Yfpkzh o pyogfjkbfczo bhkw zyáw }fqfw#
6 " Yflhtf f ihlhcgf $ihzh wvh}fbfczf+ wfv páckw goczyh wvh pfych vbhw 60 }fqfw, phyh xvf o whcnvf }olzf h gkygvlhy
lk}yfbfczf#
= " H wfnvky, hnhyyf co}hbfczf fb }olzh jh ghifîh jo wfv páckw " w÷ xvf jfwzh }fq pvtf"o à ftzyfbh jkyfkzh# Bhczfcdh fwzh
powkîço f goczf hzë 70# Yfpkzh o pyogfjkbfczo poy bhkw zyáw }fqfw#
> " Yflhtf f ihlhcgf $ihzh wvh}fbfczf+ wfv páckw goczyh wvh pfych vbhw 60 }fqfw, phyh xvf o whcnvf }olzf h gkygvlhy
lk}yfbfczf# #
Fwzf ftfygâgko }hk gobfîhy h mhqfy fmfkzo fb jvhw wfbhchw, bhw ow yfwvlzhjow jf}fyço mkghy hphyfczfw hpfchw hp÷w hlnvcw bfwfw#
b fwfw#
KCZYOJVÎÇO HO BËZOJO AFLX HYÈIKGO
O bëzojo jo AFLX mok pykbfkyhbfczf vwhjo poy èyhifw whvjkzhw dè bvkzow hcow gobo phyzf jf wvh gvlzvyh# Powwvky vb páckw nyhcjf f
ifb jfwfc}ol}kjo fyh jfbocwzyhîço jf mfyzklkjhjf f pojfy, ftfygfcjo moyzf hzyhîço woiyf hw bvldfyfw# Jvyhczf h pvifyjhjf, ow
nhyozow jfwwh gvlzvyh fyhb fcwkchjow poy wfvw phkw h gobo pyhzkghy o .aflx. $wkwzfbh wfbfldhczf ho jh oyjfcdh jhw }hghw, phyh pyopkgkhy 
hvbfczo jf zhbhcdo+# Zojow ow jkhw, ow ao}fcw jo wfto bhwgvlkco pyhzkgh}hb o .aflx. " f goczkcvh}hb h pyhzkghy o ftfygâgko hzë hzkcnky 
h }kjh hjvlzh# Vbh }fq hzkcnkjh fwwh kjhjf, flfw yfjvqkhb hw wfwwöfw phyh 7 }fqfw poy wfbhch, hpfchw phyh bhczfy wfv zhbhcdo f
moyîh#

O .aflx. mvcgkoch poyxvf à bfjkjh fb xvf }ogá .oyjfcdh. wfv páckw, }ogá fwzhyè moyîhcjo o whcnvf phyh jfczyo jf fwphîow cow )Goypow
Gh}fycowow) " xvf coybhlbfczf cço wço kcvcjhjow poy whcnvf# À bfjkjh xvf }ogá goczkcvh h oyjfcdh, ow fwphîow co páckw }ço wf

9
zoychcjo bhkoyfw f bhkoyfw, jfbolkcjo hw phyfjfw gflvlhyfw jfczyo jow )Goypow Gh}fycowow) $zfgkjo fyëzkl+# Gocmoybf wfv zyhihldo
jkèyko pyowwfnvf, ow fwphîow goczkcvhb wf zoychcjo bhkoyfw f bhkw moyzfw, f zfyço wvh yfpowkîço coybhl à cokzf, chw doyhw fb xvf }ogá
joybf# Jfczyo jf vb báw }ogá jfmkckzk}hbfczf }fyè vbh bfldoyh fb zfybow jf zhbhcdo f mkybfqh, bhw jfczyo jf hlnvcw bfwfw jf
ftfygâgkow jkèykow ow yfwvlzhjow xvf }ogá pojfyè oizfy wço kcjfwgykzâ}fkw(# Hlnvcw dobfcw gdfnhyhb h ihzfy vb yfgoyjf, JOIYHCJO
o zhbhcdo jf wfvw páckw co pfyâojo jf vb hco jf ftfygâgkow jkèykow#
Poy mh}oy, wknh hw kcwzyvîöfw hihkto 1

8 " Bhwwhnfkf wvh}fbfczf o páckw hzë hzkcnky vbh fyfîço phygkhl, phyh xvf o whcnvf mkxvf goczkjo jfczyo jo páckw#

9 " Vwhcjo vb lviykmkghczf jf wvh pyfmfyfcgkh $÷lfo cfvzyo phyh ifiáw ov pyojvzow wfbfldhczfw+ hnhyyf fb }olzh jh ihwf, ch
gocgh}kjhjf pfckhch $co kckgko jf wfv páckw+ gob o polfnhy f o kcjkghjoy# Wfnvyhcjo jfwwh moybh, gob o polfnhy f o kcjkghjoy
f gobpykbkcjo zojh h gkygvcmfyácgkh jf wfv páckw, fwgoyyfnvf lfczhbfczf phyh jkhczf, mhqfcjo gob xvf o whcnvf aè goczkjo
fb wfv páckw wfah moyîhjo hjkhczf phyh jfczyo jow Goypow Gh}fycowow $zfgkjo fyëzkl+ f phyh h Nlhcjf $ghifîh+#

7 " Ow fwphîow xvf pojfb goczfy whcnvf jfczyo jo páckw }ço wf hlhynhcjo bhkw f bhkw h ghjh }fq xvf }ogá hplkgh vb jfwwfw
bo}kbfczow $gobo ch oyjfcdh+# ]è hlzfychcjo hw bçow1 à bfjkjh fb xvf vbh bço gocjvq h pflf phyh hjkhczf, fb jkyfîço à
nlhcjf $ghifîh+, mhîh gob xvf h ovzyh bço hnhyyf ch gocgh}kjhjf jh ihwf $gobfîo jo páckw+ zhl gobo hczfw, wolzhcjo h bço
xvf hzkcnkv h ghifîh f yfpfzkcjo gob h ovzyh bço, f }è yfpfzkcjo kwwo h kczfy}hlow bëjkow f }hnhyowow $ hpyotkbhjhbfczf 8
wfnvcjo+#

¾ Mhîh 900 h 700 aflxw poy jkh ch pykbfkyh wfbhch $80 bkcvzow+
¾ Mhîh 700 h :60 aflxw poy jkh ch wfnvcjh wfbhch $86 bkcvzow+
¾ Mhîh 600 ov bhkw aflxw poy jkh h phyzky jh zfygfkyh wfbhch $90 bkcvzow+

Jkghw 1
¾ Cço vwf whiocfzf ov wdhbpoo gobo lviykmkghczf, pokw pojf ghvwhy joy f/ov hlfynkhw f kyykzhîöfw
¾ Wf dov}fy joy jf}kjo ho ftgfwwo jf ftfygâgkow, zkyf vb jkh jf molnh#
FTFYGKZHCJO O BÑWGVLO PG " KCZYOJVÎÇO
Fwzf ftfygâgko wfb jv}kjh ë o bhkw kbpoyzhczf jf zojo o nvkh# O wfv BÑWGVLO PÑIFO"GOGGÂNFCO,
PÑIFO"GOGGÂNFCO, zhbiëb gocdfgkjo gobo
PG, ë vb jow pykcgkphkw yfwpocwè}fkw pflh wvh whñjf f jfwfbpfcdo wftvhl#
Poy xvf ftfygkzhy wfv PG?

Pojfbow gkzhy }hykhw yhqöfw 1

¾ Jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jf wfv bñwgvlo jf goczyolf fahgvlhz÷yko hzë hzkcnky vb kcgyâ}fl goczyolf woiyf h fahgvlhîço# ¾ Jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jf
vb hwpfgzo .bvwgvlowo. jo wfv páckw#
¾ Dhiklkjhjf jf hjxvkyky fyfîöfw )JVYHW GOBO YOGDHW) h xvhlxvfy bobfczo xvf }ogá xvfkyh# ¾ Bfldoykh jh gkygvlhîço jf
whcnvf, xvf mhyè vb hvbfczo fb zfybow jf dhiklkjhjf f wfcwhîço#
¾ Pojf }fyjhjfkyhbfczf havjhy h whl}hy wvh }kjh gocgfjfcjo"ldf vbh py÷wzhzh whvjè}fl f ifb jfwfc}ol}kjh#

F h lkwzh wfnvf bhkw f bhkw fb zfybow jow ifcfmâgkow xvf ldf wfyço powwkiklkzhjow pflo wvpfy jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jf wfv bñwgvlo PG " f
jhw }hczhnfcw xvf kyè hvmfyky#

Bvkzow jf }ogáw hnoyh gfyzhbfczf fwzço pfcwhcjo1 )Gobo fczço fv mhîo phyh ftfygkzhy fwwh gokwh?)5 bhw cço zfbhb, pokw }ogáw hnoyh
}ço whify gobo loghlkqhy fwzf bñwgvlo# Hihkto ftplkghyfbow ocjf fwzè wfv bñwgvlo PG#

O pykbfkyo phwwo phyh gobfîhy wfv ftfygâgko ë pojfy loghlkqhy o bñwgvlo# Hlnvcw dobfcw moyhb ghphqfw jf loghlkqh"low poy hcow "
wfb ho bfcow whify jkwwo#

ZFWZF YÈPKJO1 Gocwknh vbh fyfîço# Wf }ogá ë ghphq jf mhqfy gob xvf wfv páckw wf bo}h poy goczh py÷pykh co fwzhjo fyfzo, }ogá
aè whif ocjf fwzè wfv bñwgvlo pvifo"goggknfco# Ghwo }ogá cço powwh mhqfy kwwo, fczço jh py÷tkbh }fq fb xvf moy vykchy, kczfyyobph o
mlvto jh vykch hczfw jf zfy zfybkchjo# Fwzf bñwgvlo jo xvhl }ogá wf vzklkqh phyh kczfyyobpfy h bkgîço ë o wfv bñwgvlo PG# Wf }ogá
hgdhy jkmâgkl mhqfy kwwo, ë vb wkchl jf xvf }ogá YFHLBFCZF cfgfwwkzh jfwzf ftfygâgko(

]hbow gobfîhy fczço1

Gobo hmkybhjo hgkbh, phyh loghlkqhy wfv bñwgvlo PG ë pyfgkwo kczfyyobpfy wfv mlvto jf vykch jvyhczf h bkgîço# O bñwgvlo
xvf }ogá mlftkoch ë o wfv bñwgvlo PG# Ow Zhokwzhw hczknow zhbiëb gdhbh}hb h fwwf ftfygâgko jf .moyzhlfgkbfczo jo hcvw., poy
bozk}ow ÷i}kow $flf zhbiëb mhq wfv hcvw wfy gobpykbkjo xvhcjo o bñwgvlo ë mlftkochjo+#
7
Gobfgf mlftkochcjo gfygh jf 86 h 90 }fqfw wfv bñwgvlo phyh }fy gobo }ogá wf whk# Wf o wfv bñwgvlo mkghy ghcwhjo jfpokw jf 90
mlftöfw, }ogá fwzè BVKZO moyh jf moybh# Jfpokw jf zfy mfkzo fwzhw 90, mlftkocf f gobpykbh yfhlbfczf moyzf f wfnvyf o bètkbo
xvf gocwfnvky# Hpfwhy jf co kcâgko kwwo pojfy phyfgfy vb zhczo kczkbkjhczf, jf}kjo à povgh moyîh jf xvf wfv PG jkwpöf, gob
povgow bfwfw jf ftfygâgko goczâcvo }ogá wfyè ghphq jf wfnvyhy h fahgvlhîço wkbplfwbfczf mlftkochcjo fwzf bñwgvlo zço
moyzfbfczf xvhczo powwâ}fl, hzë xvf o jfwfao gfjh#

Hxvfgkbfczo1 gobfgf mlftkochcjo f wolzhcjo cvb ykzbo gocwzhczf poy 70 mlftöfw# Ho mkchl jfwwh fzhph, jfwghcwf poy 70
wfnvcjow# Goczkcvf gob bhkw jvhw fzhphw, jfwghcwhcjo poy 70 wfnvcjow ho mkchl jf ghjh vbh jflhw# Jfpokw jf gobplfzhy kwzo,
}ogá aè jf}f fwzhy noqhcjo jf vb bfldoy goczyolf woiyf wfv bñwgvlo PG " fb yhqço jo hvbfczo jo mlvto jf whcnvf#

Goczyhzvyhw jo PG1 Gobpykbh f wolzf bhkw f bhkw }fqfw# Gobfgf gob gocavczow jf 70 f }è hpykboyhcjo hzë hzkcnky wëykfw jf
800 ov bhkw# O wfv PG wf yfgvpfyh bvkzo yhpkjhbfczf f }ogá jkh"h"jkh }hk mkghy ghphq jf hpyfwfczhy fyfîöfw )JVYHW MFKZO
YOGDHW) zojhw hw bhcdçw( Gfyzkmkxvf"wf jf mhqfy ho bfcow 960 goczyhzvyhw poy jkh pflo yfwzo jf wvh }kjh# Lono }ogá kyè
}fykmkghy xvf jfv o bfldoy phwwo powwâ}fl fb jkyfîço à wvh ioh whñjf f dhiklkjhjf wftvhkw#

Gobpyfwwöfw Locnhw f ]hnhyowhw1 Hxvfîh"wf gob vbh wëykf jf 70 goczyhzvyhw f fczço mlftkocf o bhkw moyzf xvf gocwfnvky#
Xvhcjo cço pvjfy ky hlëb, wfnvyf hlk f goczf hzë 90# Jfwghcwf poy :0 wfnvcjow# Yfpkzh 6 }fqfw fwzf pyogfjkbfczo# Jfpokw jf
vb báw jf ftfygâgkow, }ogá }hk wfy ghphq jf mhqfy wfwwöfw jf goczyhîöfw f jf wfnvyè"lhw poy pflo bfcow hlnvcw bkcvzow jf ghjh
}fq# Fwzf ftfygâgko fb phyzkgvlhy }hk ldf jhy fyfîöfw hiwolvzhbfczf w÷lkjhw f dhiklkjhjf jf mhqá"lhw jvyhy poy bvkzo zfbpo,
bfldoyhcjo wknckmkghzk}hbfczf wfv jfwfbpfcdo ch ghbh#
ZYFKCHBFCZO YFGOBFCJHJO
×zkbo( Hnoyh xvf }ogá aè hpyfcjfv gobo mhqfy zojow ow ftfygâgkow, }hbow yfgobfcjhy vb zyfkchbfczo phyh xvf }ogá powwh hzkcnky 
bfldoyfw yfwvlzhjow #
]hbow gobfîhy 1
8 " GOBPYFWWH XVFCZF " $HPYOTKBHJHBFCZF 6 BKCVZOW+

Pfnvf vb phco lkbpo $pojf wfy vbh zohldkcdh jf bço+ f jfktf jfihkto jh ènvh xvfczf jvyhczf bfko bkcvzo
hpyotkbhjhbfczf# Hnoyh, wfczf"wf ch ftzyfbkjhjf jf hlnvbh wvpfymâgkf gocmoyzè}fl f wfnvyf fwzf phco $xvf jf}fyè fwzhy
xvfczf bhw cço pflhcjo+ woiyf wfv páckw f zfwzâgvlow jvyhczf 9 bkcvzow5 yfpkzh o pyogfwwo 9 }fqfw wf hwwfnvyhcjo jf xvf o
phco wf bhczfcdh xvfczf# Fwzf hxvfgkbfczo ë mfkzo phyh pyobo}fy f bhczfy o whcnvf jfczyo jo páckw, zoychcjo ow fwphîow
whcnüâcfow bhkoyfw f bhkw mlftâ}fkw# Kwzo havjhyè fb zfybow jf pyonyfwwo bhkw yèpkjo f nhcdo jf zhbhcdo, gobo zhbiëb
pyobo}f vbh ioh gkygvlhîço jf whcnvf#
¾
Ë yfgobfcjhjo xvf wf hplkxvf h gobpyfwwh xvfczf hczfw f jfpokw jo zyfkchbfczo#

9 " DOYH JO FTZFCWOY JF GOBPYKBFCZO $Pykbfkyo Báw+

8 " Wfczhjo, gfyzkmkxvf"wf jf xvf wfv páckw fwzfah fb fwzhjo mlègkjo# Hnhyyf"o fb }olzh jh ghifîh, cço gob vbh pyfwwço
bvkzo moyzf xvf ghvwf joy, bhw hpfchw phyh hwwfnvyhy vb hnhyyço mkybf#

9 " Pvtf wfv páckw jkyfzhbfczf phyh moyh à wvh myfczf, hzë xvf }ogá wkczh vb iob fwzkyhbfczo fb wfv gfczyo f ch ihwf#
Bhczfcdh fwwf pvtço poy vbh goczhnfb hzë 70# Mhîh vbh phvwh jf vcw wfzf wfnvcjow f, fczço, yfpkzh o pyogfjkbfczo bhkw
zyáw }fqfw, yfpfzkcjo hw pfxvfchw phvwhw#

7 " Yflhtf f ihlhcgf $ihzh wvh}fbfczf+ wfv páckw goczyh wvh pfych vbhw 60 }fqfw, phyh xvf o whcnvf }olzf h gkygvlhy
lk}yfbfczf#

: " Hnoyh, hnhyyf fb }olzh jh ghifîh jf wfv páckw co}hbfczf " w÷ xvf jfwzh }fq pvtf"o phyh h ftzyfbh fwxvfyjh " hzë wfczky
vb iob fwzkyhbfczo fb wfv lhjo jkyfkzo# Bhczfcdh fwzh powkîço f goczf hzë 70# Yfpkzh o pyogfjkbfczo bhkw zyáw }fqfw#

6 " Yflhtf f ihlhcgf $ihzh wvh}fbfczf+ wfv páckw goczyh wvh pfych vbhw 60 }fqfw, phyh xvf o whcnvf }olzf h gkygvlhy
lk}yfbfczf#

= " H wfnvky, hnhyyf co}hbfczf fb }olzh jh ghifîh jo wfv páckw " w÷ xvf jfwzh }fq pvtf"o à ftzyfbh jkyfkzh# Bhczfcdh fwzh
powkîço f goczf hzë 70# Yfpkzh o pyogfjkbfczo poy bhkw zyáw }fqfw#

> Yflhtf f ihlhcgf $ihzh wvh}fbfczf + wfv páckw goczyh wvh pfych vbhw 60 }fqfw, phyh xvf o whcnvf }olzf h gkygvlhy
lk}yfbfczf#

¾ WFWWÇO H]HCÎHJH " $Hp÷w 8 báw jf zyfkchbfczo+

Yfpkzh o pyogfjkbfczo hgkbh hvbfczhcjo h goczhnfb jf 70 phyh 60 cow kzfcw 9, : f =
7 " FTFYGÂGKO PHYH HVBFCZHY H GKYGVLHÎÇO " $8 BKCVZO+

Fwzf ftfygâgko ë hpfchw vb pyë"hxvfgkbfczo hczfw jf gobfîhy o )aflx) 1

:
 8 " Hnhyyf fc}olzh jh ghifîh jo wfv páckw jf vb bojo mkybf, bhw xvf cço ghvwf joy#

9 " Hnoyh, fwzkxvf wfv páckw phyh myfczf f gobfgf h nkyè"lo poy 70 wfnvcjow phyh o lhjo jkyfkzo f jfpokw bhkw 70 wfnvcjow
phyh o lhjo fwxvfyjo#
: " DOYH JO AFLX $Pykbfkyo Báw+

8 " Bhwwhnfkf wvh}fbfczf o páckw hzë hzkcnky vbh fyfîço phygkhl, phyh xvf o whcnvf mkxvf goczkjo jfczyo jo páckw#

9 " Vwhcjo vb lviykmkghczf jf wvh pyfmfyfcgkh $÷lfo cfvzyo phyh ifiáw ov pyojvzow wfbfldhczfw+ hnhyyf fb }olzh jh ihwf,
ch gocgh}kjhjf pfckhch $co kckgko jf wfv páckw+ gob o polfnhy f o kcjkghjoy# Wfnvyhcjo jfwwh moybh, gob o polfnhy f o
kcjkghjoy f gobpykbkcjo zojh h gkygvcmfyácgkh jf wfv páckw, fwgoyyfnvf lfczhbfczf phyh jkhczf, mhqfcjo gob xvf o whcnvf aè
goczkjo fb wfv páckw wfah moyîhjo hjkhczf phyh jfczyo jow Goypow Gh}fycowow $zfgkjo fyëzkl+ f phyh h Nlhcjf $ghifîh+#

7 " Ow fwphîow xvf pojfb goczfy whcnvf jfczyo jo páckw }ço wf hlhynhcjo bhkw f bhkw h ghjh }fq xvf }ogá hplkgh vb jfwwfw
bo}kbfczow $gobo ch oyjfcdh+# ]è hlzfychcjo hw bçow1 à bfjkjh fb xvf vbh bço gocjvq h pflf phyh hjkhczf, fb jkyfîço à
nlhcjf $ghifîh+, mhîh gob xvf h ovzyh bço hnhyyf ch gocgh}kjhjf jh ihwf $gobfîo jo páckw+ zhl gobo hczfw, wolzhcjo h bço
xvf hzkcnkv h ghifîh f yfpfzkcjo gob h ovzyh bço, f }è yfpfzkcjo kwwo h kczfy}hlow bëjkow f }hnhyowow $ hpyotkbhjhbfczf 8
wfnvcjo+#

¾ Mhîh 900 h 700 aflxw poy jkh ch pykbfkyh wfbhch $80 bkcvzow+
¾ Mhîh 700 h :60 aflxw poy jkh ch wfnvcjh wfbhch $86 bkcvzow+
¾ Mhîh 600 ov bhkw aflxw poy jkh h phyzky jh zfygfkyh wfbhch $90 bkcvzow+
¾ WFWWHO H]HCGHJH " $ Hp÷w 8 báw jf zyfkchbfczo+
Hvbfczf phyh 96 h 70 bkcvzow o zyfkchbfczo jkèyko jf aflxw#
6 " FTFYGKZHCJO O BÑWGVLO PG $Pykbfkyo Báw+

Hxvfgkbfczo1 gobfgf mlftkochcjo f wolzhcjo cvb ykzbo gocwzhczf hzë hzkcnky 70 mlftöfw# Ho mkchl jfwwh fzhph, jfwghcwf poy 70
Hxvfgkbfczo1
wfnvcjow# Goczkcvf gob bhkw jvhw fzhphw, jfwghcwhcjo poy 70 wfnvcjow ho mkchl jf ghjh vbh jflhw# Jfpokw jf gobplfzhy kwzo,
}ogá aè jf}f fwzhy noqhcjo jf vb bfldoy goczyolf woiyf wfv bñwgvlo PG " fb yhqço jo hvbfczo jo mlvto jf whcnvf#

Ftfygâgko Jkèyko1 Zfczf mhqfy : wëykfw jf 60 mlftöfw co wfv bñwgvlo PG zojow ow jkhw, mhqfcjo vb kczfy}hlo jf 70 wfnvcjow fb
ghjh wëykf# Zfczf ky hvbfczhcjo nyhjvhlbfczf o cvbfyo jf mlftöfw chw c hw wfbhchw wfnvkczfw#

¾ WFWWÇO H]HCÎHJH " $ Hp÷w 8 báw jf zyfkchbfczo+

Hp÷w 8 báw jf zyfkchbfczo, }ogá wfyè ghphq jf mhqfy wëykfw jf 960 mlftöfw poy jkh co wfv bñwgvlo PG# Pyhzkxvf xvhcjo
powwâ}fl hw Gobpyfwwöfw Locnhw f ]hnhyowhw #

OE ,Fwzf
,Fwzf ë o zyfkchbfczo yfgobfcjhjo, bhw HZFCÎÇO1 Wf }ogá fwzh hcwkowo pflow yfwvlzhjow, }ogá pyfgkwh pyhzkghy ow
ftfygâgkow co bâckbo = jkhw poy wfbhch (
Cço wf fwxvfîh jf lfy o kzfb Wfnvyhcîh Jvyhczf ow Ftfygâgkow hczfw jf gobfîhy h pyhzkghy ow ftfygâgkow#
WFNVYHCÎH JVYHCZF OW FTFYGÂGKOW

Nowzhyâhbow jf mhqfy hlnvbhw oiwfy}hîöfw phyh xvf }ogá powwh jfwmyvzhy jf zojhw hw kcmoybhîöfw goczkjhw cfwzf pyonyhbh gob h
bètkbh wfnvyhcîh#

Pykbfkyhbfczf, wf }ogá powwvk hlnvb zkpo jf jofcîh xvf hlzfyf h gkygvlhîço whcnüâcfh, yfgobfcjhbow xvf }ogá pyogvyf vb vyolonkwzh
hczfw jf pyhzkghy ow ftfygâgkow# Lfbiyf"wf xvf fwzf ë vb zyhzhbfczo mkwkozfyèpkgo xvf cço jf}f goczyhykhy hw yfgobfcjhîöfw jf wfv
bëjkgo#

Hihkto, hlnvcw z÷pkgow kbpoyzhczfw xvf bfyfgfb hzfcîço phyh xvhcjo }ogá fwzk}fy pyhzkghcjo ow ftfygâgkow1

¾Xvhcjo fwzk}fy mhqfcjo o ftfygâgko )AFLX), CVCGH O PYHZKXVF GOB O WFV PFCKW FB FYFÎÇO ZOZHL, KWZO Ë,
800& JVYO,
JVYO, pokw pojf ghvwhy jhcow fb wvhw }fkhw pfckhchw#]ogá jf}f pyhzkghy o aflx gob o wfv páckw fb fwzhjo wfbk"fyfzo
$bfko fyfzo+

¾ Wf }ogá zk}fy vbh fyfîço jvyhczf vbh wfwwço jf aflx, wkbplfwbfczf phyf f fwpfyf o wfv páckw }olzhy ho fwzhjo wfbk"fyfzo phyh
goczkcvhy# Pyogvyf cço fahgvlhy jvyhczf h wfwwço jf aflx#

¾ Cvcgh vwf xvhlxvfy zkpo jf whiço gobo lviykmkghczf, pokw pojf ghvwhy joy f/ov hlfynkhw f kyykzhîöfw# Ow lviykmkghczfw xvf
jf}fb wfy vwhjow wço hxvflfw h ihwf jf ÷lfow cfvzyow#

¾ Poczow }fybfldow wço gobvcw fwpfgkhlbfczf chw pykbfkyhw wfbhchw jf ftfygâgkow# Lf}h zfbpo hzë xvf o páckw wf hgowzvbf ho
zyfkchbfczo# Wfah nfczkl co gobfîo# Hw bhcgdkcdhw }fybfldhw nfyhlbfczf wço yfwvlzhjo jo )Aflx),
) Aflx), bfwbo hwwkb zobf
gvkjhjo ho ftfgvzhy xvhlxvfy vb jow ftfygâgkow# H ghifîh ë h èyfh bhkw wvafkzh ho hphyfgkbfczo jf bhcgdkcdhw f poczkcdow
}fybfldow# Ghwo fwzhw bhcgdkcdhw pfywkwzhb, mhîh vbh phvwh cow ftfygâgkow hzë xvf flhw wvbhb# Wf bfwbo hwwkb pfywkwzkyfb,
pyogvyf wfv bëjkgo#

6
¾ Cvcgh hplkxvf bvkzh $fthnfyhjh+ pyfwwço ov goyzf h gkygvlhîço jf wfv páckw# Wfbpyf wf ftfygkzf gob gvkjhjo#
GOBO GOCZYOLHY FAHGVLHÎÇO PYFGOGF

H fahgvlhîço pyfgogf pojf wfy vbh ftpfykácgkh zfyyâ}fl f doyyk}flbfczf gocwzyhcnfjoyh phyh vb dobfb# Ch bhkoykh jhw }fqfw, flh ë
ghvwhjh poy vb bñwgvlo PG ftzyfbhbfczf myhgo f wvijfwfc}ol}kjo# Hzyh}ëw jf ftfygâgkow, }ogá kyè moyzhlfgá"lo, mhqfcjo gob xvf
wvhw fyfîöfw jvyfb pflo zfbpo xvf }ogá jfwfahy#

JFWFC]OL]FCJO H FAHGVLHÎÇO

Gocwknh vbh fyfîço hzyh}ëw jf vbh lf}f bhwzvyihîço vwhcjo vb lviykmkghczf $wf jfwfahy+# Vbh }fq xvf vbh yhqoè}fl fyfîço zfcdh
wkjo oizkjh, gobfgf h mlftkochy f yfzfy wfv bñwgvlo PG fb kczfy}hlow jf 7 wfnvcjow, fcxvhczo goczkcvh h bhwwhnfhy wfv páckw#

Hnoyh gobfgf h wf bhwzvyihy hzë xvhwf vb pyë"glâbht, bhw xvhcjo fwzk}fy pyfwzfw h fahgvlhy, mlftkocf wfv PG o bhkw moyzf powwâ}fl f
kcwpkyf locnh f }knoyowhbfczf pflh iogh, fwpfyhcjo o glâbht phwwhy#

¾ Gobfgf h wf bhwzvyihy co}hbfczf f yfpkzh o pyogfjkbfczo hgkbh zyáw }fqfw #

¾ Co mkchl jh zfygfkyh }fq, fahgvlf $wf jfwfahy+#
¾ Pyhzkxvf fwzf ftfygâgko o zhczo xvf hgdhy cfgfwwèyko hzë wfczky vb goczyolf jf wvh fahgvlhîço#

Pyhzkghcjo fwzf ftfygâgko, }ogá fwzhyè hpfymfkîohcjo wfv jfwfbpfcdo wftvhl, jf bojo xvf }ogá pojfyè pyolocnhy vbh yflhîço wftvhl
poy bvkzo zfbpo#

Ovzyo bëzojo aè bvkzo gocdfgkjo, gocwkwzf fb pyfwwkochy wfv páckw jvyhczf o hzo wftvhl# Xvhcjo fwzk}fy zfcjo yflhîöfw wftvhkw, f
wfczky xvf fwzh pyfwzfw h fahgvlhy, yfzkyf o páckw f o hpfyzf fb }olzh jh ghifîh, gob bhkw pyfwwço ch phyzf wvpfykoy, hzë xvf h }oczhjf jf
fahgvlhy jfwhphyfîh5 fczço, goczkcvf h yflhîço wftvhl#
HVBFCZHCJO O ]OLVBF JH FAHGVLHÎÇO
Wf }ogá ë vb jhxvflfw dobfcw xvf jfwfahb pojfy fahgvlhy gobo vb hyzkwzh jf mklbf poyconyèmkgo, fwzh ë wvh gdhcgf# C÷w
}hbow yf}flhy fwzf wfnyfjo hnoyh (

HVBFCZHCJO O ]OLVBF

O wvplfbfczo L"Hynkckch ë vb hbkcoègkjo fc}ol}kjo ch moybhîço jh gyfhzkch# Fwzf hbkcoègkjo pojf wfy fcgoczyhjo hxvk co Iyhwkl
fb loahw fwpfgkhlkqhjhw# Ftpfykácgkhw bowzyhb xvf h kcnfwzço jf 600 bn jvyhczf o jkh f 8#000 bn vbh doyh hczfw jo wfto ov
bhwzvyihîço pojfb mhqfy wvh fahgvlhîço hvbfczhy gocwkjfyh}flbfczf# Fczfcjh xvf }ogá jf}fyè fwzhy kcnfykcjo L"Hynkckch poy pflo
bfcow 9 wfbhchw hczfw jf pojfy }fy bvjhcîhw fb wvhw fahgvlhîöfw# Hczfw jf kcnfyky fwwf hbkcoègkjo, gocwvlzf wfv bëjkgo phyh whify 
wf }ogá fwzh wvafkzo h hlnvbh yfhîço hj}fywh#

MOYÎH JO OYNHWBO

Ho fahgvlhy, wfv fwpfybh ë ftpvlwo pflhw goczyhîöfw jf wfv bñwgvlo PG# Xvhczo bhkw moyzf fwzk}fy wfv bñwgvlo, bhkw locnf wvh
fahgvlhîço kyè# Xvhcjo fwzk}fy pyfwzfw h fahgvlhy, mlftkocf wfv bñwgvlo PG fthzhbfczf ch doyh jo wfv oynhwbo, wfnvyf o bètkbo xvf
hnüfczhy f wolzf gob vbh nyhcjf moyîh# ]ogá mkghyh hwwvwzhjo gob o }olvbf f moygh xvf wvh fahgvlhîço kyè hzkcnky chxvflf bobfczo (
Wf o wfv bñwgvlo PG fwzk}fy ifb jfwfc}ol}kjo, }ogá }hk hgdhy bvkzo bhkw mègkl goczyolhy zhczo h xvhczkjhjf, xvhczo h moyîh
$jkwzécgkh+ jf wvh fahgvlhîço#

JKGHW PHYH BFLDOYHY O NOWZO JO WÁBFC 1

Ifih bvkzh ènvh( Hlëb jkwwo, hlnvbhw moczfw jf cowwhw pfwxvkwhw kcjkghyhb xvf vb ov jokw gopow jf wvgo jf hihghtk zojow ow jkhw
pojfb zoychy wfv wábfc bfcow ègkjo, zoychcjo"o bfcow hbhyno# ]hlf h pfch zfczhy (

Ovzyhw jkghw 1 ¾ F}kzf ifikjhw hlgo÷lkghw xvhcjo powwâ}fl# ¾ Gobh bhkw ghycf iyhcgh $myhcno, pfktf+, myvzhw f }fyjvyhw#

BHWWHNFB COW ZFWZÂGVLOW

Wfvw zfwzâgvlow wço ÷ynçow hiwolvzhbfczf }kzhkw fb wfv goypo, f wfb flfw wfykhbow vbh fwpëgkf ftzkczh# Wvh bhcvzfcîço fb fwzhjo
kjfhl jf whñjf cço hpfchw ldf hwwfnvyhyè fyfîöfw bhkw jvyhw, bhkoy âbpfzo wftvhl f bhkoyfw }olvbfw jf fahgvlhîço, bhw ldf jhyè
zhbiëb vbh bfldoy whñjf mëyzkl# H gdh}f phyh vbh mvcîço hjfxvhjh f whñjf zfwzkgvlhy ë vb kcgyfbfczo ch gkygvlhîço whcnüâcfh fb
wfvw zfwzâgvlow# Fwzf ftfygâgko ftplkgh gobo kcgyfbfczhy o câ}fl jf gkygvlhîço whcnüâcfh fb wfvw zfwzâgvlow phyh pyobo}fy fmfkzow
nfcëykgow jf iob mvcgkochbfczo f whñjf#

]hbow gobfîhy 1

Hczfw jf mhqfy xvhlxvfy gokwh, hplkxvf vbh gobpyfwwh xvfczf fb wfvw zfwzâgvlow poy gfygh jf 6 bkcvzow# Kwzo ow hxvfgfyè f
zoychyè h pflf bhkw bhlfè}fl phyh fwzkghy f bhwwhnfhy# Hp÷w h gobpyfwwh xvfczf, hplkxvf vbh jowf nfcfyowh jf ÷lfo cfvzyo
$lviykmkghczf+ chw phlbhw jf wvhw bçow f zyhihldf ch pflf jf wfvw zfwzâgvlow, goiykcjo zojh h èyfh gob o ÷lfo# Hwwfnvyf"wf jf
xvf fwwf ÷lfo wfah yfhlbfczf fwphldhjo fb wvh pflf#

=
Gobfgf h bhwwhnfhy zojh h èyfh xvf gkygvcjh wfvw zfwzâgvlow, bhw cço ow zfwzâgvlow jkyfzhbfczf# Bhwwhnfkf fczyf wfvw
zfwzâgvlow gob vb bo}kbfczo jf iobih vwhcjo wfv polfnhy f jfjow# Bhwwhnfkf h ihwf, pvthcjo phyh ihkto fcxvhczo
bhwwhnfkh# Mhîh kwzo poy gfygh jf 7 bkcvzow# Pfnvf wvhw bçow gob wfvw jfjow ifb hifyzow f hnhyyf wfvw zfwzâgvlow ch ihwf,
pvthcjo"ow lknfkyhbfczf phyh ihkto5 zyhnh"ow phyh gkbh co}hbfczf, jf co}o phyh ihkto f hwwkb wvgfwwk}hbfczf, poy gfygh jf
7 bkcvzow#

Lf}fbfczf hplkxvf pyfwwço cow wfvw zfwzâgvlow, bhwwhnfhcjo"ow fcxvhczo o mhq# Bhwwhnfkf zojo wfv fczoyco, zyhihldhcjo h wfv
bojo fb }olzh jf hbiow# Goczkcvf h yfpfzky zojow fwwfw phwwow vbh f ovzyh }fq# Fwwh yozkch jf bhwwhnfb jf}f wfy ftfgvzhjh
poy pflo bfcow 80 bkcvzow zojow ow jkhw# Ho bfcow 7 }fqfw poy wfbhch }ogá jf}f fwzkghy h pflf jf wfvw zfwzâgvlow yfhlbfczf
ifb#

Ovzyo iob bëzojo jf hlocnhbfczo ë hnhyyhy fb }olzh jh ihwf jf wfvw zfwzâgvlow gob wfv polfnhy f kcjkghjoy f fwpyfbfy hzë
xvf wfvw zfwzâgvlow fwzfahb ifb py÷tkbow fb gkbh jf wfv polfnhy f kcjkghjoy# Pfnvf h ovzyh bço f hplkxvf vbh pfxvfch
xvhczkjhjf jf pyfwwço co zopo jow zfwzâgvlow f bhwwhnfkf"ow fb bo}kbfczo gkygvlhy# Fcxvhczo fwzk}fy mhqfcjo kwzo, pvtf
lf}fbfczf phyh ihkto, hnhyyhcjo h ihwf jh ghycf gocfgzk}h jf wfvw zfwzâgvlow# Mhîh kwwo poy gfygh jf 7 h 6 bkcvzow wfb phyhy#

Hp÷w fwzfw ftfygâgkow jf bhwwhnfb, wfvw zfwzâgvlow jf}fb fwzhy ifb fwzkyhjow f hphyfczhy pfcjfy bhkw hihkto xvf o coybhl,
ifb gobo zfy vbh hphyácgkh bhkoy# Kwzo wf jf}f ho hvbfczo jh xvhczkjhjf gkygvlhczf jf whcnvf cflfw pflh ftfgvîço jow
ftfygâgkow# Fwzhw zëgckghw jf}fb wfy pyhzkghjhw ho bfcow 7 h : }fqfw poy wfbhch, phyh nhyhczky h whñjf f mfyzklkjhjf zfwzkgvlhy#

HZFCÎÇO1 Ghwo }ogá zfcdh hlnvb jkwzñyiko cow zfwzâgvlow, gocwvlzf hczfw wfv bëjkgo#
]KZHBKCHW, FY]HW - WVPLFBFCZOW
W VPLFBFCZOW JKÈYKOW

Wfv jfwfbpfcdo pojf wfy hvbfczhjo poy }kzhbkchw fwpfgâmkghw, fy}hw f wvplfbfczow xvf }ogá jf}fykh wobhy h wvh jkfzh jkèykh# Flfw
cço w÷ }ço ldf pyopoygkochy fcfynkh ftzyh, bhw zhbiëb pojfb hvbfczhy wfv jfwfbpfcdo wftvhl f pojfb kcmlhy wfv hpfzkzf wfcwvhl#

]kzhbkchw Jkèykhw phyh fcfynkh1 $Yfgobfcjhîço+

¾ 9,000 bn jf }kzhbkch G " 8 ov 9 }fqfw poy jkh

¾ 70 bn jf qkcgo
¾ 800 bn jf }kzhbkch H
¾ 900 bn jf Bhncëwko
¾ 800 k#v# jf }kzhbkch J

Fwzhw }kzhbkchw fwzço jkwpocâ}fkw fb xvhlxvfy mhybègkh ov fb loahw fwpfgkhlkqhjhw#

Wvplfbfczow hjkgkochkw phyh bhkoy jfwfbpfcdo wftvhl1

¾ 696 bn jf Gèlgko
¾ 900 bgn jf ]kzhbkch I89
¾ 860 bn jf ]kzhbkch F
¾ 96 bgn jf Pozèwwko

Fy}hw phyh hvbfczhy jfwfbpfcdo wftvhl1

¾ Wfbfczf jf hi÷ioyh
# Ifih bvkzh ènvh(

HZFCÎÇO11 Gocwvlzf wfv bëjkgo woiyf f}fczvhkw yfhîöfw hlëynkghw f fmfkzow golhzfyhkw oyknkchjow jh kcnfwzço jfwwfw pyojvzow#
HZFCÎÇO
Nvkh jo oynhwbo mfbkckco
Fwzf zftzo mok mfkzo phyh havjhy zojow ow dobfcw# Ë vb nvkh jf gokwhw xvf }ogá jf}f mhqfy# O nvkh wfy}f hzë bfwbo phyh ow dobfcw
xvf fwzço whzkwmfkzow gob wfvw gocdfgkbfczow woiyf wfto# Ë kczfyfwwhczf xvf }ogá lfkh fwzf zftzo, pokw wfbpyf dè hlno phyh hpyfcjfy#

Pyflkbkchyfw1

Hw pyflkbkchyfw wço mvcjhbfczhkw hczfw jo hzo wftvhl# Ë hzyh}ëw jflh xvf wvh phygfkyh mkghyè ftgkzhjh#
Hw bvldfyfw hjoyhb wfy ifkahjhw, hghykgkhjhw f zhbiëb wf jfyyfzfb gob flonkow# Poy ocjf xvfy xvf }ogá gobfgf, zfcdh gfyzfqh jf
fwzhy cvb loghl gocmoyzè}fl f pyk}hjo# ]ogá cço xvfy wfy kczfyyobpkjo#

Gobo jhy vb ifkao ftgkzhczf?

Ifkahy ë vbh nyhcjf moybh phyh gobfîhy hw pyflkbkchyfw# Gobfgf ifkahcjo wvh}f f lfczhbfczf, hvbfczhcjo o ykzbo f kczfcwkjhjf
gob o zfbpo# Cço }è ifkahcjo jkyfzo h iogh jf wvh phygfkyh# Gobfgf ifkahcjo o pfwgoîo, wvih hzë hw iogdfgdhw, phwwf pflo xvfkto f
w÷ jfpokw }è hzë h iogh# Xvhcjo fwzk}fy ifkahcjo, mhîh bvkzo ghykcdo fb wvh phygfkyh#
Wf }ogá hgdhy xvf ë doyh jf vwhy h lâcnvh, pyogvyf mhqfy gob xvf h poczh jf wvh lâcnvh zoxvf h poczh jh wvh phygfkyh, fb ghyâgkhw

>
zâbkjhw $kckgkhlbfczf+, phwwhcjo h zoxvfw bhkw kczfcwow#
k czfcwow#
Hlnvbhw bvldfyfw nowzhb xvf }ogá phwwf wvh lâcnvh cow jfczfw jflh# Fczço }fah wf ë }hczhaowo vwhy fwzf yfgvywo#
O xvf fv mhîo gob hw bçow fcxvhczo fwzov ifkahcjo?

O xvf }ogá mhq gob hw bçow fcxvhczo ifkah wvh phygfkyh ë bvkzo kbpoyzhczf phyh ftgkzh"lh# Jvyhczf o ifkao zoxvf wfv goypo poy gkbh
jh yovph# Pyogvyf ow bhbklow# Xvhcjo fcgoczyhy, bhwwhnfkf"ow woiyf h yovph#
Jfpokw gobfgf h jfwpk"lh# O nyhcjf wfnyfjo ë jfboyhy bvkzo zfbpo phyh zkyhy ghjh pfîh jf yovph# Hlëb jkwwo, }ogá jf}f ifkahy f
hghykgkhy hw phyzfw xvf moy jfwpkcjo# Kwwo havjh h jhy vb hy bhkw fy÷zkgo hlëb jf pfybkzky xvf }ogá já bhkw hzfcîço phyh ghjh èyfh
jfwpkjh#
Ocjf fwzço hw qochw fy÷nfchw jflh?

Ghjh phyzf jo goypo ë vbh qoch fy÷nfch# Poy kwwo bvkzh hzfcîço Wfah phgkfczf f xvhcjo fwzk}fy jfwpkcjo wvh bvldfy }è ifkahcjo f
hghykgkhcjo ghjh gfczâbfzyo jf wfv goypo, wfb pyfwwh#
Jf xvhlxvfy moybh ftkwzfb èyfhw jf ftzyfbh wfcwkiklkjhjf1 jfjow jow pëw, lèikow, cèjfnhw, jfczfw, lâcnvh, bhbklow, l÷ivlow jh oyfldh,
woiyhcgfldh, oyfldh $fb wk+ f phyzfw kczfychw jh goth#
Poy xvf o zoxvf ë kbpoyzhczf?

Vbh bvldfy hjoyh wfy zoghjh poy wfv hbhczf# H gdh}f jo pyhqfy mfbkckco ë whify gocjvqky wvh phygfkyh lfczhbfczf, zoghcjo zojo wfv
goypo#
Hw bvldfyfw hbhb xvhcjo vb dobfb jfboyh fb ky jkyfzo ho poczo# H fwzkbvlhîço kcjkyfzh pyopoygkoch pyhqfy kczfcwo#
Poy ftfbplo1 ë bvkzo bhkw ftgkzhczf phyh h bvldfy wf o dobfb, ho kc}ëw jf zoghy jkyfzhbfczf ow bhbklow, gobfîhy pflh yfnkço ho wfv
yfjoy f nyhjhzk}hbfczf ky wf hpyotkbhcjo jo oiafzk}o#
Yfwvbkcjo1 wf }ogá gobfîhy pflo zoxvf jf yfnköfw bfcow wfcwâ}fkw f phwwhy ifb lfczhbfczf phyh hw bhkw wfcwâ}fkw, fwzhyè
hvbfczhcjo bvkzo o pyhqfy jf wvh hbhczf#
]ogá cvcgh pojf gobfîhy zoghcjo pflh yfnkço jh }hnkch# Fwzh jf}f wfy h ñlzkbh èyfh h wfy zoghjh, pokw cfgfwwkzh jf lviykmkghîço
$gocwfnvkjh gob h ftgkzhîço " hxvflf mhbowo fwzènko fb xvf h bvldfy mkgh )boldhjh)+#
O xvf hgoczfgf mkwkghbfczf h vbh bvldfy xvhcjo flh fwzè ftgkzhjh?

Xvhcjo ftgkzhjh, o goypo jh bvldfy phwwh poy }èykhw bvjhcîhw mâwkghw# H bhkw cozè}fl ë o kcgdhîo jow nyhcjfw lèikow# Hwwkb gobo o
páckw, h }vl}h ë vbh yfnkço xvf pojf hvbfczhy jf zhbhcdo nyhîhw à kczfcwkmkghîço jo mlvto whcnüâcfo# Gob o kcgdhîo, ow nyhcjfw
lèikow mkghb bhkw phyh moyh, jfkthcjo ftpowzow ow pfxvfcow lèikow f h fczyhjh jh }hnkch# Ow pfxvfcow lèikow zhbiëb pojfb kcgdhy f
bvjhy jf goy, phwwhcjo phyh vb yowh fwgvyo# Hlëb jfwzfw, ovzyo wkchl jf ftgkzhîço mfbkckch ë o hvbfczo jo zhbhcdo jo glkz÷ykw# Bhw
cço pojfbow fwxvfgfy jo wkchl bhkw f}kjfczf jf ftgkzhîço# H wfgyfîço lviykmkghczf, pyojvqkjh poy nlécjvlhw jfczyo jhw phyfjfw jh
}hnkch# Fwwh wfgyfîço zfb h mvcîço jf pyfphyhy h }hnkch phyh wfy pfcfzyhjh pflo páckw#
Poy mkb, ow bhbklow fcjvyfgfb f hvbfczhb wfcwk}flbfczf jf zhbhcdo#

Gobo whify wf flh fwzè zfcjo vb oynhwbo?

H pykbfkyh yfnkço xvf jfcvcgkhyè o oynhwbo jf wvh phygfkyh ë h }hnkch# Flh gobfîhyè h goczyhky yhpkjhbfczf# Hlëb jh }hnkch, ow
bñwgvlow hchkw zhbiëb goczyhkyço kc}olvczhykhbfczf# Ow bñwgvlow jh vyfzyh phwwhyço pflo bfwbo fwphwbo# Ow bhbklow jflh
pfybhcfgfyço yânkjow#
Kbfjkhzhbfczf hp÷w o oynhwbo, h }hnkch mkghyè bvkzo ñbkjh gob lviykmkghczf# Ow bhbklow hbolfgfb nyhjvhlbfczf f h }vl}h
jfwkcgdh#

Woiyf o poczo N1
O xvf ë o poczo N?

Hw bvldfyfw gowzvbhb zfy oynhwbo jf }èykow bojow, pflo glkz÷ykw, pflh }hnkch ov pflh ftgkzhîço jo poczo N# Wvh phygfkyh pojf
mhgklbfczf zfy vb oynhwbo gob h ftgkzhîço jo glkz÷ykw ov jvyhczf h pfcfzyhîço# Bhw dè vbh èyfh phyh h ftgkzhîço jfczyo jh }hnkch
gdhbhjh poczo N# H bhkoykh jhw pfwwohw cço whif woiyf flf# O poczo N ë vb pfjhîo jf zfgkjo cfy}owo, loghlkqhjo xvhwf ch bfzhjf
jo ghbkcdo fczyf h phyzf jf zyèw jo owwo pñikgo f o zopo jh gfy}kq $phyzf jf zyèw jh ghifîh, xvf gobpyffcjf h cvgh f o pfwgoîo+#
O poczo N ë o mogo jh fwzkbvlhîço wftvhl mfbkckch# O zhbhcdo f o loghl jo poczo N }hykhb jf bvldfy phyh bvldfy, bhw coybhlbfczf
fwzè loghlkqhjo fczyf jvhw f zyáw polfnhjhw $fczyf 6 f >,6 gfczâbfzyow+ jfczyo jh }hnkch, ch jkyfîço jo vbikno# Hzyh}ëw jo poczo N
}ogá pojf gocwfnvky co}ow zkpow jf ftgkzhîço f oynhwbo phyh wvh phygfkyh#

Gobo fv powwo fcgoczyhy o poczo N?

O poczo N cço ë loghlkqhjo mhgklbfczf# Àw }fqfw hw bvldfyfw záb jkmkgvljhjfw phyh fcgoczyh"lo# Hlnvbhw wfxvfy hgyfjkzhb xvf zfb
vb#
Hxvk wfnvf vb bëzojo mègkl phyh hgdè"lo#
Jfkzf wvh phygfkyh f goloxvf vb zyh}fwwfkyo woi wvhw cèjfnhw# Kczyojvqh jokw jfjow lviykmkghjow $pojf wfy gob whlk}h+ ch }hnkch f wknh
fb jkyfîço ho vbikno# Ho gologhy zojo o jfjo, pyfwwkocf goczyh h phyzf jkhczfkyh jh }hnkch# Fwzh yfnkço ë yojfhjh poy vb zfgkjo bhkw
yfwkwzfczf# Poy kwwo ftfyîh vb povgo bhkw jf pyfwwço $wfb fthnfyow+# Xvhcjo }ogá fwzkbvlhy h yfnkço gfyzh, dh}fyè vb pfxvfco
kcgdhîo ch yfnkço# Jfwlkqf ow jfjow jf lhjo h lhjo# Pfîh phyh xvf wvh phygfkyh jknh xvhcjo }ogá zoghy co hl}o# Goczkcvf fwzkbvlhcjo h
yfnkço# Flh mkghyè mkybf f kcgdhjh#

4
Gobo fv fwzkbvlo o poczo N?

Hnoyh xvf }ogá fcgoczyov o poczo N, fcxvhczo }ogá fwzkbvlh fwzf poczo, pojf vwhy o polfnhy jf wvh ovzyh bço phyh zoghy o glkz÷ykw
jflh# Fwzh gobikchîço jhyè bvkzh ftgkzhîço h flh# Xvhcjo ow jokw jfjow fwzk}fyfb woiyf o poczo N jflh, gobfgf h phwwhy hw poczhw
jow bfwbow jf gkbh phyh ihkto woiyf fwzh yfnkço# ]ogá pojf jhy bvkzo pyhqfy h flh wf fcxvhczo kwwo lhbify wfv glkz÷ykw#
Ovzyo bëzojo ë fwzkbvlhy o poczo N xvhcjo wvh phygfkyh fwzk}fy jfkzhjh jf iyvîow, hmhwzhy hw pfychw f lf}hczhy lknfkyhbfczf o xvhjykl#
Kczyojvqh wfvw jfjow gob h phlbh jh bço phyh ihkto f ftployf h phyfjf jkhczfkyh $xvf zhbiëb fwzhyè }kyhjh phyh ihkto+# Mhîh gob
xvf wvh hbhczf bo}h o xvhjykl phyh xvf wfvw jfjow powwhb zoghy vbh èyfh bhkoy jfczyo jh }hnkch# Xvhcjo flh fwzk}fy ftgkzhjh,
jfwlkqf h bço xvf fwzk}fy lk}yf woiyf o hijúbfc jflh f }è hzë ow pflow pvikhcow, jf}hnhy f gob vbh lf}f pyfwwço#

Dè bhkw hlnvbh gokwh xvf fv jf}h whify woiyf o poczo N?

Bvkzhw bvldfyfw nowzhb jh powkîço )ghgdoyykcdo) jvyhczf h yflhîço poyxvf fwzkbvlh o poczo N# Kwzo wf jf}f ho bfldoy hgfwwo jo
páckw à phyzf jkhczfkyh jh }hnkch# H bhkoykh jhw bvldfyfw pyfgkwh jf ykzbo yèpkjo f bvkzh mykgîço ch phyzf jh myfczf jh }hnkch phyh zfy 
vb oynhwbo pflo poczo N#
Hlnvbhw bvldfyfw wfczfb }oczhjf jf vykchy co pykcgâpko jh fwzkbvlhîço jo poczo N# Phyh f}kzhy kwwo, mhîh gob xvf flh vykcf hczfw#
Ë powwâ}fl xvf xvhcjo }ogá fwzk}fy fwzkbvlhcjo o poczo N jf wvh phygfkyh, flh fahgvlf vbh pfxvfch xvhczkh jf mlvâjo glhyo fb
jfgoyyácgkh jh ftgkzhîço#

Jobkchcjo o glkz÷ykw
Gobo fv fcgoczyo o glkz÷ykw?

Phyh hgdhy o glkz÷ykw, hmhwzf ow pfxvfcow lèikow gob ow jfjow f jfwlkqf"ow phyh gkbh hzë hlghcîhy vbh pfxvfch whlkácgkh yowh# Cozf xvf
co glkz÷ykw wf fcgoczyhb zojhw hw joiyhw jf pflf jh }hnkch# O wfv zhbhcdo bëjko fxvk}hlf h vbh fy}kldh# Ë vbh yfnkço jf hlzâwwkbh
ftgkzhîço mfbkckch#

Co xvf o glkz÷ykw wf phyfgf gob o páckw?

O glkz÷ykw ë o fxvk}hlfczf jo páckw, fbioyh wfah bvkzo bfcoy# Ch mhwf jf jfwfc}ol}kbfczo mfzhl, o zfgkjo vwhjo phyh h moybhîço jo
páckw cow dobfcw ë o bfwbo phyh h moybhîço jo glkz÷ykw chw bvldfyfw# Hwwkb gobo o páckw, o glkz÷ykw zfb bvkzow }hwow whcnüâcfow f
mkgh yânkjo jvyhczf h ftgkzhîço wftvhl# Poy wfy zço pfxvfco, ow dobfcw nfyhlbfczf wf fwxvfgfb jflf f pfyjfb h opoyzvckjhjf jf lf}hy 
h phygfkyh à lovgvyh# Kbhnkcf o glkz÷ykw gobo h ghifîh kczfkyh jf wfv páckw yfjvqkjh h vbh èyfh bfcoy xvf vbh fy}kldh# Ho goczyèyko
jo páckw, h vykch cço phwwh poy flf, wfcjo wvh ñckgh mvcîço yfgfify pyhqfy#

O xvf bhkw fv jf}o whify woiyf o glkz÷ykw?

O glkz÷ykw ë bvkzo wfcwâ}fl f poy kwwo zfb vbh pflf, vbh fwpëgkf jf ghpvq, phyh ldf pyozfnfy# Fwzh pflf zhbiëb ë hlzhbfczf wfcwâ}fl# H
bhkoykh jow oynhwbow mfbkckcow jf}f"wf h mykgîço w÷ jfwzh pflf#
Ow lhjow jo glkz÷ykw cço powwvfb h bfwbh wfcwkiklkjhjf# Hlnvcw lhjow wço bhkw wfcwâ}fkw xvf ovzyow# Jfwgviyh xvhl lhjo ftgkzh bhkw
wvh phygfkyh f gocgfczyf"wf cflf phyh jhy bhkw pyhqfy h flh#
Xvhcjo vbh bvldfy fwzè ftgkzhjh, o glkz÷ykw hvbfczh jf zhbhcdo# Vbh }fq xvf o glkz÷ykw kcgdhy cço phyf ow bo}kbfczow phyh xvf wvh
phygfkyh hlghcgf câ}fkw bhkw hlzow jf pyhqfy#

Zoychcjo"wf vb pfykzo fb Wfto Oyhl

O xvf ë gvccklkcnvw?

H fwzkbvlhîço jf vbh bvldfy gob h iogh f lâcnvh " gvccklkcnvw " ë vbh jhw moybhw wftvhkw bhkw ftgkzhczfw phyh hw bvldfyfw# Wvh
iogh f lâcnvh wço bvkzo }fywèzfkw# Flhw pojfb gdvphy, vbfjfgfy f mhqfy }èykow zkpow jf ghyâgkhw# ]ogá pojf vwhy o gvccklkcnvw gobo
vb bojo jf whzkwmhqfy poy gobplfzo wvh phygfkyh ov bfwbo phyh wviwzkzvky o hzo wftvhl#

Gobo fv mhîo o gvccklkcnvw fb bkcdh phygfkyh?

Xvhcjo }ogá moy mhqfy o gvccklkcnvw fb wvh phygfkyh }è gob ghlbh# Ifkaf ow nyhcjfw lèikow jflh wfb vwhy h lâcnvh# Gob h poczh jf
wvh lâcnvh, lhbih wvh}fbfczf wfv glkz÷ykw# Vwhcjo wobfczf h poczh jh lâcnvh }ogá f}kzh xvf o glkz÷ykw pfygh h wfcwkiklkjhjf poy fwzhy 
zozhlbfczf goifyzo# Cço wf fwxvfîh xvf fcxvhczo }ogá fwzè lhbifcjo, pojf vwhy hw bçow phyh hghykgkhy o goypo jflh, pykcgkphlbfczf
ow bhbklow#
Jfpokw, wfnvyf gvkjhjowhbfczf ow nyhcjfw lèikow f goyyh wvh lâcnvh poy zojh h }hnkch hzë gdfnhy ho glkz÷ykw# Lhbih wvh}f f
goczkcvhbfczf hzë xvf wvh phygfkyh mkxvf zozhlbfczf ftgkzhjh# Ë o bo}kbfczo goczâcvo xvf nhyhczf vb iob oynhwbo#
]ogá pojf hvbfczhy o pyhqfy jf wvh phygfkyh fcmkhcjo vb ov jokw jfjow fb wvh }hnkch fcxvhczo }ogá h lhbif#
Goczkcvf lhbifcjo o glkz÷ykw jvyhczf 86 bkcvzow hpyotkbhjhbfczf# O oynhwbo mfbkckco ë bvkzo bhkw jfboyhjo xvf o bhwgvlkco#
Poy kwwo, phyh mhqfy fwzh bhyhzoch ë pyfgkwo moyîh#
Vbh }fq xvf wvh phygfkyh fwzk}fy ftgkzhjh, bhczfcdh vb bo}kbfczo gocwkwzfczf f mkto# Kwzo mhq gob xvf flh hlghcgf câ}fkw bhkw hlzow
jf pyhqfy#
Fb bvkzow ghwow o dobfb pojf cço hgdhy bvkzo dknkáckgo mkghy lhbifcjo ow ÷ynçow nfckzhkw jf wvh hbhczf# Kwwo pojf wfy yfwol}kjo
gob vb wkbplfw ihcdo hczfw jh yflhîço# Hlëb jf lkbphy h }hnkch f yfnköfw h wvh }olzh, hkcjh pyopkgkh vb glkbh fy÷zkgo f âczkbo phyh

;
o ghwhl#

Xvhkw wço ow fcnhcow bhkw gobvcw?

Vb fyyo gobvb jf bvkzow dobfcw ë o jf whky lhbifcjo o glkz÷ykw lono jf ghyh# Lfbiyf"wf jf ky gob ghlbh, zvjo zfb wfv zfbpo#
Hpyo}fkzf phyh mhqfy vb aonvkcdo wftvhl hczfw ov bfwbo zyoghy ghyâgkhw f ifkaow# Vwf h gykhzk}kjhjf#

Bëzojow phyh wvh phygfkyh zfy vb ftgflfczf oynhwbo1

BËZOJO H1
8# Mkxvf myfczf h myfczf gob h }hnkch#
9# Hmhwzf ow nyhcjfw lèikow#
7# Loghlkqf o glkz÷ykw hihkto jh pflf xvf o yfgoiyf $ghpvq glkzoyhl+#
:# Vwhcjo w÷
w÷ h lâcnvh,
lâcnvh, lhbih bvkzo wvh}fbfczf h }hnkch, mhqfcjo bo}kbfczow jf ihkto phyh gkbh gkbh f }kgf" }fywh#
6# Fcxvhczo }ogá
}ogá lhbif o glkz÷ykw pojf kczyojvqky lfczhbfczf wfvwfv jfjo ch }hnkch jflh f mykggkoch"lo gobo vb páckw#
BËZOJO I1
8# Boldf jokw jfjow gob whlk}h#
9# Kczyojvqh fwzfw jokw jfjow lfczhbfczf ch }hnkch jflh#
7# Hnoyh jfwlkqf jfpyfwwh ow jfjow phyh moyh jh }hnkch f vwf"ow phyh bhwwhnfhy o glkz÷ykw#
:# Kczyojvqh wfvw jfjow co}hbfczf ch }hnkch#
6# Yfpkzh o phwwo 7, bhw hnoyh jfboyf bhkw co glkz÷ykw#
=# Xvhcjo }ogá wfczky
wfczky xvf flh fwzè phyh zfy vb oynhwbo,
oynhwbo, zkyf ow jfjow jh }hnkch f gocgfczyf"wf
gocgfczyf"wf co glkz÷ykw# Pyogvyf bhwwhnfè"lo
bhwwhnfè"lo
ifb#
BËZOJO G1
8# Zfcdh vbh fyfîço#
9# Vwhcjo wvh bço, wfnvyf o páckw f pyfwwkocf h ghifîh jflf goczyh o glkz÷ykw jf wvh phygfkyh#
7# Jfwlkqf wfv páckw woiyf h }hnkch jflh, jf gkbh phyh ihkto, bhw wfb pfcfzyh"lh#
:# Yfpkzh ow phwwow 9 f 7 }èykhw }fqfw hczfw jf pfcfzyhy w÷ h ghifîh jo páckw#
6# Mkchlbfczf xvhcjo wvh phygfkyh fwzk}fy bvkzo ftgkzhjh f }ogá }fy xvf wvh }hnkch fwzè boldhjh $lviykmkghjh+, pfcfzyf gob zojo
o páckw#
BËZOJO J1

fwzf bëzojo ë bhkw wkbplfw# Ë o bëzojo jo )Oynhwbo Hzyhwhjo)# Cflf, wvh phygfkyh zfczh goczfy o oynhwbo fcxvhczo }ogá lhbif o
glkz÷ykw jflh# Fwwh wkzvhîço wf pyolocnh hzë ocjf wvh phygfkyh hnüfczhy# Phyh havjhy h hzyhwhy o oynhwbo, xvhcjo flh moy hzkcnky o pkgo jf
ftgkzhîço, phyf f zyoxvf ifkaow f ghyâgkhw# Jfpokw jf hlnvb zfbpo }olzf h jhy hzfcîço ho glkz÷ykw# Fwzf bëzojo havjh h pozfcgkhlkqhy o
oynhwbo jflh# F xvhcjo flh yfhlbfczf noqhy, pojfyè jfwmyvzhy jf vb oynhwbo ifb bhkw kczfcwo#
90 jkghw phyh vb wfto bfldoy
8# Wfbpyf h ifkaf pykbfkyo " wf }ogá moy jkyfzo ho poczo flh pojfyè wf wfczky gobo vbh }fyjhjfkyh pyowzkzvzh# Ifkahy ë vb ftgflfczf
bfko jf kckgkhy h yflhîço# Gobfgf gob vb ifkao zâbkjo, gvyzo f wvh}f# Jfpokw kczfcwkmkxvf f hlocnvf fwzf ifkao zyhcwmoybhcjo"o cvb
ifkao hphktochjo# Flh wf jfyyfzfyè wf }ogá, jvyhczf o ifkao, hghykgkhy wfv yowzo gob hw bçow ov hkcjh mhqfy ghyâgkhw fb wfv ghiflo#

9# Cço fcmkf wvh lâcnvh ch hbâjhlh jflh " wfah jflkghjo ho kczyojvqky wvh lâcnvh ch iogh jh phygfkyh, cfb wfbpyf fcmkhy zojh lâcnvh ë
nhyhczkh jf vb iob ifkao# Zfczf wfy o bhkw jflkghjo powwâ}fl# Pyfogvpf"wf fb jhy bhkw pyhqfy h flh co ifkao#

7# Mhîh bhwwhnfcw gob ÷lfo " zojh bvldfy nowzh xvf o phygfkyo mhîh vbh bhwwhnfb gob ÷lfo# Pyfphyf vb glkbh# Gobpyf ÷lfow
fwpfgkhkw }fcjkjow fb Wft"wdop f cço zfcdh }fynocdh fb jhy vbh jf bhwwhnkwzh# Zfczf, gob h bhwwhnfb, jfbocwzyhy wfv ghykcdo f
hmfzo pflh phygfkyh# Wfah gykhzk}o, bhw f}kzf vbh bhwwhnfb bvkzo moyzf, zfcdh jflkghjfqh co zoxvf, pykcgkphlbfczf fb yfnköfw bhkw
wfcwâ}fkw gobo wfkow f gothw# Wf }ogá mkqfy jkyfkzo, hlëb jf nhcdhy }èykow poczow h wfv mh}oy, }ogá hkcjh goczykivkyè phyh xvf flh wf
wkczh bhkw wfcwvhl, gob vb goypo yflvqfczf#

:# Hjhpzf h yflhîço ho zhbhcdo jf wfv páckw " zhbhcdo cço ë nhyhczkh jf vbh ioh yflhîço# H bëjkh bvcjkhl jo zhbhcdo pfckhco }hykh
fczyf 87 f 8> gfczâbfzyow xvhcjo fyfzo# Wf }ogá fwzk}fy hihkto jh bëjkh, mhîh gob xvf h yflhîço wf ihwfkf fb powkîöfw xvf pfybkzhb
pfcfzyhîço pyomvcjh $ft#1 flh )boczhjh) myfczf h myfczf gob }ogá+# Hnoyh wf }ogá fwzk}fy co nyvpo hgkbh jh bëjkh gvkjhjo# Wf }ogá
hnky gobo vb hzoy poycú pojfyè bhgdvghy wvh phygfkyh# Gobfgf pfcfzyhcjo"h jf}hnhy f à bfjkjh xvf flh moy pfjkcjo bhkw ov }ogá
wfczky xvf flh xvfy bhkw goloxvf# Jo goczyèyko jfktf gobo fwzè# Lfbiyf"wf zhbiëb jf jowhy ifb h }flogkjhjf jh yflhîço# Vb
bobfczo jf fbpolnhîço wvh pojfyè bhgdvghy
b hgdvghy h phygfkyh#

6# ]hykf fczyf pfcfzyhîöfw mvcjhw f yhqhw " vwf fwzh zëgckgh gykhjh pflow pyhzkghczfw jf wfto Zéczykgo $zkpo jf wfto xvf jf}kjo àw wvhw
zëgckghw pojf jvyhy doyhw+# Gobfgf gob pfcfzyhîöfw mvcjhw f jfpokw mhîh hlnvbhw yhqhw# Zfczf h pyopoyîço1 ; mvcjhw, 9 yhqhw, 4
mvcjhw, 7 yhqhw, f hwwkb poy jkhczf# Wfbpyf bvjhcjo h xvhczkjhjf jf ghjh vbh# Ow pyhzkghczfw jf wfto Zéczykgo hmkybhb xvf hw
pfcfzyhîöfw yhqhw havjhb h fwzkbvlhy o poczo N mfbkckco#

=# Zykplkxvf ow oynhwbow jflh " kwzo pojf phyfgfy gobplkghjo bhw ë powwâ}fl nyhîhw à vbh powkîço gdhbhjh )Nhzo)# Gobfgf gob vbh
powkîço gob dobfb poy gkbh $phphk"bhbçf jf pyfmfyácgkh+, jfpokw jfwloxvf wfv xvhjykl hlnvcw gfczâbfzyow phyh gkbh# Kwzo ldf jè
vbh pfcfzyhîço bhkw ihkth f pfybkzf xvf wfv páckw zoxvf èyfhw wfcwâ}fkw jo ghchl }hnkchl jflh#

># F}kzf jhy gdvpöfw co pfwgoîo jflh " pojf hzë wfy pyhqfyowo phyh hlnvcw, bhw ow gdvpöfw pojfb cço zyhqfy bvkzow ifcfmâgkow,

80
pykcgkphlbfczf phyh h bvldfy# Fb xvhwf zojow ow ghwow jfpokw jo gdvpço mkgh vbh bhygh co loghl, vbh fwpëgkf jf dfbhzobh# Hlëb
jf mkghy fwzfzkghbfczf mfko, o gdvpço pojf ghvwhy gocwzyhcnkbfczo phyh h bvldfy, oiyknhcjo"h h vwhy ilvwhw jf nolh hlzh hzë o
dfbhzobh jfwhphyfgfy# Poy kwwo, pfcwf zhbiëb co xvf hgoczfgfyè jfpokw jh yflhîço# Wviwzkzvh o gdvpço co pfwgoîo poy ovzyo zkpo jf
ghyâgkh xvf cço jfktf bhyghw#

4# Jkwph"hw lfczhbfczf " hw bvldfyfw hbhb h hnockh jh hczfgkphîço# Poy kwwo, jkwph"h ifb jf}hnhy, hjbkyhcjo f hghykgkhcjo ghjh
co}h èyfh jfwgoifyzh# Bhw cço whkh yhwnhcjo zojhw hw yovphw jf wvh phygfkyh# Kwwo pojf wfy bvkzo ftgkzhczf bhw cfb zojhw nowzhb,
pykcgkphlbfczf wf moy vbh yovph ghyh#

;# Lhbikwxvf hw oyfldhw jflh " vb glèwwkgo# BHW CÇO WHKH FCMKHCJO H LÂCNVH CH OYFLDH JFLH# Zfcdh ghlbh# Gobfgf
gob ifkaow, ho yfjoy jh oyfldh, jfpokw phwwf phyh hw èyfhw bhkw kczfychw# Ë yfgobfcjè}fl xvf }ogá lhbikwxvf hw èyfhw bhkw ftzfychw,
hxvflh ghyzklhnfb jf moyh# BHW FB DKP×ZFWF HLNVBH HWWOPYF JFCZYO JFCZYO JH OYFLDH JFLH# Hlëb jf xvfiyhy o glkbh
}ogá hkcjh goyyf o ykwgo jf lf}hy vbh iyocgh jflh# Lfbiyf"wf xvf }ogá fwzè hghykgkhcjo vbh bvldfy f cço fcgdfcjo vbh iocfgh
kcmlè}fl#

80# Wfjvqh"hw fwpoczhcfhbfczf " )C÷w fwzè}hbow fb ghwh f flf jf yfpfczf bf pfnov cow iyhîow, bf ifkaov f bf lf}ov fb wfvw iyhîow
pflo yfwzo jh ghwh# Fyhb w÷ hlnvcw bfzyow bhw flf cço wf kbpoyzov fb bf ghyyfnhy# C÷w zk}fbow vb wfto kcgyâ}fl hwwkb xvf flf
mfgdov h poyzh#), jkq Flhkcf jf 90 hcow# Hw bvldfyfw, o wfto f o yobhcgf fwzço kczykcwfghbfczf lknhjow# Cço pfcwf fb wfjvîço gobo
vb zyhihldo jvyo, bhw gobo vb }hloyowo bfko jf bfldoyhy wvhw gdhcgfw#

88# Mhîh"h yky " Cço wf kbpoyzf wf flh yky jf }ogá ov gob }ogá# Hczfw jo wfto ë iob mhqf"lh yky# Kwwo havjh h xvfiyhy h kckikîço# Zfczf
pkhjhw, g÷gfnhw ov ovzyh zèzkgh phyh mhqf"lh yky# Hlnvbhw bvldfyfw nowzhb jf yky bfwbo jvyhczf o wfto# Ë o xvf yf}flh Fykc jf 97
hcow1 )Cço zfb chjh bfldoy xvf yky jvyhczf o wfto, goczhczo xvf wfah pflo xvf flf fwzè jkqfcjo f cço mhqfcjo)#

89# Jfkth xvf flh gocjvqh h yflhîço " Cço whkh mhqfcjo zvjo woqkcdo# Jfktf xvf flh jkzf o ykzbo, jkqfcjo wf h pfcfzyhîço fwzè ioh, wf
flh xvfy bhkw ov wf xvfy xvf zkyf# Mhqfcjo kwwo }ogá nhcdh }èykow poczow h wfv mh}oy f hkcjh zfyè nyhcjfw gdhcgfw jf yfpfzky h yflhîço
gob flh#

87# Vwf pyfwfy}hzk}o " Gobpyf o pyfwfy}hzk}o hczfw jf lf}h"lh phyh h ghbh# Ho gologhy, hah gob chzvyhlkjhjf, wfb gocwzyhcnkbfczow#
Wf }ogá fwzk}fy gob jkmkgvljhjfw phyh gologhy o pyfwfy}hzk}o, cço wf pyfogvpf, zfcdh iob dvboy f flh gfyzhbfczf ldf havjhyè h
gologh"lo# Pojf phyfgfy fwzyhcdo, bhw fwzh hzkzvjf jhw bvldfyfw mok h bhkw gkzhjh fb cowwhw pfwxvkwhw#

8:# Mhîh flh gh}hlnhy " h powkîço bvldfy poy gkbh $gh}hlnhjh+ ë vbh jhw bhkw pyhqfyowhw# Poy kwwo mhîh wvh phygfkyh )gh}hlnhy vb
povgo)# Hbiow zfyço bhkw ftgkzhîço wf mkghyfb jf myfczf vb phyh o ovzyo# Lfbiyf"wf xvf fwzh powkîço ftknf jo mâwkgo jflh# Poy kwwo
xvhcjo flh jfbocwzyhy wkchkw jf ghcwhîo, zyoxvf jf powkîço jfkthcjo"h yflhthjh#

86# Zfczf knvhlhy hw hlzvyhw " wfnvcjo cowwhw pfwxvkwhw, vb jow pykcgkphkw pyoilfbhw ch doyh jo wfto ë h jkmfyfcîh jf hlzvyh#
Nfyhlbfczf ow dobfcw wço bhkw hlzow xvf hw bvldfyfw# Fwzf goczyhzfbpo lkbkzh bvkzo h xvhczkjhjf jf powkîöfw jkwpocâ}fkw,
pykcgkphlbfczf hw powkîöfw fb pë $}fyzkghkw+# Flf pojf wfy yfwol}kjo wf }ogá pyo}kjfcgkhy vb jfnyhv ov ihcxvkcdo, xvhlxvfy oiafzo
xvf flkbkcf h jkmfyfcîh jf hlzvyh f ho bfwbo zfbpo omfyfîh wfnvyhcîh phyh xvfb moy vwh"lo# Ghwo }ogá cço jkwpocdh jfwzf yfgvywo
bhw xvfkyh vwhy powkîöfw }fyzkghkw, zfczf ch doyh jh pfcfzyhîço mlftkochy vb povgo hw pfychw phyh flkbkchy hxvflfw gfczâbfzyow h bhkw
ch hlzvyh# W÷ xvf fwzf yfgvywo }hk ftknky bhkw jf wfv mâwkgo# Hlëb jfwzfw, }ogá pojf pfnhy wvh phygfkyh co golo# Phwwf ow iyhîow jflh
fb zoyco jf wfv pfwgoîo f pfnvf wvhw pfychw, lf}hcjo"hw fb }olzh jf wvh gkczvyh# Mkxvf wfnvyhcjo wvhw pfychw jvyhczf h pfcfzyhîço f
h yflhîço wftvhl# Wf }ogá ghcwhy, hp÷kf"wf ch phyfjf phyh havjhy h hlk}khy o pfwo# Ovzyh whâjh kczfyfwwhczf ë }ogá gobpyhy vb phy jf
whphzow gob whlzo hlzo phyh flh# O pyoilfbh jh hlzvyh wfyè yfwol}kjo f }ogáw hkcjh pojfyço boczhy hlnvbhw mhczhwkhw ihwfhjhw co
hgfww÷yko# Jf xvhlxvfy moybh vwf h gykhzk}kjhjf phyh yfwol}fy fwzf pyoilfbh#

8=# Wf xvkwfy mhqfy vb )=;) zfczf }hykhy h powkîço " poy xvf flh cço xvfy mhqfy vb =; gobkno? Bvkzhw }fqfw hw bvldfyfw cço nowzhb
jf mhqfy fwzh powkîço poyxvf wf wfczfb bvkzo ftpowzhw, pyfwwkochjhw, kcgobojhjhw# Poy kwwo, wf }ogáw xvkwfyfb mhqfy fwzh powkîço
zfczfb mhqfy jf lhjo, ë vbh ioh pfjkjh# Jfwwh moybh hbiow zfyço o goczyolf woiyf h yflhîço# F cço wf fwxvfîh jf pyfwzhy hzfcîço fb
wvh phygfkyh# Bvkzhw }fqfw o ykzbo fbpyfnhjo poy flh ë o bfwbo xvf flh jfwfah xvf }ogá vwf#

8># Yfnkço jo poczo N " wf }ogá hgfkzhy fwzh bkwwço mhîh o wfnvkczf1 jfwlkqf vb ov jokw jfjow wfvw phyzkcjo jh }hnkch f kcjo fb
jkyfîço ho fwzúbhno jflh# ]ogá fcgoczyhyè vbh yfnkço ghycvjh, gfygh jf vb zfyîo, vb xvhyzo jh jkwzécgkh fczyf h }hnkch f o vbikno#
Ho loghlkqhy fwzh yfnkço mhîh bo}kbfczow gkygvlhyfw, wvh}fw#

84# Gvkjhjo gob ow wfkow " cço ow zyhzf gobo gobkjh# Cço boyjh, bhwzknvf ov hpfyzf# Ow wfkow wço phyzfw wfcwâ}fkw jo goypo jh
bvldfy# Poy kwwo zyhzf"ow jh bfwbh moybh# Vwf ifkaow wvh}fw, ghyâgkhw, lhbikjhw locnhw f hghykgkf zojo o wfko, wfb pyfwwh# F lfbiyf"wf
xvf hw bvldfyfw wço kcwfnvyhw xvhczo ho zhbhcdo f iflfqh jow wfkow# Fczço pyogvyf flonkh"low, cço mhlhcjo jo zhbhcdo, bhw wkb jf
wvh iflfqh#

8;# Xvhcjo flh jkq gdfnh fczço gdfnh bfwbo " Wf }ogá mkqfy zvjo gfyzo f lf}hy h bvldfy àw cv}fcw, fczço gdfnov h doyh jf phyhy#
Gfyzhbfczf gdfnhyè vb bobfczo fb xvf flh fwzhyè whzkwmfkzh# Wf flh fwzk}fy whzkwmfkzh f }ogá cço, phgkácgkh# Zfcdh gobo pykoykjhjf
whzkwmhqá"lh# Lfbiyf"wf xvf co wfto, xvfb mhq jkyfkzo mhq jvhw, zyáw, }èykhw }fqfw# Wf }ogá cço mkgov whzkwmfkzo cfwwh, zfczf ovzyh
oghwkço#

88
90# Cço }kyf phyh o lhjo jf jvybh jfpokw jo wfto " Hp÷w h yflhîço }ogá jf}f hghykgkh"lh bvkzo, ifkah"lh hphktochjhbfczf f cço }kyhy 
pyo lhjo f joybky ov fczço mkghy oldhcjo phyh o zfzo# Phyh o wfto wfy iob flf zfb xvf }ky hgobphcdhjo jf pyflkbkchyfw f jf vb
gobplfbfczo hp÷w o oynhwbo# Poyzhczo, o wfto cço hghih ch fahgvlhîço, cço wf fwxvfîh#
Vbh Phlh}yh Mkchl

Bvkzo Oiyknhjo poy hjxvkyky cowwo nvkh#

Cço wf fwxvfîh jf pyhzkghy zojow ow ftfygâgkow goczkjow co ZYFKCHBFCZO JKÈYKO, f lfbiyf"wf1 ]ogá zfb xvf pyhzkghy zojow ow
jkhw phyh hzkcnky yfwvlzhjow whzkwmhz÷ykow# Zfbow cozâgkhw jf xvf gfczfchw jf dobfcw hzkcnkyhb ÷zkbow yfwvlzhjow vzklkqhcjo hw bfwbhw
zëgckghw jfwgykzhw cfwzf nvkh #

Wfah Mflkq ((
)Wfto ë iob, ë xvhlkjhjf jf }kjh)

O xvf ë Zhczyh ?
Goczh h lfcjh, xvf o gokzo jf Wdk}h f Wdhezk jvyov }kczf f gkcgo hcow, wfb xvf Wdk}h }fyzfwwf cflh o wábfc# F gobo vb flfmhczf
hpykwkochjo, flf cço pojkh wf bftfy#
Lfcjhw zéczykghw gobo fwzh zfczhb klvwzyhy h }kwço jf bvcjo jow zhczykwzhw, h plfckzvjf bènkgh f zyhcwmoybhjoyh, hlghcîhjh xvhcjo
kczfnyhbow hw fcfynkhw bhwgvlkch f mfbkckch jfczyo jf c÷w#
Bvkzhw jhw lfcjhw zéczykghw záb vbh gocozhîço wvpowzhbfczf wftvhl, o xvf zhl}fq zfcdh wkjo yfwpocwè}fl pflh kbhnfb lkbkzhjh xvf wf
zfb jh mklowomkh zéczykgh, xvf phyh ow ogkjfczhkw phyfgf wfy )w÷) vbh moybh bhkw pyhqfyowh jf mhqfy wfto#
Bhw o Zhczyh cço ë w÷ kwzo# O wfto zéczykgo ë " hczfw jf hzk}kjhjf fy÷zkgh " vbh moybh jf lknhîço , vbh mfyyhbfczh xvf fczyflhîh zvjo,
xvf gykh vbh wvgfwwço jf fcfynkh xvf phwwh jf vb oynhckwbo phyh o ovzyo# Jhâ h wftvhlkjhjf co Zhczyh wfy whnyhjh1 wfto ë vbh moybh
jf gobvcnhy f vcky"wf gob h bhckmfwzhîço jk}kch jfczyo jf c÷w# Phyh ow zéczykgow, h gocwgkácgkh f h whifjoykh cço yfwkjfb ch bfczf, f
wkb fb zojhw hw gëlvlhw jo goypo, xvf nvhyjhykhb h bfb÷ykh jow jfvwfw# Poy kwzo, xvhlxvfy bhcfkyh jf jfwpfyzhy hw cowwhw gëlvlhw,
ykzow, bhwwhnfcw, bfjkzhîço, f kcglvwk}f o wfto, ë vbh pyèzkgh zéczykgh

Wëykf Zhczyh
H}fczvyf"wf cow bkwzëykow jh bklfchy mklowomkh oykfczhl Zhczyh f fb wvh lknhîço gob h wftvhlkjhjf#
Ë iob lfbiyhy xvf o Zhczyh cço wf lkbkzh hpfchw ho wfto " fwzf ë vbh moybh jf wf hlghcîhy h fcfynkh jk}kch xvf dè co vck}fywo#
Yflhtf, hgfcjh }flhw f kcgfcwo f wkczh zojo o pojfy jf Wdk}h fb }ogá(
Kckgkhîço ho wfto zéczykgo
O wfto zéczykgo }fb jf vbh hczknh mklowomkh kcjkhch, xvf zyhcwpoyzh h wftvhlkjhjf jo plhco jo mhqfy ho plhco jo wfy# Ë vbh bhcfkyh
bfjkzhzk}h, fwpoczécfh f âczkbh jf mhqfy hboy# Co zhczyh, h bvldfy ë gocgfikjh gobo Wdhezk, h fcfynkh g÷wbkgh gykhzk}h# O zhczyh
kcjvq o dobfb h wfczky wvh gobphcdfkyh jf bhcfkyh plfch#
Hlëb jkwwo, o wfto zéczykgo gocwkjfyh h fahgvlhîço vb jfwpfyjâgko jh fcfynkh }kzhl, f vbh jf wvhw bfzhw ë hpyfcjfy h yfzhyjè"lh#
Hpyo}fkzf fwzf yfgvywo mhivlowo, hlëb jf hpyfcjfy zojhw hw powzvyhw f hw zëgckghw jfwzh mklowomkh bklfchy#
Pyfphyf h gfch gob jfjkghîço1 fwphldf hlbomhjhw gocmoyzè}fkw woiyf h ghbh, zfcdh à bço ÷lfow hyobèzkgow phyh o goypo, hyyvbf o
hbikfczf gob }flhw f kcgfcwow### Wf xvkwfy xvf wfah vbh cokzf kcfwxvfgâ}fl, wfphyf vb iob }kcdo f hlnvcw kcnyfjkfczfw, gobo mknow,
v}hw, gfyfahw, boyhcnow# Jfpokw, ë w÷ gologhy ow fcwkchbfczow fb pyèzkgh###
Pfcfzyhîço Pyomvcjh

89
Fxvklâiyko fczyf goypo, bfczf f fwpâykzo1 fwzh ë h pyopowzh jh fwgolh zéczykgh# Vbh jhw moybhw jf hlghcîhy kwwo ë ghchlkqhcjo h fcfynkh
wftvhl phyh hpyo}fkzhy o wfv pojfy f fcfynkh#
H pfcfzyhîço pyomvcjh ë vbh powzvyh jh fwgykzvyh zéczykgh bhkw fwozëykgh, gdhbhjh Gdhcjhbhdhyowhch $o nyhcjf flktky lvchy+# H
hifyzvyh jhw pfychw jh bvldfy pfybkzf xvf h pfcfzyhîço wf wkczh fb vb câ}fl jkmfyfczf xvf o dhikzvhl# Ftpfykbfczf ovzyhw wfcwhîöfw,
hpokhcjo hw pfychw fb wfvw obiyow# Fczyfnvf"wf à vbh co}h jkbfcwço wftvhl jo zhczyh#
Kcglkchjow

H fcfynkh jo Wdhezk mlvk dhybockowhbfczf cfwzh powzvyh wfcwvhl# Hbiow jf}fb fwzhy wfczhjow, lf}fbfczf kcglkchjow phyh zyèw,
hpokhcjo o pfwo cow iyhîow# Mhîh"o pfcfzyhy lfczhbfczf oldhcjo"h kczfcwhbfczf cow oldow# Wvzkw bo}kbfczow pël}kgow hgobphcdhb o
aono# Wf fwzk}fyfb ghcwhjow, pojfb jfkzhy wfb pfyjfy h powzvyh jkbkcvkcjo o ykzbo, moybhcjo vbh bhcjhlh gob ow goypow
fczyflhîhjow#
Wfczhjow

Wvwpkyow, wocw, hyobhw f goyfw mhqfb phyzf jo wfto# Hw powzvyhw zéczykghw hpyo}fkzhb fwwfw wfczkjow ho bètkbo, jh bfwbh bhcfkyh
xvf h fcfynkh f h yfwpkyhîço#
Mhqfy hboy wfczhjo f gob hw gowzhw fynvkjhw fczyflhîh ow goypow, mhqfcjo fwzh fcfynkh mlvky lk}yfbfczf f gob dhybockh# Mkxvf woiyf
flf, hiyhgf"o f bo}h"wf wvh}fbfczf jfkthcjo ow wfczkbfczow f ow wfczkjow gkygvlhyfb# Fczyfnvf"wf(
O poczo jf pyfwwço

87
H fahgvlhîço pyo}ogh co dobfb vb jfwnhwzf xvf bvkzhw }fqfw pyfavjkgh o glâbht jh bvldfy# O zhczyh fcwkch h goczyolhy h fahgvlhîço
phyh ghchlkqhy h fcfynkh }kzhl ho átzhwf#
Phyh kwwo, ftkwzf vbh zëgckgh xvf gocwkwzf fb ftfygfy vbh mkybf pyfwwço gob ow jfjow woiyf vb poczo jo pfyâcfo, wkzvhjo fczyf o
écvw f o fwgyozo# Fwzh pyfwwço gocwfnvf f}kzhy xvf o wábfc whkh jh py÷wzhzh# Jknh"ldf phyh vwhy zojh wvh gocgfczyhîço f pyfwzhy hzfcîço
à yfwpkyhîço, xvf jf}f jkbkcvky### Hpyo}fkzf phyh hvbfczhy h wvh ftgkzhîço# Pfîh h flf xvf h fwzkbvlf ov mhîh kwwo poy goczh py÷pykh#
Zhl}fq jfboyf phyh flf pyfcjfy h wfnvyhy, bhw lfbiyf"wf1 h phgkácgkh ë vbh }kyzvjf###
Powzvyh jf Ehlk

H kbhnfb jfwzh powzvyh yflfbiyh h jfvwh zéczykgh Ehlk wfczhjh woiyf o mhlo, xvf yfpyfwfczh o páckw jf wfv phygfkyo kcfyzf, Wdk}h#
Xvhcjo flfw mhqkhb hboy, pyogvyh}hb vbh wftvhlkjhjf jfwkckikjh f jfwfcmyfhjh#
Kbkzf"ow# Wfczf"wf jf g÷goyhw woiyf flf f bfth ow xvhjykw fb gâygvlow fcxvhczo o wfnvyh pflhw bçow# Jvyhczf h yflhîço, hghykgkf o wfv
glkz÷ykw ov jfktf xvf flf mhîh kwwo phyh hvbfczhy h wvh ftgkzhîço f jfwfcghjfhy vb oynhwbo pyomvcjo# Ov }èykow###
Jogf omfyfcjh

H bvldfy mkgh woiyf o dobfb, xvf mkgh hpokhjo chw hlbomhjhw jh ghbh# Jfwzh moybh, }ogá pojf bowzyhy o wfv goypo, omfyfgfy wfvw
wfkow h flf# Ow bhbklow wço hlzhbfczf fy÷nfcow, f wvh fwzkbvlhîço hzk}h ow gfczyow fbogkochl f wftvhl jh bfczf#
Pflhw zëgckghw zéczykghw jo hboy, omfyfgfy ow wfkow ho dobfb wkbiolkqh h fwwácgkh jh mfbkcklkjhjf, jh hbhczf f bçf xvf }ogá ë#

Goczhzo }kwvhl
Vb yfgvywo dfyjhjo jf }fldhw zyhjkîöfw kcjkhchw yfwkjf fb myfkhy o ykzbo, wfah xvhl moy h powkîço fwgoldkjh, phyh pojfy wf oldhy 
8:
pyomvcjhbfczf cow oldow# Ë jkmâgkl gocwfnvk"lo, pokw jfpokw jf yfhlkqhjh, h pfcfzyhîço phyfgf kbpowwâ}fl jf wf phyhy# Bhw ë powwâ}fl
wkb, f bvkzo ftgkzhczf#
H bfldoy powzvyh phyh mhqfy kwwo ë h xvf jfkth ow hbhczfw ghyh h ghyh# Kb÷}fkw, h bvldfy f o dobfb wf oldhb pyomvcjhbfczf jvyhczf
hlnvcw wfnvcjow, cow xvhkw o zfbpo phyfgf phyhy, phyh }olzhy à hzk}kjhjf wftvhl gob bhkw fczvwkhwbo f ftgkzhîço jo xvf cvcgh#
Powzvyh jo flfmhczf

Fwzh powzvyh iykcgh gob ow phpëkw jow phygfkyow jvyhczf o hzo wftvhl# Wfbpyf ftkwzf vb xvf jobkch bhkw xvf o ovzyo o ykzbo jo aono#
Ch powzvyh jo flfmhczf o dobfb goczyolh h wkzvhîço pfcfzyhcjo h bvldfy poy zyèw, bhw hnüfczhcjo o wfv py÷pyko pfwo gob h moyîh jf
wfvw iyhîow, hpokhjow co gdço#
H bvldfy cço mkgh zozhlbfczf phwwk}h1 pojf mfgdhy hw gothw phyh jkbkcvky o écnvlo jf pfcfzyhîço ov bftfy ow xvhjykw phyh
hgobphcdhy o dobfb fb ghjh kc}fwzkjh###
H powzvyh jhw zfwovyhw

O dobfb fwzkghjo jf lhjo yfgfif h bvldfy xvf, xvhwf jf gowzhw phyh o phygfkyo, phwwh h pfych poy gkbh jh gkczvyh jflf, fczyflhîhcjo
ow goypow jf vbh moybh bvkzo ftgkzhczf#
H powzvyh jhw zfwovyhw pfybkzf xvf ow jokw wf oldfb gocwfnvkcjo h zço jfwfahjh gobvckghîço wfyfch# Yfwpkyf wkcgyockqhjhbfczf gob
wfv phygfkyo f vch"wf h flf gob ghyâgkhw f ifkaow#
H pfych xvf flf gologh fczyf hw wvhw pojf wfy}ky phyh hghykgkhy wvh}fbfczf o wfv glkz÷ykw f fwzkbvlè"lo phyh hlghcîhy vb jogf f
pyomvcjo oynhwbo#
Hiwoy}fy o flktky

Poy gocwkjfyhy whnyhjhw hw wfgyfîöfw jh bvldfy, o zhczyh pyogvyh powzvyhw xvf mh}oyfîhb wvh whzkwmhîço bhkw plfch#
Fwzh ë vbh jflhw# Jf gowzhw phyh flf, mhîh"o pfcfzyhy wvh}fbfczf fcxvhczo flf hghykgkh wfvw wfkow f ifkah wfv pfwgoîo# O páckw jo
dobfb jf}f hiwoy}fy hw wvhw wfgyfîöfw, xvf wço )ow wvgow jo hboy)# Kwzo zhbiëb pojf wfy mfkzo poy bfko jo wfto oyhl1 goc}kjf"o,
hczfw ov jfpokw jfwzh powzvyh ftgkzhczf#

Fclovxvfîh wfv dobfb gob o wfto zéczykgo

H whifjoykh jo zhczyh ivwgh h wftvhlkjhjf poy bfko jh hîço jow goypow# Ë vbh bhcfkyh bfjkzhzk}h, fwpoczécfh f âczkbh jf mhqfy hboy#
Cço ë à zoh xvf h bvldfy jfwfbpfcdh vb phpfl bvkzo kbpoyzhczf#
Hpyfcjh h jfwmyvzhy hw bhyh}kldowhw powkîöfw f o pyhqfy oizkjo pflo wfto zéczykgo, hpyo}fkzf ow gocwfldow f bvjf yhjkghlbfczf h wvh
}kjh wftvhl gob fwzhw jfq pyopowzhw jh mklowomkh zéczykgh

86
 Hpyfcjh h goczyolhy o oynhwbo

Phyh hzyhwhy o oynhwbo jflf ov pyolocnhy h yflhîço, ftkwzf vbh zëgckgh zéczykgh xvf, pflo phpfl jobkchczf jo dobfb, zyhq ÷zkbow
yfwvlzhjow#
Jvyhczf h pfcfzyhîço f, ch glèwwkgh powkîço jf )phphk"f"bhbçf), mhîh o wfv phygfkyo goczfy o bo}kbfczo xvhcjo hkcjh cço zfcdhb
gdfnhjo ho hvnf jh ftgkzhîço# Yfzkyf o páckw jfkthcjo hpfchw h nlhcjf ch }hnkch f yfwpkyfb pyomvcjhbfczf lf}hcjo o hy ho
hijúbfc# Ow bñwgvlow nfckzhkw jf hbiow yflhthyço f pojfyço }olzhy h fcghyhy o bo}kbfczo wfb h cfgfwwkjhjf jf hghihy 
kbfjkhzhbfczf#

Hgfkzf h wvh chzvyfqh hckbhl

O zhczyh jkq xvf jf}fbow hgfkzhy zhczo h chzvyfqh hckbhl gobo o ghyèzfy jk}kco jh wftvhlkjhjf dvbhch1 )O dobfb boczh ch bvldfy 
gobo wf mowwf vb zovyo)# Yflhtf f pfygh"wf gob flf cow lhikykczow jo bvcjo wfl}hnfb f }hykf hw powkîöfw#
Fwzh powzvyh powwkiklkzh o bo}kbfczo jf wfv goypo1 fcxvhczo flf h pfcfzyh poy zyèw, }ogá pojf jfkzhy, wviky h pël}kw gob vbh hlbomhjh
ov mkghy jf xvhzyo# Xvhcjo vb ghwhl wf gocdfgf bfldoy wftvhlbfczf, pojf iykcghy f hpyo}fkzhy h }hykfjhjf f, xvhczo bhkw wolzh }ogá
wf wfczky, bfldoyfw wfyço ow wfvw oynhwbow#
Pyogvyf ow poczow fy÷zkgow

H fwzkbvlhîço jo glkz÷ykw ë, phyh h bhkoykh jhw bvldfyfw, h poyzh jf fczyhjh ho pyhqfy jo oynhwbo# Hw powkîöfw xvf mh}oyfgfb wfv
hgfwwo jkyfzo wço hw bfldoyfw phyh gdfnhy ho glâbht, wfah poy wvh py÷pykh fwzkbvlhîço ov pflh jf wfv phygfkyo#

8=
O poczo N zhbiëb ë vb nyhcjf hlkhjo ch doyh jo wfv noqo1 wfczhjh woiyf flf, kcglkcf"wf lf}fbfczf phyh zyèw bo}fcjo h pfl}kw5 kwzo
pyo}ogh h pyfwwço jo páckw co iozçoqkcdo fy÷nfco jfwgoifyzo poy Nyhmfcifyn, lf}hcjo }ogá h vb oynhwbo kcfwxvfgâ}fl#
Hjxvkyh mlftkiklkjhjf f moyîh

Phyh gocwfnvky mhqfy zojhw hw powzvyhw jo zhczyh, ë pyfgkwo jfwfc}ol}fy h mlftkiklkjhjf# Hw mknvyhw yfxvfyfb moyîh f flhwzkgkjhjf,
fwpfgkhlbfczf ch phyzf kcmfykoy jo goypo, h yhkq xvf cow gocfgzh à zfyyh# Poy kwwo, ftfygkzhy"wf ë fwwfcgkhl1 kwzo kczfcwkmkgh h jfwghynh jf
fcfynkh oynèwbkgh pflo goypo kczfkyo#
Fwzf zkpo jf powzvyh ftknf vb gfyzo pyfphyo mâwkgo1 hw pfychw jh bvldfy jf}fb wf joiyhy f pfybhcfgfy gocmoyzè}fkw cfwwh powkîço, f o
dobfb jf}f wvwzfczhy o pfwo jo wfv goypo gob ow iyhîow# H hzk}kjhjf kjfhl phyh oizfy bhkoy pyo}fkzo ë o {onh### Pyo}f wfvw
ifcfmâgkow
Bhczfcdh o goczyolf jo wfv py÷pyko goypo

Fwzh ë h bfldoy bhcfkyh jf hpyo}fkzhy o wfto, bvkzo yfgobfcjhjh pflo zhczyh# Hw bvldfyfw xvf ftployhb wfvw goypow pflh
bhwzvyihîço gdfnhb ho glâbht gob bhkw mhgklkjhjf jo xvf hw xvf cvcgh wf zoghyhb# Hlëb jkwwo, wf }ogá goczyhky f yflhthy hw phyfjfw
}hnkchkw jvyhczf h yflhîço, h wvh pozácgkh oynèwbkgh hvbfczhyè, f ho bfwbo zfbpo, wfv phygfkyo wfczkyè o páckw pyfwwkochjo fb wvh
}hnkch#
Phyh o dobfb, ftkwzf vbh zëgckgh gdhbhjh Bvlh Ihcjdh, xvf powwkiklkzh wfnvyhy h fahgvlhîço# Fcwkcf h flf1 hczfw jo goczhzo nfckzhl,
flf jf}fyè hnhgdhy h ghifîh f gfczyhlkqhy h hzfcîço ch èyfh pël}kgh# Kcwpkyhcjo pyomvcjhbfczf, jf}f goczyhky o bñwgvlo xvf yojfkh o
écvw f mhqfy zyáw wëykfw jf jfq goczyhîöfw# Hczfw jf whky, o wábfc phwwh pflo pfyâcfo, xvf mkgh fczyf o fwgyozo f o écvw# Yfhlkqhcjo fwzh
zëgckgh, gocwfnvf"wf iloxvfhy o pfyâcfo f hvbfczhy o pyhqfy#
Lkifyf"wf

Ow ifcfmâgkow jhw }hykhîöfw ch }kjh wftvhl jf vb ghwhl wço kcmkckzow# Wf }ogá cvcgh ftpfykbfczov fwzh powzvyh, gdfnov h doyh# ]ogá
}hk hjoyhy1 goloxvf hw pfychw poy gkbh jow obiyow jo wfv hbhjo f yflhtf ow bñwgvlow pël}kgow phyh powwkiklkzhy vbh pfcfzyhîço
pyomvcjh#
8>
Co Zhczyh Gdhcjhbhdhyowhch, fwzh powzvyh wf jfcobkch {hczyh boczhjo# Flkbkch h mhjknh f hiyf ow ghchkw fcfynëzkgow jh pfl}kw f jh
}kykldh, ho bfwbo zfbpo fb xvf mh}oyfgf h gkygvlhîço lkcmèzkgh#

Fcwkcf"o h goczfy h fahgvlhîço

Kcgfczk}f wfv phygfkyo h pyhzkghy fwzf ftfygâgko xvhcjo fwzk}fy woqkcdo# Wfy}f phyh goczyolhy bfldoy hw yfwpowzhw pyë"oynèwbkghw#
Flf jf}f hghykgkhy fyozkghbfczf o goypo kczfkyo, kcglvkcjo ow nfckzhkw, bhw wfb zoghy jkyfzhbfczf ow bfwbow# H }oczhjf jf fahgvlhy ë
goczkjh yflhthcjo ow bñwgvlow jhw cèjfnhw f yfwpkyhcjo dhybockowh f gocwgkfczfbfczf# Fwzh ë vbh zëgckgh
z ëgckgh xvf mhq phyzf jh pyopowzh
zéczykgh jf xvf o dobfb jf}f hpyfcjfy h goczyolhy wvh fahgvlhîço#
Yfzhyjf o wfv oynhwbo

Cço w÷ ow dobfcw jf}fb hpyfcjfy h goczyolhy wfv oynhwbo phyh hvbfczhy o pyhqfy jf hbiow# ]ogá zhbiëb jf}f hpyfcjfy h mhqá"lo,
pykcgkphlbfczf wf }ogá wfczf xvf xvhcjo fwzè gdfnhcjo, chjh o wfnvyh###
Jkbkcvh o ykzbo, jkwzyhkh h bfczf f yfwpkyf pyomvcjhbfczf# Vbh zëgckgh zéczykgh yfgobfcjh, cfwzf bobfczo, hpfyzhy h lâcnvh goczyh o
gëv jh iogh fcxvhczo pfcwh fb ovzyh gokwh### Zfczf(
Jfzfcdh"wf h zfbpo

Bfwbo xvf phyh o dobfb phyfîh vbh gocjkîço mvcjhbfczhl, cço ë cfgfwwèyko xvf wfv páckw fwzfah wfbpyf fyfzo chw iykcghjfkyhw
wftvhkw cfb jvyhczf h yflhîço wftvhl# Vbh fyfîço xvf pfygh h moyîh cço jf}f kbplkghy ch kczfyyvpîço jh hzk}kjhjf1 ho goczyèyko,
jf}fykh fwzkbvlhy h }olzh gob bhkw kczfcwkjhjf#
Vb fb gkbh jo ovzyo, ftpfykbfczfb jkbkcvky ow bo}kbfczow, lkbkzhcjo"wf h mhqfy o bâckbo cfgfwwèyko phyh xvf h ftgkzhîço cço
jfwhphyfîh f yflhthcjo goypo h goypo fb gobvcdço#

Ifkaf"o co bobfczo gfyzo

84
Wfnvcjo o zhczyh, w÷ nyhîhw à bvldfy o dobfb pojf gocdfgfy ow whnyhjow bkwzëykow wftvhkw# Cowwhw wfgyfîöfw wftvhkw wço o cëgzhy, o
bhcahy jow jfvwfw### Xvhcjo vbh bvldfy gdfnh ho oynhwbo, gyá"wf xvf h wvh whlk}h powwvk pyopykfjhjfw xvf dhybockqhb h fcfynkh
polhy bhwgvlkch f mfbkckch, o {kc"{hcn#
Cfwwf bobfczo, ifkaf"o pyomvcjhbfczf phyh gobphyzkldhy gob flf o wfv jogf cëgzhy, fczyfnvf"ldf h wvh whlk}h jflkghjhbfczf,
jfkthcjo xvf ghkh fb wvh iogh, fcgdfcjo"o jf pyhqfy f fcfynkh###
Bhwwhnfb zéczykgh
H lkcnvhnfb jo goczhzo, h pyfwwço f hw ghyâgkhw wço o ghbkcdo phyh jfwgoiyky vbh wfcwkiklkjhjf xvf cço gocdfgfbow ov yfjfwgoiyky 
wfcwhîöfw pfyjkjhw#
Ch bhwwhnfb zéczykgh, hw bçow wço h pykcgkphl mfyyhbfczh phyh vb fcgoczyo mâwkgo, fbogkochl f fwpkykzvhl jo ghwhl# Ë vbh ÷zkbh
ftpfykácgkh phyh gocwgkfczkqhy"cow jf xvf jhy f yfgfify ë vb mlvto gocwzhczf jf fcfynkh# Hlëb jkwwo, pojf wfy vb jflkgkowo pyflñjko
phyh hlghcîhy vbh ftgkzhîço hczfw jfwgocdfgkjh# Jfwgviyh hw kcmkckzhw powwkiklkjhjfw wfczkjhw hzyh}ëq jow goypow1

Gobo gobfîhy?
Pyfphyf vb lvnhy gocmoyzè}fl, wfcwvhl f zyhcxüklo# Jfgkjhb xvhl jow jokw wfyè, jfwzh }fq, o hzk}o f xvfb yfgfifyè hw ghyâgkhw# Ch
py÷tkbh }fq, bvjfb ow phpëkw#
Phyh pojfy ftpfykbfczhy hw wfcwhîöfw zèzfkw, ë cfgfwwèyko pyfwzhy vbh hzfcîço fwpfgkhl à gfyzow jfzhldfw# Co pyfphyo jo ykzvhl,
yfgobfcjh"wf zobhy vb ihcdo xvfczf phyh wvh}kqhy h pflf f yflhthy#
H klvbkchîço jf}f wfy myhgh1 hwgfcjfy }flhw ë vbh ioh opîço# Mkchlbfczf, fwxvfczfb ow goypow gob ÷lfow jf fwwácgkhw hmyojkwâhghw5
poy ftfbplo, jf yowh ov wécjhlo#
Jf}fb jkwpoy jf zfbpo wvmkgkfczf phyh lk}yhyfb"wf jf zojhw hw pyfogvphîöfw# Jvyhczf pflo bfcow vbh doyh, ghjh vb jf}f zoghy f
ftployhy o goypo jo ovzyo# Lfbiyf"wf xvf fwzf zfyyfco ë zço hgfwwâ}fl xvhczo kcfwnozè}fl# Jfpokw jkwwo, goc}fywfb woiyf hw wfcwhîöfw
jfwgoifyzhw f jfwfaow jfwpfyzhjow#
O pojfy jhw bçow

8;
Hpfwhy jh kbpoyzécgkh jf gocdfgfy jk}fywow bo}kbfczow jf bhwwhnfb, h wvzklfqh jhw bçow ë kcjkwpfcwè}fl1 flhw, bhkw jo xvf
xvhlxvfy ovzyh phyzf jo goypo, wço ghphqfw jf zyhcwbkzky zfycvyh f ghykcdo#
Poy kwwo, hghykgkhy ow jfjow jhw bçow, ocjf ftkwzf vbh fcoybf xvhczkjhjf jf cfy}ow, pfybkzf vb yflhthbfczo bvkzo fwpfgkhl# Gobfgf
jfwjf hw poczhw jow jfjow, wfbpyf f}kzhcjo mhqfy g÷gfnhw, hzë zfybkchy gob hbihw hw bçow vckjhw, phlbh gob phlbh#
Hphlphy o yowzo

Fwzh ë vbh phyzf bvkzo pfwwohl jo goypo# Lfczhbfczf, gob vb povgo jf ÷lfo chw bçow, pfygoyyh ow ghbkcdow jow zyhîow1 ow goczoycow
jow oldow, jh zfwzh fb jkyfîço ho chykq, o }olvbf jh iogh#
Jfpokw, hghykgkf o yowzo jf wfv phygfkyo jf moybh yâzbkgh, mhqfcjo gâygvlow chw iogdfgdhw ov ho yfjoy jo xvfkto, hlk}khcjo hw bhyghw
jf pyfogvphîço# Mkchlbfczf, }è jfwgfcjo jh ghifîh hzë o pfwgoîo phyh jfwghyyfnhy hw zfcwöfw#

Hw jflâgkhw jo vbikno

Hghykgkhy o vbikno jf wfv phygfkyo pojf hgyfwgfczhy gocmkhcîh# Fwzh ë vbh èyfh }vlcfyè}fl xvf jf}f wfy zyhzhjh gob jflkghjfqh# Mhîh
bo}kbfczow gkygvlhyfw phyh yflhthy zfcwöfw fbogkochkw f mâwkghw xvf yfpykbfb o mlvto jf fcfynkh wftvhl f }kzhl#
Jfktf jf lhjo hw phlh}yhw phyh xvf o goczhzo wfah h lkcnvhnfb jh ghlbh# Hpyotkbf"wf jow nfckzhkw wfb gdfnhy h zogè"low# Xvfb mhq hw
bhwwhnfcw jf}f wf gocgfczyhy chw wfcwhîöfw pyojvqkjhw pflh zfbpfyhzvyh f pflh zftzvyh jh pflf#
Fyozkqhy ow pëw

90
Fwzh phyzf jo goypo ë fwpfgkhlbfczf wfcwâ}fl, aè xvf gocgfczyh"wf vbh fcoybf xvhczkjhjf jf zfybkchkw cfy}owhw xvf wf gocfgzhb gob
o goypo kczfkyo# Wvzklbfczf, pyogvyf h pyfwwço hpyopykhjh phyh f}kzhy g÷gfnhw f ho bfwbo zfbpo gocwfnvky mhqfy wfv phygfkyo
yflhthy# Hlnvbhw pfwwohw pojfb cço nowzhy bvkzo jfwzf zkpo jf goczhzo# Cfwzf ghwo, ë bfldoy kczfyyobpfy h bhwwhnfb, cço xvfiyhy h
dhybockh f bhwwhnfhy ovzyh phyzf jo goypo#

O ivbivb bhwgvlkco

Cfb zojow ow dobfcw nowzhb jf wfy zoghjow co ivbivb# Nfyhlbfczf, ow mhczhwbhw jh dobowwftvhlkjhjf kckifb wfvw jfwfaow# Bhw ë
kbpoyzhczf whify xvf o goypo kczfkyo ë vbh èyfh h wfy ftployhjh f xvf ftkwzfb lvnhyfw xvf jfwfahb wfy kcjhnhjhw#
Gob pfxvfcow zoxvfw, gobfcîhcjo jfwjf hw gowzhw hzë gdfnhy àw pfychw, pfygoyyh fwzh èyfh fwpfgkhlbfczf fy÷nfch# Fwgoldh o
bobfczo gfyzo phyh jfzfy o bo}kbfczo f zyhcwbkzky o ghloy jh bço hpokhjo ch phlbh fb ghjh lhjo jo ivbivb# Wf o aono aè ë
kczfcwo, pfxvfchw pyfwwöfw gob hw vcdhw pojfb jkwphyhy hw bhkw }hykhjhw wfcwhîöfw#
Pfygoyyfy h golvch

H mlftkiklkjhjf jh golvch ë phyh o Zhczyh vb fkto mvcjhbfczhl jf fcfynkh f wfcwvhlkjhjf# Jfwlkqf hw bçow phyh ihkto vwhcjo ÷lfow
fwwfcgkhkw#
Yfgocdfîh ow }olvbfw f jfpyfwwöfw xvf bhyghb hw }ëyzfiyhw# Phyh flkbkchy zfcwöfw loghlkqhjhw, mhîh bo}kbfczow gkygvlhyfw, bhkw
gvyzow ov bhkw kczfcwow vzklkqhcjo jokw ov zyáw jfjow#
À ifkyh jow nfckzhkw

Wfb gdfnhy h zogè"low, bhw hpyotkbhcjo"wf, fwzh pojf wfy vbh nkcèwzkgh ftzyfbhbfczf wftvhl# Pfygoyyh o ihkto }fczyf, hghykgkf h
phyzf kczfych jf wvhw gothw# Gob hw vcdhw, mhîh jfwfcdow fb wvh pflf#
Lfczhbfczf, gob h bço hifyzh f jfwjf o vbikno, jfwîh bowzyhcjo vbh kczfcwço xvf lono ë jfw}khjh phyh }olzhy ho poczo jf phyzkjh#
Iykcxvf gob h pflf kbpyo}kwhcjo bo}kbfczow mlvkjow# Lfbiyf xvf o bhph jo goypo ë jkmfyfczf fb ghjh pfwwoh, poy kwwo o
hpyfcjkqhnfb w÷ phwwh pflo yfgocdfgkbfczo#
Hw hvzobhwwhnfcw jh bhwzvyihîço

98
Gobfgf pfcwhcjo chw wvhw qochw fy÷nfchw, co xvf }ogá nowzh f o xvf cço nowzh# Phyh kwwo, fczyf fb wfv py÷pyko bvcjo jf wfcwhîöfw#
O yfwvlzhjo wfyè vbh wvypyffcjfczf yf}kzhlkqhîço f gocdfgkbfczo jf wfv fyozkwbo, xvf pojfyè wfy gobphyzkjo gob wfv phygfkyo#
Jfkzf ch ghbh f hghykgkf wfv goypo kczfkyo, kcglvwk}f o yowzo, ow pfkzow, o }fczyf f hw gothw# Lfczhbfczf, mhîh wfvw jfjow yfgoyyfyfb ow
lèikow }hnkchkw# Pyfwwkocf wfcwvhlbfczf h }hnkch f o glkz÷ykw jhcjo lkifyjhjf h zvjo xvf h mkqfy wfczky pyhqfy#
Cço pyogvyf gdfnhy ho oynhwbo " vwf ihwzhczf zfbpo phyh jfwmyvzhy jf zojhw hw wfcwhîöfw wftvhkw# À bfjkjh xvf }ogá moy mkghcjo
ftgkzhjh, yflhtf f yfwpkyf yfnvlhybfczf, zfczhcjo mhqfy gob xvf o fmfkzo wf ftphcjh fb wfv goypo kczfkyo#
Hw mhczhwkhw wftvhkw wfbpyf havjhb h kczfcwkmkghy hw wfcwhîöfw, bhw cfwzf bobfczo ë bfldoy cço wf gocgfczyhy fb kbhnfcw bfczhkw,
bhw wkb fczyhy pyomvcjhbfczf fb wfv py÷pyko mâwkgo#
Xvhcjo gobfîhy h pfygfify h gdfnhjh jhw wfcwhîöfw oynèwbkghw, zfcgkocf ow bñwgvlow jhw cèjfnhw, wvwpkyf, nfbh, nykzf, f ftpyfwwf
wfv fyozkwbo wfb gobplftow# Fczyfnvf wfv goypo ho pyhqfy#

Ghyo hbkno, }ogá aè xvkw jfgkmyhy vbh bvldfy wfb zfy jf goc}k}fy gob flh? Glhyo xvf wkb, cço ë bfwbo#
Pokw ifb, mkqfbow vbh golfîço jf pfxvfchw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw xvf pojfb ldf havjhy h pyf}fy o gobpoyzhbfczo mfbkckco f jkqfy o xvf
fwzè hgoczfgfcjo#

Phyh mhgklkzhy, gologhbow hlnvbhw klvwzyhîöfw xvf o havjhyço h gobpyffcjfy bfldoy o xvf fwzhbow xvfyfcjo hioyjhy fb ghjh z÷pkgo#

Ioh lfkzvyh f pyfphyf"wf phyh jfgkmyhy hw bvldfyfw#

O goypo dvbhco ë vb yfmlfto mkfl jo cowwo fwzhjo bfczhl f fwpkykzvhl# Flf cow bowzyh jf bhcfkyh wkbplfw f glhyh, gobo cow wfczkbow f
pfcwhbow h yfwpfkzo jf }èykhw gokwhw# O bhkw kczfyfwwhczf fb jfgkmyhy o goypo ë xvf flf cvcgh bfczf# Ë powwâ}fl jkqfy wf }ogá fwzè
nowzhcjo jf hlno ov cço hpfchw jf oldhy f fczfcjfy ow wkchkw xvf wfv goypo cow jè#
Poy kwwo, pojfbow vwhy ow wkchkw xvf o goypo fbkzf phyh jfwgoiyky ow jfwfaow jf ghjh vb hlëb jf pojfy pyf}fy gobo h pfwwoh wf
gobpoyzhyè#

O GËYFIYO
Ow cfvyogkfczkwzhw, pwkgozfyhpfvzhw f pfwxvkwhjoyfw yfcobhjow jf cowwo wëgvlo gocglvâyhb xvf ow dfbkwmëykow fwxvfyjo f o jkyfkzo jo
gëyfiyo, powwvfb mvcîöfw ifb ghyhgzfyâwzkghw f jkwzkczhw# Phyh ftfbplkmkghy, oiwfy}f o jfwfcdo hihkto1
GHYHGZFYÂWZKGHW
GHYHGZFYÂWZKGHW IÈWKGHW1
]KWÇO POWZFYKOY 

DFBKWMËYKO FWXVFYJO DFBKWMËYKO JKYFKZO

99
COZH1 xvhcjo vbh ghyhgzfyâwzkgh jo dfbkwmëyko fwxvfyjo $D#F#+ fwzè wfcjo vwhjh, kwzo cço xvfy jkqfy xvf o dfbkwmëyko jkyfkzo $D#J#+
fwzè phyhjo# Ftkwzf, wkb, vbh hzk}hîço gfyfiyhl bhkw kczfcwh co D#F# xvf w÷ ë }kwâ}fl fb hphyfldow jfwzkchjow h ghpzhy fwwhw }hykhîöfw#
O bhkw kbpoyzhczf woiyf ow dfbkwmëykow ë xvf wfv gobhcjo ë kc}fywo# O D#F# gobhcjh h phyzf jkyfkzh jo goypo f o D#J# gobhcjh h
phyzf fwxvfyjh, gocmoybf h klvwzyhîço co jfwfcdo#
Fwwh gocwzhzhîço ë gkfczâmkgh, }kwzo xvf fb zojow ow ghwow fb xvf o D#F# ë lfwhjo }fykmkgh"wf lfwço phygkhl ov zozhl jo$w+ bfbiyo$w+ jo
lhjo jkyfkzo# O bfwbo ogoyyf gob o D#J#
Poyzhczo, h yfnkço fwxvfyjh jo gëyfiyo gobhcjh h phyzf jkyfkzh jo goypo $pfych, iyhîo, ov}kjo, fzg+, ogoyyfcjo o bfwbo gob h yfnkço
jkyfkzh#
Ë kczfyfwwhczf oiwfy}hy xvf jfwjf h kcmécgkh h bhkoykh jhw gykhcîhw ë jfwzyh, opzhcjo chzvyhlbfczf fb bhckpvlhy oiafzow gob h bço f
o pë jkyfkzo, fwzfcjfcjo fwwh pyfmfyácgkh hzë o mkchl jf wvhw }kjhw# Poy xvf kwwo hgoczfgf? Fwwh xvfjh pflh jkyfkzh wf jè poyxvf o xvf
jfwfahbow bhckpvlhy $o zhzo+ oiyknh o lhjo yhgkochl jo D#F h wf hpyfwfczhy, pokw ë jf wvh yfwpocwhiklkjhjf zhl hmhqfy#
Lfbiyhbow xvf vbh pfwwoh ho pfnhy vb oiafzo gob h bço jkyfkzh yfnkwzyh bfldoy o ghloy, h fwpfwwvyh f o pfwo, jhjow bfldoy 
gobpyffcjkjow pflo D#F#, xvf wf vzklkqh bhkw jf yhgkogâcko f bfcow jf kczvkîço# Poy fwzh yhqço ë xvf jkmkgklbfczf fcgoczyhbow vb
ghcdozo fb cowwo bfko# Woiyf flfw, h gobvckjhjf gkfczâmkgh hgyfjkzh xvf powwvfb hw hzk}kjhjfw gfyfiyhkw kc}fyzkjhw# O wfv D#J# phwwh
h gocjvqky hw zhyfmhw yhgkochkw f o D#F jfwfc}ol}f o ghbpo kczvkzk}o, fbogkochl, fzg#
H phyzky jf gocwzhzhîöfw hchl÷nkghw mfkzh poy oiwfy}hîço cow ghwhkw, gdfnhbow à gocglvwço jf xvf jfczyo jf vb yflhgkochbfczo1
" O zoxvf gob h bço fwxvfyjh yf}flh wfczkbfczow bhkw pvyow f jfwkczfyfwwhjow jo plhco bhzfykhl5
" O zoxvf gob h bço jkyfkzh jfbocwzyh vbh kcglkchîço phyh o lhjo yhgkochl, ghychl f jfwfao jf powwf5
" Ho zoghy o pë, pfychw, obiyow f oyfldh jh$o+ phygfkyh$o+ co lhjo fwxvfyjo, pojfyço wfy oizkjhw bhkoyfw yfwpowzh wfczkbfczhkw jo wfto
opowzo# O kc}fywo wf jhyè ho wfyfb zoghjow ow bfbiyow jo lhjo jkyfkzo5
" Wf o jfwfao ë pfywvhjky jf moybh yhgkochl, opzf wfbpyf fb fwzhy jo lhjo jkyfkzo jfwzh pfwwoh# Fczyfzhczo, wf o hwwvczo ë wfczkbfczo,
cço dfwkzf fb wf powkgkochy jo lhjo fwxvfyjo jh bfwbh5
" Mhlhy f ifkahy co ov}kjo fwxvfyjo yfhlîhb ow kbpvlwow hboyowow jh$o+ phygfkyh$o+5
" Hzë o ov}kjo xvf h pfwwoh fwgoldf phyh gologhy o zflfmocf kcjkgh glhyhbfczf wf h goc}fywh ë wfczkbfczhl ov yhgkochl5
" H powkîço fwgoldkjh pflh$o+ phygfkyh$o+, ifb gobo ow bo}kbfczow jf pfychw, iyhîow f bçow, kcjkghb jf xvf moybh h pfwwoh fwzè
yfhnkcjo co bobfczo, gobo zhbiëb fb zojow ow kcwzhczfw jf wvh }kjh5
" Ho wf mhqfy vbh pfynvczh f h pfwwoh oldhy ov kcglkchy wfv yowzo phyh h fwxvfyjh, fwzhyè jhcjo vbh yfwpowzh kczvkzk}h f/ov
fbogkochl5
" Wf ho mhqfy vbh pfynvczh f h pfwwoh oldhy ov kcglkchy wfv yowzo phyh h jkyfkzh ov jfwloghy lf}fbfczf h ghifîh phyh ihkto, fwzhyè
jhcjo vbh yfwpowzh ihwfhjh co yhgkogâcko5
" Wf vb jow bfbiyow jo lhjo jkyfkzo fwzè woiyf o fwxvfyjo $pfychw gyvqhjhw, iyhîow gyvqhjow+, kcjkgh xvf o lhjo yhgkochl pyf}hlfgf#
Ghwo hgoczfîh o kc}fywo, h pfwwoh fwzè kcjkghcjo xvf h fboîço pyf}hlfgf woiyf h yhqço, ov wfah, fwzhyè bhkw yfgfpzk}h àw wvhw
kczfcîöfw#
" H kcglkchîço jo zyocgo ifb gobo h jow bfbiyow $pfychw, iyhîow, ghifîh+ jfbocwzyh h pyfjkwpowkîço jh pfwwoh phyh gob }ogá#

POWZVYH
O pykcgâpko ièwkgo jfwwf fwzvjo fwzè co fxvklâiyko goypoyhl, ov bfldoy, ch cfvzyhlkjhjf jhw }oczhjfw ov yfpvlwhw ftfbplkmkghjhw co
jfwfcdo h wfnvky#

97
8 " Xvhcjo dè vbh powzvyh jf pyfpocjfyécgkh jo z÷yht, fwzhbow jkhczf jf pfwwohw }hkjowhw, fnogáczykghw f xvf wf hgdhb kbpoyzhczfw5
9 " O z÷yht fb powkîço kc}fywh, fcgoldkjh, kcjkgh xvf fwzhbow jkhczf jf pfwwohw zâbkjhw, wvibkwwhw, yfzyhâjhw5
COZH1 fwwhw klvwzyhîöfw f hw jfbhkw xvf bowzyhybow, yfmlfzfb, ch bhkoykh jhw }fqfw, hpfchw o bobfczo f kwzo cço xvfy jkqfy xvf
mhîh phyzf jh pfywochlkjhjf jh pfwwoh#
7 " Xvhcjo wobfczf h ghifîh wf fynvf, fwzhbow jkhczf jf hlnvëb kcwogkè}fl, hvzo"wvmkgkfczf, xvf bhczëb o goczyolf jf wk# Nfyhlbfczf
fwwhw pfwwohw cço fwzço phyh bvkzo )phpo)5
: " Gob h ghifîh ihkth wfv goypo jkq1 )fwzov jkhczf jf nyhcjfw jfwklvwöfw, wov zâbkjo fb yflhîço h fwzf hbikfczf ov wkczo"bf
gobihlkjo bfczhlbfczf/boyhlbfczf)#
bfczhlbfczf/boyhlbfczf)#

Hw pfwwohw xvf fwzço gob fwwf hwpfgzo, jf}fb wfy hioyjhjhw gob afkzo# Jfwwh moybh }kyço h zfy nyhcjf hpyfîo poy }ogá# Ovzyo
ftfbplo kczfyfwwhczf ë xvhcjo h bvldfy fwzè wfczhjh gob h iolwh ov hlbomhjh co wfv golo# Wfv goypo mhlh1 “Fv cço fwzov à
}oczhjf‒ # Cço hjkhczh xvfyfy wfjvqky h pfwwoh cfwwf fwzhjo, pokw h pyoihiklkjhjf jf ov}ky vb )cço() ë nyhcjf#

9:
Kbhnkcf hnoyh fwzh gfch1 fwzhbow jkhczf jf jvhw bvldfyfw xvf fwzço goc}fywhcjo# Flhw fwzço jfwgoczyhâjhw f bfynvldhjhw cvbh ÷zkbh
goc}fywh# Gobo kjfczkmkghy xvfb jobkch h wkzvhîço hpfchw pflh ftpyfwwço goypoyhl? H pykbfkyh pfwwoh xvf bojkmkghy h powkîço jow
iyhîow, z÷yht f pfychw ë h )lâjfy) cfwzf bobfczo jh goc}fywh, lono fb wfnvkjh, wf h ovzyh kbkzhy ow nfwzow, kcgocwgkfczfbfczf,
bowzyhyè dhybockh jf pfcwhbfczo f/ov hzfcîço à wvh phygfkyh#
Ghwo }ogá jfwfaf fczyhy cfwwf hbikfczf phyh wfjvqky hlnvëb, zfcdh ghvzflh, pokw cfwwf loghl dhybúckgo pojf cço ftkwzky fwphîo phyh
}ogá(
Hchlkwf o py÷tkbo jfwfcdo f zfczf jfgkmyhy fwzf bobfczo jf gobvckghîço goypoyhl#

H bvldfy jfwzf ftfbplo fwzè gob o goypo kcglkchjo phyh zyèw#

Kwzo kcjkgh1 )fwzov ch jfmfcwk}h, yfafkzo hlno, bhczfcdh jkwzécgkh) # Ow iyhîow wf fcgoczyhb gyvqhjow fb zoyco jo z÷yht f
jfbocwzyhb1 )cço xvfyfbow chjh co plhco fbogkochl)# H ghifîh fbpkchjh jkq1 )cço bf h}fczvyo h zfy cfcdvb yflhgkochbfczo
yflhgkochbfczo
gob }ogá, pokw gocwkjfyo"bf ghphq jf gocwfnvky vb phygfkyo bfldoy), $kwzo wf o yhphq h fwzk}fy goyzfahcjo+# Wf moy xvhlxvfy ovzyo
hwwvczo hioyjhjo, fwzhyè jkqfcjo1 )bkcdh yhqço f bfv gocwgkfczf cço gocgoyjhb gob o wfv câ}fl jf pfcwhbfczo ) # O pë fwxvfyjo
jkq1 )cço bf h}fczvyo h fbkzky opkckço, xvfyo whky o bhkw yèpkjo powwâ}fl) # O pë jkyfkzo jkq1 )cço }ov phyh myfczf)#
Ch }fyjhjf, dè vbh dhybockh fb zojow ow nfwzow fb wvh ftpyfwwço goypoyhl, xvf wço vb h}kwo cfnhzk}o phyh vb yflhgkochbfczo#
O dobfb jfwwf xvhjyo jkq1 )bfv goypo wf jfglkch wfcwk}flbfczf phyh o wfv lhjo, poyxvf wkczo mkybfqh fb bkcdhw gologhîöfw, f
wfk ocjf pkwo) # Wfyè xvf whif? Oldhcjo phyh ow bfbiyow zfyfbow ovzyow jfzhldfw# H wvh bço jkyfkzh jkq1 )fv wfk o xvf fwzov
jkqfcjo, gocdfîo bvkzo ifb o xvf mhîo) , kwzo poyxvf wvh bço wf }olzh phyh o z÷yht, gflfiyhcjo h wvh hvzo"hpyo}hîço f gocmkhcîh# O
z÷yht mhlh1 )bf wkczo kbpoyzhczf) # H ghifîh jkq1 )gocgoyjo gob o z÷yht f ldf jkno xvf co bobfczo fwzov poy gkbh) # Ghwo cço
mowwf vb goyzfao, pojfykh fwzhy jkqfcjo xvf1 )gfyzhw pfwwohw jfpfcjfb jf bkb)#

96
H ftpyfwwço goypoyhl jo dobfb zhbiëb ë jf fxvklâiyko phyh o xvf wf pyopöf# Hw phyzfw jo wfv goypo boczhb vb xvhjyo jf hvzo"
whzkwmhîço gob o wfv “fv‒# Fczyfzhczo, cço ftkwzf dhybockh gob h lkcnvhnfb goypoyhl jh gobphcdfkyh#
H py÷tkbh klvwzyhîço ë ifb gobvb fb yfvcköfw ghwfkyhw, ihyfw f lhcgdocfzfw# Zfczf gobpyffcjfy h lkcnvhnfb goypoyhl jo ghwhl co
jfwfcdo#

O zyocgo jo yhphq fwzè h myfczf jo fwzhjo jf cfvzyhlkjhjf f fwzè jkqfcjo1 )xvfyo h}hcîhy bhkw) # Hw pfychw gyvqhjhw gob vb jow pëw
à myfczf mhlh1 )fcgoczyo"bf
)fcgoczyo"bf à }oczhjf phyh h gocxvkwzh) # H bço jkyfkzh jkq1 )fv bf hpoko woiyf h jfwgoczyhîço jf bkcdhw pfychw
f hmkybo xvf fwzov jfwfbihyhîhjo gob h wvh pyfwfcîh) # H bço fwxvfyjh mhlh1 )hmhwzo o gopo jf bkcdh myfczf, pokw cço ë kwzo xvf
bf kczfyfwwh) # Ow oldow fb jkyfîço yfzklâcfh jkqfb1 )h}kwzfk bfv oiafzk}o f cço xvfyo hpfchw oldhy) # O obiyo lf}hjo à myfczf
mhlh1)cço xvfyo xvf hlnvëb wf kczyobfzh cfwzh goc}fywh) # H gocglvwço woiyf h wvh lkcnvhnfb goypoyhl ë jf zozhl wkcgfykjhjf jf
pyop÷wkzow#
H bvldfy jfwzf jfwfcdo hjbkzf gob wfv goypo, fb fwzhjo jf cfvzyhlkjhjf, xvf gocgoyjh hzë gfyzo poczo, jo goczyèyko, fwzhykh
zozhlbfczf kcglkchjh phyh o yhphq# Hw bçow jkqfb1)bkcdh phlbh fwzè phyh gkbh f kcjkgo xvf fwzov hgfwwâ}fl, goyzfao }ogá f hzë 
gocwkjfyo h wvh goc}fywh hnyhjè}fl)# H ghifîh fb cfvzyhlkjhjf mhlh1 )gocgoyjo gob fwzf hwwvczo, cço hiyo bhkw fwphîo poyxvf
hkcjh cço ë doyh)#
Hw pfychw kcgocwgkfczfbfczf bvybvyhb1 )fwzov ch bfwbh powkîço xvf hw wvhw pfychw f, poy jfihkto jh bfwh, cço zfcdo }fynocdh
fb jkqfy xvf gocgoyjo gob h wvh kczfcîço) # H oiwfy}hîço jfwzh gfch jfbocwzyh xvf ftkwzf vbh zfczhzk}h jf dhybockh ch lkcnvhnfb
goypoyhl#
]fyfbow hnoyh ovzyh klvwzyhîço kczfyfwwhczf# Zfczf jfwgoiyky o xvf h ftpyfwwço goypoyhl xvfy jkqfy#

Ow iyhîow jh bfckch hpokhcjo h ghifîh xvfyfb jkqfy1 )yfmoyîo h hzfcîço xvf zfcdo poy }ogá) # O oldhy ë yfzklâcfo f jkq1 )wfk bvkzo
ifb o xvf jfwfao)# H kcglkchîço jh golvch }olzhjh phyh o yhphq jfcvcgkh wfv kczfyfwwf# Ë kbpoyzhczf }fykmkghy xvf cfwzf ghwo, hpfwhy 
jhw pfychw jh bfckch fwzhyfb }olzhjhw phyh zyhq, cço kcjkghb yfpvlwh, bhw gfyzh pyfghvîço f powzvyh mfbkckch#
Aè o zyocgo jo yhphq gob kcglkchîço phyh zyèw fwzè jkqfcjo1 ) jfwfao bhczfy gfyzh jkwzécgkh)# Ow iyhîow mhlhb1 )co bobfczo cço bf
hiyo phyh fwzf yflhgkochbfczo) # H ghifîh kcglkchjh phyh h myfczf jkq1 )gocgoyjo hpfchw gob wvh kjëkhw ov wov fjvghjo f bf
9=
jkwpocdo h ov}ky, ov hkcjh, gocwkjfyo }ogá vbh hbknh) # Oiwfy}f hnoyh h kbpoyzécgkh jf oldhy o goypo kczfkyo# Ow jfwpyfphyhjow xvf
}kyhb h yfwpowzh wobfczf pflo yowzo, hgdhb xvf o yhphq jfwfah h bfckch, jhjh h wvh kcglkchîço5 bhw cço }kyhb xvf h pfych jo yhphq
goczyhjkq o wvpowzo kczfyfwwf, pokw fwzè }olzhjh phyh zyèw# Ghwo h pfych fwzk}fwwf }olzhjh phyh h phygfkyh, h wkzvhîço wfykh bhkw
mh}oyè}fl#
Ow py÷tkbow jfwfcdow pyfzfcjfb bowzyhy h pyonyfwwço jf vbh gocxvkwzh#

LKCNVHNFB GOYPOYHL JH BFCKCH

H golvch jh bfckch jkq1 )Hkcjh fwzov yfwkwzkcjo)#
Wfv aofldo f wfv pë jkyfkzo pyoafzhjow goczyh o pë f o aofldo jo yhphq jkqfb1 )Xvfyfbow }ogá, bhw hkcjh fwzhbow wfb afkzo)#

LKCNVHNFB GOYPOYHL JH BFCKCH

H bfckch gob h phlbh jh wvh bço fwxvfyjh }olzhjh phyh gkbh jkq1 )Zhbiëb fwzov hgfwwâ}fl, lono }ov gfjfy)#
H bço jkyfkzh jh bfckch jkq1) Fwzov gocwfczkcjo gob h wvh hzkzvjf)#
Ow jokw aofldow }olzhjow phyh o yhphq jkqfb1 )Jkyfgkochbow phyh o xvf yfhlbfczf kczfyfwwh)# H golvch jh bfckch jkq1 )Kcglkco"bf
phyh }ogá#
Coybhlbfczf fwwfw bo}kbfczow wço yèpkjow, gocwfxüfczfbfczf w÷ hw pfwwohw ifb zyfkchjhw f hzfczhw pojfyço jkwzkcnvky zojo o
}oghivlèyko jh lkcnvhnfb goypoyhl, poyzhczo, cço zkyf gocglvwöfw hpyfwwhjhw#
O py÷tkbo jfwfcdo yfmlfzf ifb vbh pfwwoh jfwhzfczh gob o hbikfczf#

9>
O goypo jh boîh jkq1 )ifb, hzë hnoyh cço kc}hjkyhb bfv zfyykz÷yko f cfb mhlhyhb gobkno, bf gologo à }oczhjf f bf fczyfzfcdo
gob fwwh yf}kwzh)#
COZH1 O zfyykz÷yko co xvhl h pfwwoh wf wfczf è }oczhjf, gobpyffcjf h jkwzécgkh jf vb jow iyhîow fwzkghjow $%" 40 gb +# Ë vbh
jkwzécgkh )wogkhlbfczf) f pwkgolonkghbfczf wfnvyh, pokw vbh jkwzécgkh bfcoy mhq gob xvf o kcgocwgkfczf wof o )hlhybf) jf xvf
hlnvëb pojfyè zogè"lo$h+#
O yhphq xvf fwzè co bfko ftpyfwwh gob wfv goypo1 )fwzov gob vbh kcglkchîço phyh o zfyykz÷yko jfwwh ao}fb, pyfzfcjo kc}hjk"lo f
bhczfy jkwzécgkh jfwzf gdhzo)# Wfv gozo}flo fwxvfyjo mhlh1 )fv cço xvfyo }ogá poy hxvk, fwzf ë wfv lkbkzf f }ogá whif xvf mkghyè 
kcgúbojo ghwo gdfnvf bhkw pfyzo)# O iyhîo fwxvfyjo jkq1 )o xvf bf kczfyfwwh ë h bvldfy f jfbocwzyo h flh xvf o bfv zfyykz÷yko
fwzè goc}kjhzk}o)#
H pfych fwxvfyjh $jo wfczkbfczo+ jkq1 )nowzhykh jf fwzhy h wfv lhjo, o xvf bf wfnvyh ë h pfych jkyfkzh $jh yhqço+ xvf bf kbpfjf jf
ky ho fcgoczyo jo xvf jfwfao# ) O yowzo }olzhjo phyh h powkîço jo yhphq cfwzh wkzvhîço mhlh1 )gobo ë jvyo wfy fjvghjo, hzë xvhcjo
}ov wvwzfczhy fwzh wkzvhîço)#
O woyykwo jkq1 )zfcdo poy fjvghîço bhczfy fwzf bfv woyykwo, gobo ë jvyo wfy dkp÷gykzh(, bhw h gvlph ë jfwzf wvafkzo xvf cço zfb
iob wfcwo)#
O yhphq xvf fwzè wfcjo kcopoyzvco, phwwh h wfnvkczf kcmoybhîço goypoyhl cfwzf bobfczo1
)Kcglkco"bf phyh }ogá co jfwfao jf goczhy hlno kczfyfwwhczf f hgdo xvf }ogá fwzè nowzhcjo jo hwwvczo)#
Hw pfychw mhlhb1 )kc}hjk wfv zfyykz÷yko, poyxvf hgdo xvf }ogá hiykv fwphîo phyh bf ov}ky)# Hw bçow jkqfb1 )wfnvyo hzë wfv pvcdo
phyh xvf bf ovîh gob hzfcîço, poyxvf gyfko xvf co bobfczo o bfv hwwvczo ë o xvf bhkw ldf kczfyfwwh)#
H ghifîh mhlh1 )Kcglkco"bf phyh }ogá, poyxvf xvfyo xvf wfah h ñckgh pfwwoh h whify o xvf mhlo)#
Fb wvbh, fwzf yhphq cço oldov h ftpyfwwço goypoyhl jo phygfkyo f mkgh bolfwzhcjo o dobfb xvf, gfyzhbfczf, o yozvlhyè gobo “gdhzo‒#

H MOYBH GOBO FLH HCJH POJF JKQFY BVKZO WOIYF WVH PFYWOCHLKJHJF

Hchlkwhyfbow hnoyh h pfywochlkjhjf jf hlnvëb hzyh}ëw jh moybh jf ghbkcdhy# Kwzo }hk mhgklkzhy f bvkzo gobo pyogfjfy gob h pfwwoh
xvf }ogá hghiov jf gocdfgfy#
O xvf bhkw f}kjfcgkh h moybh jf hcjhy ë h bhcfkyh jf gobo ow pëw wf powkgkochb ho gdço#
]fahbow fczço }èykow ftfbplow1 o pykbfkyo jfwfcdo ch py÷tkbh pènkch klvwzyh o bo}kbfczo jf pëw jf vbh pfwwoh fxvklkiyhjh, poyxvf
o pykbfkyo zoxvf ho gdço ë jo ghlghcdhy f ñlzkbo, jow jfjow#

Aè fwzf hcjhy, jfcvcgkh vbh pfwwoh kcwfnvyh ov gob bfjo, poyxvf h poczh jo pë ë h pykbfkyh xvf zogh ho wolo# Pojf zhbiëb
f}kjfcgkhy zkbkjfq f kczyowpfgîço jo wfv )fv)#

94
Fwzh ë h moybh fxvklkiyhjh jf hcjhy# Jfcozhcjo vbh pfwwoh bhjvyh, wfnvyh jf wk f ifb wvgfjkjh#

Fwzh moybh jf hcjhy jfbocwzyh }fldkgf, ghcwhîo gob o hbikfczf ov hw pfwwohw# Fcgoczyhbow zhbiëb fwzh moybh jf hcjhy fb pfwwohw
gob jfiklkjhjf mâwkgh f bfczhl#

Fwzf ë o hcjhy hyyhwzhjo xvf kcjkgh jfwlfkto, ghcwhîo, jfwéckbo mâwkgo f boyhl, goczyhykfjhjf, mhlzh jf ogvphîço f jfwpyfogvphîço
gob o wogkhl#

H hbplkzvjf jo phwwo ë zhbiëb vb ÷zkbo kcjkghjoy jh pfywochlkjhjf#

PHWWOW GVYZOW " kcjkghb vbh pfwwoh xvf cço zfb bvkzow hmhqfyfw, zhl gobo wf fwzk}fwwf jf mëykhw# Bowzyh zhbiëb mhlzh jf
jkwpowkîço f gfyzh jfwpyfogvphîço gob h }kjh#
PHWWOW BËJKOW " yfmlfzf vbh pfwwoh xvf fwzè fb dhybockh f whif vzklkqhy o zfbpo gob whifjoykh# Ë zhbiëb vb ÷zkbo kcjkghjoy 
jf bhzvykjhjf bfczhl/fwpkykzvhl #
PHWWOW LHYNOW " kcjkghb h pfwwoh gob oiafzk}o, gob kjfhl f bfzhw xvf pyfgkwhb wfy lono gvbpykjhw, jfcozhb zhbiëb fcfynkh
mâwkgh# Ow pëw f h moybh jf ghbkcdhy, cow jkqfb gob xvfb kyfbow lkjhy co pykbfkyo fcgoczyo# H wfnvky }ogá }fyè xvf hw bçow
zhbiëb mhlhb bvkzo woiyf o wfv bhkw co}o phygfkyo#

HW BÇOW
H xvkyoncobockh $fwzvjo jhw bçow+ mok ihwfhjh fb fwzvjow gobphyhzk}ow, jvyhczf bvkzow hcow, jow bhkw jk}fywow zkpow jf bçow#
Fwwfw fwzvjow yf}flh}hb, gob nyhcjf âcjkgf jf hgfyzow, h whñjf mâwkgh f h ghyhgzfyâwzkgh bfczhl f wogkhl jo kcjk}âjvo#
Fwwh hcèlkwf hlëb jf omfyfgfy hlnvbhw jkghw jh pfwwoh xvf o kczfyfwwh, pfybkzf vb jk}fyzkjo pyogfwwo jf gocdfgkbfczo jo
phygfkyo hzyh}ëw jh lfkzvyh jf wvh bço#
Ë kczfyfwwhczf hioyjhy fwwf hwwvczo gob h pfwwoh yfgëb gocdfgkjh xvhcjo }ogá fwzè wfb kcwpkyhîço# F}kzhyè, hwwkb, hwwvczow
xvfzoychb o jkèlono wfb chzvyhlkjhjf f jf jkmâgkl jfwfcyolhy#

Phyh lfybow h bço jf xvhlxvfy pfwwoh, jf}fbow gvbpyky hw fzhphw jf hcèlkwf xvf wfyço ftpowzhw# W÷ hwwkb zfyfbow
z fyfbow vbh kczfypyfzhîço
jkyknkjh f wfnvyh#

H MOYBH GOYYFZH JF HCHLKWHY HW BÇOW JO PY×TKBO

8 h FZHPH " Oiwfy}hy ow bo}kbfczow jhw bçow

Bçow xvf wf hnkzhb fcxvhczo h pfwwoh mhlh1 Fwzhbow jkhczf jf hlnvëb gob jkmkgvljhjfw phyh o jkèlono, ghyhgzfykqhcjo bvkzhw }fqfw
vbh pfwwoh cfy}owh ov hcwkowh# Bhw, hzfcîço( fwzh pojf wfy vbh pfwwoh zozhlbfczf ftzyo}fyzkjh, xvf nowzh jf ftpoy wfvw wfczkbfczow,
ghyhgzfykqhcjo, fczço, vb wfy }olñ}fl# Oizfcjo"wf vb iyf}f goczhzo, }ogá whifyè fb xvhkw jow ghwow fwwh pfwwoh wf fcghkth#

Bçow xvf cço wf hnkzhb xvhcjo h pfwwoh mhlh1 zyhzh"wf jf hlnvëb gob vbh chzvyfqh zyhcxüklh, phgkmkghjoyh, kcjkghjoy jf bhzvykjhjf
bfczhl f jf iob }oghivlèyko# Bvkzow wço fwpkykzvhlbfczf jfwfc}ol}kjow#

Bçow xvf wf fwgocjfb cow iolwow, fczyf hw pfychw, ov xvf fwzço woiyfpowzhw1 Zyhzh"wf jf hlnvëb yfwfy}hjo, xvf hbh o wklácgko, cço
nowzh jf bvlzkjöfw, ghwfkyo f wfbpyf xvf powwâ}fl pyfmfyf fwzhy gob povghw pfwwohw# H zkbkjfq zhbiëb ë ghyhgzfykqhjh poy fwwf
gobpoyzhbfczo jhw bçow#
9;
Bçow xvf fwzço wfbpyf pyogvyhcjo hlno phyh wfnvyhy1 Coybhlbfczf wço pfwwohw kczyhcxüklhw, zfcwhw, hcwkowhw, wfb phgkácgkh ov jf
zfbpfyhbfczo cfy}owo# Ë mègkl kjfczkmkgè"lhw, pokw fwzço wfbpyf bhckpvlhcjo ow bhkw }hykhjow oiafzow1 ghcfzh, ghkth jf m÷wmoyo,
gdh}fw, fzg#

9 h FZHPH " Wfczky hw bçow

Hpfyzo jf bço mkybf f moyzf1 ghyhgzfykqhjoy jf pfywochlkjhjf gocwzhczf, yfhlkqhjoyh, jkplobèzkgh, ifb yflhgkochjh $xvf nowzh jf mhqfy 
hbkqhjf+, whñjf bfczhl f mâwkgh# Jkmkgklbfczf ghyyfnh zyhvbhw ov gobplftow#
Bçow ñbkjhw f pfnhaowhw1 ghyhgzfykqh vbh pfwwoh bfjyowh, kcjfgkwh,
k cjfgkwh, myhgh, jfpfcjfczf bfczhlbfczf f mkchcgfkyhbfczf jow wfvw
phyfczfw# Hzfcîço( Dè pfwwohw gob jkwzñyikow oynéckgow xvf hpyfwfczhb ow bfwbow wkczobhw chw bçow#
Hpfyzo jf bço yèpkjo f moyzf1 O zfbpo phyh fwwhw pfwwohw ë mvcjhbfczhl# Fwwhw wço kbphgkfczfw f fwzço wfbpyf hpyfwwhjhw# Cço wf
pyfcjfb h jfzhldfw f nowzhb jf ov}ky lono o mkchl jh dkwz÷ykh# Ghyyfnhb wfbpyf vbh ioh jowf jf fnogfczykwbo# Fwwhw pfwwohw wço
hbhczfw jh }kjh vyihch hnkzhjh f jh zfgcolonkh#
Hpfyzo jf bço bolf1 Zyhzhcjo"wf jf dobfb pojf kcjkghy hzë mfbkcklkjhjf# Fwwf zkpo jf hpfyzo jf bço ghyhgzfykqh pfwwohw jf }kjh
mègkl f xvf coybhlbfczf wço pyfnvkîowhw#
Hpfyzo jf bço bvkzo moyzf1 Fwzhw pfwwohw nowzhb jf wfy o phlgo jhw hzfcîöfw, powwvfb fwpâykzo gobpfzkzk}o f wfbpyf pyogvyhb
kbpyfwwkochy ow xvf wf fcgoczyhb h wvh }olzh#

7 h FZHPH " H zftzvyh jh bço

Fwzh hcèlkwf pojfyè cow yf}flhy ghyhgzfyâwzkghw }kzhkw co pykbfkyo fcgoczyo#
H " Phlbh mkch1 cfy}owkwbo, zkbkjfq5
I " Phlbh nyowwh1 wfcwvhlkjhjf5
G " Phlbh èwpfyh f yhgdhjh 1 zyhihldhjoy iyhîhl, hlkbfczhîço poiyf fb cvzykfczfw#
J " Phlbh bhgkh f mlègkjh1 hboy ho lvto, kcfyzf f pyfnvkîowo#

: h FZHPH " H moybh jf hpyfwfczhy h bço

Oiwfy}f hnoyh gobo o polfnhy wf powkgkoch ch bço co bobfczo jo gvbpykbfczo#
Polfnhy avczo jh bço gob moybhzo jf gocgdh1 ghyhgzfykqh pfwwoh bfjyowh, kcgyëjvlh f jfwgocmkhjh# Yhyhbfczf wf lhcîh phyh co}hw
kjëkhw f fwzè wfbpyf jfwhpoczhjh gob h }kjh#
]fyfbow gobo o polfnhy wf powkgkoch fb yflhîço ho jfjo kcjkghjoy co bobfczo jo hpfyzo jf bçow# Kwzo cow bowzyhyè }èykow zyhîow
jh pfywochlkjhjf#

Polfnhy pfyzo jo jfjo kcjkghjoy1 xvhcjo o polfnhy moybh vb pfxvfco écnvlo $ % 80 nyhvw+# Ë vb kcjkghjoy jf pfwwohw gob mhlzh jf
lkjfyhcîh# Nfyhlbfczf wço wvioyjkchjhw f kcmlvfcgkè}fkw#
Polfnhy moybhcjo vb écnvlo jf :6 nyhvw1 ghyhgzfykqh vbh pfwwoh bojfyhjh, fxvklkiyhjh f xvf }k}f fb ioh dhybockh gob o
wfbfldhczf f hw lfkw jo wfv phâw#
Polfnhy jkwzhcgkhjo, moybhcjo vb écnvlo jf :6 à >0 nyhvw1 ghyhgzfykqh pfwwohw gob nowzo pflh lkifyjhjf, powwvkjoyhw jf vb
pfcwhbfczo kcjfpfcjfczf f yf}olvgkocèykhw cvb iob wfczkjo#
Polfnhy ftzyfbhbfczf jkwzhcgkhjo $hgkbh jf >0 nyhvw+1 ghyhgzfykqh pfwwohw gob zozhl jfwpyfqo pflo wfbfldhczf# Kcjk}âjvow xvf
bowzyhb kcjkmfyfcîh
how pyoilfbhw hldfkow f jo wfv phâw# Yf}olvgkocèyko pfyknowo, mhcèzkgo pflh lkifyjhjf, jf jkmâgkl bhcfao, jkmkgklbfczf gocwzkzvfb
mhbâlkh f cço }k}fb jf hgoyjo gob h wogkfjhjf fb xvf dhikzhb#
Ow pyfjkghjow jh pfywochlkjhjf hvbfczhb xvhcjo pfyzo jow écnvlow bfcgkochjow#
O polfnhy xvhcjo wf hpyfwfczh jvyo, gvy}o, }olzhjo phyh o jfjo kcjkghjoy f h phlbh jh bço gúcgh}h gob ow jfjow kcglkchjow phyh o
polfnhy1 ghyhgzfykqh o kcjk}âjvo h}hyfczo, fnoâwzh f jf povgh kczflknácgkh#

70
LFCJO O BOCZF JF ]ÁCVW

H zfygfkyh mhlhcnf jo polfnhy, gdhbhjh zhbiëb jf boczf jf ]ácvw, ë vb nyhcjf kcjkghjoy jow bhkw }hykhjow wfczkbfczow
yflhgkochjow ho wfto# Fwzh oiwfy}hîço, fb hgoyjo gob h hcèlkwf jhw ovzyhw jvhw mhlhcnfw, ldf pfybkzkyè whify gobo wfv phygfkyo
hnf wftvhlbfczf, bfyfgfcjo vbh hcèlkwf kwolhjh# Ë o xvf }fyfbow h wfnvky1
8 " Boczf jf ]ácvw locno, bvkzo fwpfwwo $ghycvjo+, jfbhwkhjhbfczf jfwfc}ol}kjo fb yflhîço à bço f jf goy h}fybfldhjh ov
yowhjh# Bhczfcdh"wf locnf, ghwo }ogá xvfkyh wf bhczfy }kynfb# Fwwh pfwwoh zfb nyhcjf }kzhlkjhjf wftvhl f }k}fyè phyzkgvlhybfczf
phyh o wfto# Co fczhczo, cço hchlkwf gyvhbfczf fwzh phyzf, pyogvyf }fy zojo o goczftzo jh bço#
9 " Boczf jf ]ácvw bëjko, mkybf f jf goy yowhjh# Ghyhgzfykqh vbh pfwwoh wfb ftgfwwow, ioh }kzhlkjhjf f hpfzkzf wftvhl bojfyhjo f
xvf jfwmyvzh yfnyhjhbfczf zojow ow pyhqfyfw xvf h }kjh omfyfgf#
7 " Boczf jf }ácvw gdhzo, fwgh}hjo f jf goy iyhcgh ov pèlkjh# Yfpyfwfczh myhxvfqh wftvhl f mfyzklkjhjf jv}kjowh# Wf fwzh bço
fwzk}fy bvkzo fwgh}hjh f glhyh, gfyzhbfczf fwwf co}o gobphcdfkyo w÷ kyè mvcgkochy à ihwf jf hmyojkwâhgow# Hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw xvf
kcjkghb h mhlzh jf moyîh }kzhl cfwwh èyfh, yf}flhb pfwwohw xvf }k}fb wf gfyghcjo jf gvkjhjow, ftgfwwo jf ghvzflh, bfjo jh boyzf f jo
fyyo#
: " Boczf jf ]ácvw hlzo, bhgko f yowhjo# Gfyzhbfczf }ogá fwzhyè jkhczf jf hlnvëb jf chzvyfqh ftgkzè}fl# Wço pfwwohw jf bvjhcîhw
yfpfczkchw $bvzè}fl+ f nfyhlbfczf fwzço wfbpyf zyoghcjo jf phygfkyo#
6 " Boczf jf ]ácvw pfxvfco, jvyo f iyhcgo# Kcjkghjoy jf mykfqh wftvhl, bowzyh zhbiëb hvzogoczyolf f jfwpyfcjkbfczo cfwwh èyfh#
Cço kcjkgh iocw pyfwwènkow phyh vbh pfwwoh xvf jfwfah zfy vbh mhbâlkh nyhcjf#
Pojf"wf jkqfy xvf o polfnhy hpfymfkîoh h kczflknácgkh jo dobfb ov h kczflknácgkh jo dobfb ë fwzkbvlhjh pflo wfv polfnhy#
Oiwfy}f ow oiafzow h wvh }olzh1 gopo, lèpkw, bhîhcfzh, zflfmocf, fzg# Zojow w÷ powwvfb fwzf moybhzo poy xvf o polfnhy pfybkzf pfnh"low
f bhcvwfè"low# O ñckgo hckbhl xvf powwvk polfnhy ë o dobfb, gob ftgfîço jo bhghgo, wfcjo xvf fwzf powwvk vb )zhlo) yânkjo xvf
cço pfybkzf bhkoyfw bo}kbfczow# Hw pfwwohw xvf záb vb polfnhy ftzyfbhbfczf yânkjo, coybhlbfczf powwvfb pyoilfbhw bfczhkw
nyh}fw, pokw o zhzo ë vb jow wfczkjow bhkw vzklkqhjow phyh o gyfwgkbfczo bfczhl jo dobfb#
78
Vb polfnhy yfwpfkzè}fl f kczflknfczf jf}f wfy jf iob zhbhcdo# O kjfhl ë xvf fwzf gdfnvf ch bfzhjf jh pykbfkyh mhlhcnf jo jfjo
kcjkghjoy#
Avczhcjo o polfnhy gob o jfjo kcjkghjoy $bço yfzh+, o polfnhy xvf gdfnh hzë h bfzhjf jh pykbfkyh mhlhcnf jo jfjo kcjkghjoy,
jfbocwzyh vbh pfwwoh xvf fwzè jfczyo jh coybhlkjhjf gocmoybf h klvwzyhîço hihkto#

O polfnhy xvf cço gdfnh h fwwf bhygo jfcozh vbh pfwwoh povgo fwmoyîhjh, jf kczflknácgkh f pfywf}fyhcîh myhghw# H pfwwoh xvf powwvk
fwzf zkpo jf polfnhy ë lf}hjh à kbpvlwk}kjhjf f à iyvzhlkjhjf#
O polfnhy vlzyhphwwhcjo o lkbkzf jh bfzhjf jh pykbfkyh mhlhcnf, jfbocwzyh h pfwwoh fwmoyîhjh, zyhihldhjoyh, kczflknfczf f
kcjfpfcjfczf#
Xvhczo bhkw hgkbh ov hihkto o polfnhy fwzk}fy jfwwf bhygo, dh}fyè vbh kczfcwkjhjf bhkoy jow hjafzk}ow bfcgkochjow#
O polfnhy jf}f wfy mkybf, pyopoygkochl f bojfyhjhbfczf mlftâ}fl, ghyhgzfykqhcjo vbh pfwwoh fxvklkiyhjh f bhjvyh#
Polfnhyfw mlftâ}fkw1 Jfbocwzyhb vb zfbpfyhbfczo wogkè}fl f hjhpzè}fl# Coybhlbfczf wfvw poyzhjoyfw wço hmfzk}ow f fcghczhjoyfw#
Polfnhyfw bvkzow mlftâ}fkw1 Jfcozhb kcjk}âjvow xvf wço mègfkw jf wfyfb pfywvhjkjow f kcmlvfcgkhjow# Coybhlbfczf wço pfwwohw
ftzyh}hnhczfw#
Polfnhyfw yânkjow1 Wço pfwwohw yknoyowhw f gob jkwgkplkchw glhyhw# Nfyhlbfczf phwwhb gocmkhcîh f nowzhb jf oykfczhy o py÷tkbo#
Polfnhyfw ftzyfbhbfczf yânkjow1 Pfwwohw xvf cço hgfkzhb wfy goczfwzhjhw, cço hgfkzhb gyâzkghw jf xvhlxvfy chzvyfqh, ov wfah, ë o
pfymfkzo kczyhcwknfczf#
Pykbfkyh mhlhcnf jo polfnhy gvyzh gob o moybhzo jf vbh iolh1 Wf }ogá xvkwfy bowzyhy vb mhzo gocwvbhjo f h pfwwoh cço jfy ov}kjow
f moy jo goczyh w÷ poy ikyyh5 oldf phyh fwwf jfjo, ë o zfkbowo#
Jfjow gvyzow1 Wf }ogá fwzk}fy jkhczf jfwwfw jfjow, gfyzhbfczf mok kcwzhczhcfhbfczf h}hlkhjo# Wço pfwwohw xvf }áfb o hwpfgzo nfyhl, o
gocavczo jf gfyzh moybh# Bhw wobfczf o xvf fwzè bhkw ÷i}ko# Flhw cço wço pyfwhw how jfzhldfw, poyzhczo, cço wf pyfogvpf ghwo wvhw
vcdhw fwzfahb bhlzyhzhjhw#
Jfjow gobpykjow1 Hnoyh }ogá pojf fwgocjfy wvhw vcdhw# Fwzfw wço powwvkjoyfw jf vb fwpâykzo bfzkgvlowo, jfzhldkwzh f }knkhb gob
bkcvgkowkjhjf wfv afkzo jf mhlhy, }fwzky, gobfy, fzg#
Fwwh pfwwoh pojfyè hzë wfy gdhzh poy xvfyfy zvjo pfymfkzo, cço w÷ fb yflhîço how ovzyow, gobo jf wk bfwbh#
Jfjow pyopoygkochkw à bço1 powwvfb h ghyhgzfyâwzkgh jf }fy o gocavczo f jfzhldfw jf moybh dhybockowh#

79
Ow c÷jvlow wço fwwfw )c÷w) fczyf hw mhlhcnfw# O pykbfkyo c÷jvlo ë gocdfgkjo gobo o )c÷ mklow÷mkgo)# Wço pfwwohw xvf wf xvfwzkochb,
pyogvyhb f fwzvjhb hw ghvwhw phyh hwwkb zkyhy wvhw gocglvwöfw hgfyzhjhbfczf# Jkhczf jf zhl bço, cço xvfkyh lf}hy fwwhw pfwwohw phyh
wfv hphyzhbfczo pflh fboîço# ]ogá zfyè xvf bowzyhy ow poyxváw jf wfvw plhcow#
Fwwfw wço kcjk}âjvow xvf záb mhgklkjhjf phyh oyjfchy wvhw kjëkhw f coybhlbfczf wço jkyfgkochjow gocmoybf o wfv kczflfgzo xvf hnf jf
bojo oynhckqhjo f jfzhldhjo#
O wfnvcjo c÷jvlo ë jf oyjfb bhzfykhl# Fcgoczyh"wf fwzh ghyhgzfyâwzkgh cow mkl÷womow, pfcwhjoyfw f gkfczkwzhw# Wço zhbiëb kcjk}âjvow
gob mhgklkjhjf phyh bhckpvlhy xvhlxvfy zyhihldo xvf ftkah dhiklkjhjf gob o bvcjo bhzfykhl1 hjbkckwzyhîço, fgocobkh, gèlgvlow,
hyyhcaow, fzg# Cozh"wf xvf wço kcjk}âjvow xvf jfwfahb gocmoyzo, ifb"fwzhy f pyhqfyfw jo bvcjo#
Hw pfgvlkhykjhjfw jfwwfw c÷jvlow, jf}fyço wfy wobhjhw hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jf zhbhcdo jow jfjow#
Jfjow mkcow f lkwo1 ]ogá fwzè jkhczf jf vbh pfwwoh wfcwâ}fl# Cço xvfkyh ftkiky wfvw pfyzfcgfw bhzfykhkw# O xvf o joco$h+ jfwwf jfjo
goczfbplh ë h hyzf, o iflo, h bñwkgh f zvjo xvf pojf lf}hy ho wfv fwzhjo jf kcwpkyhîço#
Ftgfwwo1 kyyfmlftço
Jfjow mkcow ch ihwf1 ]ogá pojf gdoyhy wvhw bènohw xvf wfyè ifb yfgfikjo# Fwwh ghyhgzfyâwzkgh ë fcgoczyhjh fb pfwwohw jfwpyfcjkjhw
jh bhzëykh# Coybhlbfczf hbhb o py÷tkbo f wço hlzyvâwzhw#
Jfjow nyowwow ch ihwf jh zfygfkyh mhlhcnf1 ]ogá pojf mkwnhy fwwh pfwwoh pflh iogh# Mhîh vb goc}kzf phyh vb hlboîo f zvjo wfyè
powwâ}fl#
Zyhzh"wf jf hlnvëb xvf hpyfgkh o hzo jf gobfy, wfcjo fwwf o wfv poczo myhgo# Coybhlbfczf fwwf zkpo jf pfwwoh zfb h bço kcgdhjh,
fwpfwwh f h phlbh ë bhkoy xvf ow jfjow#
Ftgfwwo1 $nlvzockh+ nvlh#
Jfjow nyowwow, zoyzow f jfwhafkzhjow1 O bfldoy h mhqfy ë zobhy h jf}kjh jkwzécgkh# Fwzhbow lkjhcjo gob pfwwohw jf chzvyfqh zoyzvowh,
pfyzvyihjh f fnoâwzh#
Ftgfwwo1 gyvfljhjf#

Jfjow hyyfjocjhjow1 Hxvk h pofwkh f hwwvczow bâwzkgow fcgoczyhb fwphîo#

O powwvkjoy jfwwh moybh jf jfjo powwvk kczvkîço, kbhnkchîço, kbpvlwk}kjhjf, ghykjhjf f hmfzo# Fczyfzhczo, zfb vb pë ch yfhlkjhjf f
ovzyo ch lvh#
Ftgfwwo1 wocdhjoyfw f zfkbowow#

77
Jfjow xvhjyhjow1 Cfb zfczf fc}ol}fy o )joco) jfwwf moybhzo jf jfjo gob pofwkhw f hwwvczow bâwzkgow, pokw }ogá fwzè jkhczf jf
hlnvëb pyèzkgo, yfhlkwzh f yhgkochl#
Ftgfwwo1 mhchzkwbo jo bëzojo, jh oyjfb f jh yfnyh#
Jfjow poczvjow1 Fwzhw pfwwohw fwzço gob ow jokw pëw ch lvh#
Wço ftzyfbhbfczf wfcwkzk}ow f fbogkochkw# Coybhlbfczf wf fcgoczyhb fb hbikfczfw hyzâwzkgow, bâwzkgow f yflknkowow jfkthcjo o lhjo
pyèzkgo f hw gokwhw bhzfykhkw ièwkghw jh }kjh# Kcmflkqbfczf bvkzow jflfw cço gocwfnvfb wfnvky wfvw jfwzkcow f zyhcwkzhb
bflhcgolkghbfczf pflh }kh ghpkzhlkwzh#
Ftgfwwo1 mhchzkwbo yflknkowo f bâwzkgo# Yobhcgfw f h}fczvyhw lovghw, k bpowwâ}fkw# Kbhnkchîço f bfczkyhw fthnfyhjhw#

O OLDHY 
H moybh f o zkpo jo oldhy zhbiëb cow jkqfb bvkzo co pykbfkyo goczhzo# Hzyh}ëw jo wfv iykldo f bo}kbfczow, flf ftpyfwwh o fwzhjo
bhkw pyomvcjo jh hlbh# Hzfczf phyh flfw f fctfynhyè ow bhkw âczkbow jfwfaow#
OLDHY MKTO 1 Ow oldow jkqfb1 “hlno bf kczfyfwwh, ov, fwzov pfcwhcjo‒# ]fah ifb phyh ocjf fwwfw oldow hpoczhb# Ghwo wfah
phyh vbh pfwwoh, cço kczfymkyh cfwwf xvhjyo# Zojh}kh, wf moghb oiafzow, }ogá pojfyè fczyhy fb gfch f jf pyfmfyácgkh mhlhcjo jf zhkw
oiafzow gob chzvyhlkjhjf# H pfwwoh, gfyzhbfczf ldf jhyè bhkoy yfwphljo, pokw cfwwf bobfczo, ë o oiafzo xvf ldf gdhbh bhkw hzfcîço#
O oldhy mkto zhbiëb jkq yfwpfkzo à pfywochlkjhjf, jfcozhcjo vbh pfwwoh gob oiafzk}ow glhyow, jf pfcwhbfczow l÷nkgow f jf
fwzhiklkjhjf, wfcjo vb ÷zkbo kcjkghjoy jf bhzvykjhjf# Hw pfwwohw xvf wf fcgoczyhb gob fwwf hwpfgzo, coybhlbfczf hzyhfb h hzfcîço
jo wfto opowzo# Poy ovzyo lhjo, o oldhy jfwoykfczhjo, jfwcoyzfhjo f xvf wf }olzh phyh }èykhw jkyfîöfw, jkq1 )fwzov jfwfwpfyhjo,
cfgfwwkzhcjo jf hlno, bf fcgoczyo jkwzyhâjo f pyogvyo vb phwwhzfbpo, pyogvyo bkcdh kjfczkjhjf, xvfyo whky jfwwf fwzhjo, cço
bf kczfyfwwo pflo phygfkyo, cço mhlo h }fyjhjf) $ kwzo xvhcjo cço wf zyhzhy jf pfwwoh zâbkjh +#
O OLDHY JF WOWLHKO $bhkw gocdfgkjo gobo )yhio jf oldo)+ ë xvhcjo o goypo cço wf pyoafzh phyh h jkyfîço jo xvf ldf ghvwov
kczfyfwwf, fwzf oldhy jkq1 )Hgdfk }ogá bhyh}kldowo$h+, kcmflkqbfczf cço powwo phyhy, ov bfldoy, ow phjyöfw ëzkgow cço bf jfkthb
ky h wfv fcgoczyo)# Wf }ogá cozhy xvf vbh pfwwoh fwzè ldf oiwfy}hcjo jfwzh bhcfkyh, f wf fwzh moy jo wfv kczfyfwwf, cço pfygh zfbpo,
}è ho fcgoczyo jf xvfb fwzè poy zyèw jfwzf oldhy f gfyzhbfczf wfyè ifb yfgfikjo#
O oldhy jf wowlhko zhbiëb pojf kcjkghy yfgfko jfwgocmkhcîh ov bfjo jf hlno xvf wf hpyotkbh#
OLDOW IYKLDHCZFW1 flfw xvfyfb jkqfy xvf fwzço hphktochjow, fczvwkhwbhjow f hlfnyfw# Wf hlnvëb o oldhy hwwkb, fwzfah gfyzo
xvf hw poyzhw jf vb yobhcgf fwzhyço fwghcghyhjhw#
OW OLDOW OPHGOW aè jfcozhb o oiafzk}o goczyèyko, fczyfzhczo, cço jfwkwzh, h bvjhcîh jfwwf oldhy pojfyè }ky gob h wvh pyfwfcîh#
OLDOW WFBK"HIFYZOW ov fb moybh jf ikgo, flfw jkqfb1 )fwzov fb jñ}kjh, ov wov goczyèyko h###, zfcdo yhk}h, vb jkh bf
}kcnhyfk) # Wf fcgoczyhy hlnvëb hwwkb, whkih zfy h jf}kjh jkwzécgkh f phgkácgkh#
Fb wvbh, o oldhy yf}flh o fwzhjo fbogkochl f vbh ioh hcèlkwf pojfyè cow yfcjfy vb ÷zkbo yobhcgf#

O WOYYKWO
Flf pojf wfy zyhkîofkyo, gobo zhbiëb h bhkw }fyjhjfkyh jhw ftpyfwwöfw# Gobo kjfczkmkghy?
O woyykwo poy fjvghîço ë h moybh phjyockqhjh jf vbh glhwwf bhkw flkzkqhjh, wfcjo bhkw vzklkqhjo pflh bvldfy# O woyykwo, bvkzhw }fqfw,
}fb ghyyfnhjo jf bhlâgkhw f pyfgocgfkzow#
H nhynhldhjh ë o kc}fywo jo woyykwo# H nhynhldhjh }fb à zoch wfb bhkoyfw gvkjhjow, cço kbpoyzhcjo o hbikfczf ov pfwwohw xvf fwzço
à }olzh5 nfyhlbfczf o goypo kczfkyo hgobphcdh wfvw fbihlow# O dobfb gvlzvh bhkw h nhynhldhjh# H bvldfy ë hkcjh, kcmflkqbfczf,
zhthjh gobo }vlnhy xvhcjo hiyf hw gobpoyzhw jh “mflkgkjhjf‒, jkq"wf xvf h bvldfy wfcwvhl cço yk, woyyk#
WOYYKWO FWPKYKZVHL1 fwzf ë o }fyjhjfkyo yfnoqkao jh hlbh#
Fwzf woyykwo cço ë fwphldhmhzowo, poyëb ë zço pyomvcjo xvf }fb hgobphcdhjo jf lènykbhw# Wf }ogá wfbpyf gocwfnvf oizfy fwzf
woyykwo jh phygfkyh$o+ co pykbfkyo goczhzo, cço dè h bfcoy cfgfwwkjhjf jf lfy o yfwzo jo lk}yo# ]ogá aè ë vb )ftpfyz) ch èyfh#
]hlf h pfch gkzhy hlnvbhw bètkbhw jo }fyjhjfkyo woyykwo#
" Fcykxvfgf xvfb o yfgfif, wfb fbpoiyfgfy xvfb o jè5
" Jvyh wobfczf vb kcwzhczf, bhw wfvw fmfkzow pfyjvyhb co zfbpo5
" Cço gvwzh chjh f yfcjf bvkzo5
" Ckcnvëb ë zço ykgo xvf jflf cço pyfgkwf5
" Ckcnvëb ë zço poiyf xvf cço powwh jhy5
" Ë wâbiolo jh hbkqhjf, hlfczo phyh ow jfwhckbhjow, yfpovwo phyh ow ghcwhjow, yhko jf wol phyh ow zykwzfw5
" Cço wf gobpyh cfb wf fbpyfwzh f cfcdvbh bofjh phnh o wfv }hloy5
" Cço dè ckcnvëb xvf pyfgkwf zhczo jf vb woyykwo, gobo hxvflf xvf cço whif bhkw woyyky5
" Xvhcjo }ogá chwgfv, zojow woyykhb f w÷ }ogá gdoyh}h# ]k}h jf zhl bhcfkyh xvf, xvhcjo }ogá boyyfy, zojow gdoyfb f wobfczf }ogá
woyykh pflh }kwço jow nhlhyjöfw jf wvh boyhjh gflfwzkhl#
Ifb, gdfnhbow ho mkchl jfwzf jkgkocèyko# Xvfyâhbow jkqfy xvf gob fwzf goczfñjo }ogá aè ë ghphq jf pyf}fy o gobpoyzhbfczo
mfbkckco f zkyhy pyo}fkzo jhw yfwpowzhw xvf flh kcgocwgkfczfbfczf jfy#
Ioh ghîhjh(((

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