Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Subject + To Be + Verb + Ing
Subject + To Be + Verb + Ing
ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ :ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ.
ﻃﺮﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ :ﺩﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ-ﺩﺍﺭﻱ -ﺩﺍﺭﺩ-ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ-ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺪ-ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ
»ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ« ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻳﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ be +ing
ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻬﻢ be :ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ are,is,amﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻭ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ ﻭ ingﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ
now ﺣﺎﻻ
This morning
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This year
This week
-2ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ yﺧﺘﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ingﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ yﺣﺬﻑ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ingﺑﻪ ﺁﺧﺮﺵ ﻣﻲ ﭼﺴﺒﺪ.
PlayÆplaying
StudyÆstudying
CarryÆcarrying
-3ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ eﺧﺘﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ingﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ eﺣﺬﻑ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ingﻣﻲ ﻧﺸﻴﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﻓﻌﻞ
Come Æcoming
Take Ætaking
Have Æhaving
31
Be Æbeing
-4ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺑﻲ ﺻﺪﺍ ﺧﺘﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺑﻲ ﺻﺪﺍ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺣﺮﻑ
ﺻﺪﺍ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ) (a,e,i,o,uﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ingﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ingﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ.
SitÆ sitting
Put Æ putting
Read Æ reading
-5ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ieﺧﺘﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ingﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ieﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ yﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ingﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ.
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ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ
ﻃﺮﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ :ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ edﻳﺎ iedﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ.
ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ :
do Æ did
am , is Æ was
are Æ were
have Æ had
go Æ went
come Æ came
see Æ saw
ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ :ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ didﻳﺎ didn’tﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ edﻳﺎ iedﺣﺬﻑ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺑﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻭﻝ
ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ.
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-1ﻭﺟﻮﺩ edﻳﺎ iedﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩ.
Æﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ in + ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ )( in 1920
ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻬﻢ :ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ.
ﺗﺬﻛﺮ :ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ yﺧﺘﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ yﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺻﺪﺍﺩﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ed
ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ.
play Æ played
stay Æ stayed
∗say Æ said
∗pay Æ paid
ﻭ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ yﺧﺘﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ yﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺻﺪﺍﺩﺍﺭ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ yﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻣﻲ
ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﻭ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ iﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺳﭙﺲ edﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ iedﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ.
carry Æ carried
study Æ studied
try Æ tried
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ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ :
ﭘﺎﺳﺦ:
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:ﺯﻧﮓ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﺢ
To Do
You did. Did you do?
ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﮐﻤﮑﯽ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ
He has to go.
He had to teach.
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I was teacher last year.
My brother was playing the piano when his teacher rang.
ﺗﺬﻛﺮ :ﻫﺮ ﮔﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ whenﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ
ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ.
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ﺍﻣﺮﻱ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻓﻌﻞ :
ﺩﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﺎﺋﻴﻢ ) (toﻱ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﺋﻴﻢ youﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻲ
ﻣﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻣﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ:
ﺍﮔﺮ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ youﺑﻮﺩ youﺭﺍ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ .
-ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ to beﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﻗﺘﻴﻜﻪ youﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ aren’tﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ don’t be
ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻳﻚ againﺩﺭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ .
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ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ :
ﭘﺎﺳﺦ:
39
6-Please be happy.
:ﻣﺮﻭﺭ
40
They will be here in three weeks.
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ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺳﺎﺩﻩSimple future tense :
ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ +ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ + will / shall +ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻃﺮﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ :
ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ) (willﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺍﺯ shallﻫﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ .
tomorrow ﻓﺮﺩﺍ
( a week/ a year/ a monthﺯﻣﺎﻥ in+ )ﺗﺎ ﻳﮏ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ،ﻳﮏ ﺳﺎﻝ ،ﻳﮏ ﻣﺎﻩ ﺩﻳﮕﻪ
ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ :ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ willﻳﺎ shallﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ notﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ
ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ :ﺑﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ willﻳﺎ shallﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ.
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whenÆ ﻭﻗﺘﻴﻜﻪ as long as Æ ﻣﺎﺩﺍﻣﻴﻜﻪ
till Æ ﺗﺎ
until Æ ﺗﺎ
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ﺭﺑﻂ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ
ﺩﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺑﺪﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﺎ )ﻛﻪ ( ﺭﺑﻂ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﮔﺮﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ
ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ) :(2ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ
ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ) : (3ﺍﮔﺮ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﺶ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻫﻢ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ
ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ thatﻭ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ not toﻣﻲ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻳﻢ.
Not to come
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not to write
ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ) :(4ﺍﮔﺮ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ thatﻭ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ toﺭﺍ ﻫﻢ
I let you that you go. Æ I let you to go Æ I let you go.
I make you that you be. Æ I make you to be Æ I make you be.
see ﺩﻳﺪﻥ
hear ﺷﻨﻴﺪﻥ
have ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ
know ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻦ
ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ) :(5ﺍﮔﺮ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺣﺴﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ thatﻭ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻫﻢ
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ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ :
46
tell & say ﺩﻭ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ
ﺍﮔﺮ ﮔﻔﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻔﺘﻦ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻧﻴﺎﻳﺪ ) ﮔﻔﺘﻦ( ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ sayﻭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺁﻥ
saidﺍﺳﺖ.
ﺍﮔﺮ ﮔﻔﺘﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮﻑ ) ﺑﻪ ( ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻔﺘﻦ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﻭﺩ ) ﮔﻔﺘﻦ ( ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ
ﺍﮔﺮ ﮔﻔﺘﻦ ﺑﺎ )ﺭﺍ( ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﮔﻔﺘﻦ( ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ meanﻭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺁﻥ meantﺍﺳﺖ.
ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ :ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ tellاز ﻛﻠﻤﻪ say toﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺣﺘﻤﹰﺎ tellﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ
ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ.
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ﻗﻴﻮﺩ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ
every dayﻫﺮ ﺭﻭﺯ -1ﻗﻴﻮﺩ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ :ﺟﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺜﻞ :
-2ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻗﻴﻮﺩ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﻨﺪ .ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺗﮑﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ
ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﮐﻤﮑﯽ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻌﻞ ﮐﻤﮑﯽ ﻭ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺁﻳﻨﺪ.
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-3ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﺎ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ
ﺍﺳﺖ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ .
-4ﺍﮔﺮ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺎﹰﻛﻴﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻗﻴﻮﺩ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﻨﺪ.
) ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ 2ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﻧﮑﻨﻴﺪ )(.ﻓﻌﻞ ﮐﻤﮑﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺎﮐﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ doﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ(.
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ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ
ﺩﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﺳﻤﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻲ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﻜﻨﻴﻢ .
ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﺳﻤﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻋﻼﺋﻤﻲ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ،
Theﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻭ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺵ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ ﻭ )ﺭﺍ -ﻛﻪ – ﻛﺴﺮﻩ( ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ:
-1ﺍﮔﺮ uﺑﺎ ﺻﺪﺍﻱ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ) ﻳﻮ( ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ) (aﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ) (uﺑﺎ ﺻﺪﺍﻱ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ )ﺁ( ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ
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a used car ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﻛﻬﻨﻪ
-3ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺻﺪﺍﻱ ) (hﺗﻠﻔﻆ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ) (aﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺻﺪﺍﻱ ) (hﺗﻠﻔﻆ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ anﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ.
ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ) :(1ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ theﺑﺎ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﻮﻫﻬﺎ – ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻫﺎ -ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ -ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻬﺎ -ﺧﻠﻴﺠﻬﺎ –ﺻﺤﺮﺍﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ .
ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ) :(2ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻴﺰﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ theﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ .
The god, The sun, The earth, The moon, The sky
ﺑﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ Theﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ : •
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The east ﺷﺮﻕ
ﺑﺎ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻲ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ Theﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ . •
ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻬﻢ :ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ made ofﻫﻴﭻ ﮔﺎﻩ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ.
ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻫﺎ Theﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ. •
ﺍﮔﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺣﺘﻤﹰﺎ Theﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ . •
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ﺿﻤﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻠﻜﻲ
ﺿﻤﺎﻳﺮﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻠﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲ ﻧﺸﻴﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ :
ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﺟﻤﻊ
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ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻴﺖ ﺩﻭ ﺍﺳﻢ :
ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻛﺴﺮﻩ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺩﻭﻡ
ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭼﭗ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻛﺴﺮﻩ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ )(of
ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻣﺎ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﭼﭗ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻛﺴﺮﻩ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ •
ﺑﻪ )(′s
ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻣﺎ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ sﻳﺎ esﻳﺎ iesﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺯ ) (′sﻓﻘﻂ ) (,ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ ﻭ )(s •
ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ) (′sﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ . •
ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ) (′sﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ. •
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ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ »ﺍﺯ« ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ
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: through -4ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻦ .
: than -5ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺗﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ erﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ
: how -7ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺠﺎ -ﭼﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻣﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ .
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How do you know my address?
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Future Continuous Tense « » ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ
ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦwill ﻭﻳﺎshall ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ
I shall be working
I will be working
He/she/it will be working
You will be working
We shall be working
We will be working
They will be working
. ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪwill ﻭshall ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻬﺪﻩ ﺩﻭ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ: ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ
: ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ-ﺍﻟﻒ
: ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ-ﺏ
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We will be having a test next week .ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ
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ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ :
-4ﻣﺎ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻩ ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﺮﻳﻢ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺭﺿﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﭘﻴﺎﻧﻮ ﺑﺰﻧﺪ.
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Sequence of tenses ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ:
ﻫﺮ ﮔﺎﻩ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﻫﻢ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣـﻲ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
He knew well that he didn’t have the right to fire me.
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» «Used to
ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ
) ﺳﺎﺑﻘﹰﺎ -ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻬﺎ – ﺍﻭﻧﺮﻭﺯﻫﺎ -ﺟﻮﺍﻧﻴﻬﺎ( ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ didﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
?Did you use to study here ﺁﻳﺎ ﺗﻮ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﹰﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻱ.
I didn’t use to see him very often. ﻣﻦ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺩﻳﺪﻡ.
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
He used to be the dean of high school but he isn’t now ,again.
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ :ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ used toﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ wouldﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
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someone else : ﻳﻚ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﻪ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
-3ﺁﻳﺎ ﭘﺪﺭﺕ ﻗﺒ ﹰ
ﻼ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ؟
-4ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒ ﹰ
ﻼ ﺗﺎ ﺩﻳﺮﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﺑﻴﺪﻡ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻻﻥ ﺯﻭﺩ ﺑﻴﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻡ.
ﺗﺬﮐﺮ:
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ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻳﺪ ﺟﻠﻮﻱ ﻛﻼﺱ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻴﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﻛﻢ ﻛﻢ ﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ.
Some of you aren’t used to standing in front of the class but don’t worry, gradually
you will get used to it.
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. ﺍﻭﻟﺶ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻴﻢ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ-4
. ﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻬﺎﺭ ﻳﻚ ﭼﺮﺕ ﺑﺰﻧﺪ-5
. ﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻡ – ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﺒﺎﺵ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻲ، ﺁﻳﺎ ﺗﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﻱ-6
. ﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﺨﻮﻧﻪ-7
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« Question tag » ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻲ
ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻦ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﻨﻮﻧﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ) ﻣﮕﻪ ﻧﻪ -ﻣﮕﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻃـﻮﺭ
ﻧﻴﺴﺖ -ﻭ ﻫﺎﻥ(ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ:
-1ﺍﮔﺮ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﻭ notﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻣﺨﻔﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ
-2ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﻭ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ
ﻼ
ﺑﺒﺮﻳﻢ ﻣﺜ ﹰ
ﺗﺒﺼﺮﻩ : 1ﭼﻮﻥ am notﻣﺨﻔﻒ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﺯ aren’t Iﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ am I notﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ
ﻣﺜﻞ :
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ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮ ﻭﻓﺎﺩﺍﺭﻡ ﻣﮕﻪ ﻧﻪ؟
ﺗﺒﺼﺮﻩ : 3ﻫﺮ ﮔﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻪ ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ.
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
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Money goes nowhere nowadays, does it?
shall we ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ) ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ( ﺿـﻤﻴﻤﻪ ﺳـﺆﺍﻟﻲ ﺷـﺎﻥlet’s ﺟﻤﻼﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ: 4 ﺗﺒﺼﺮﻩ
: ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻣﺮﻱ ﭼﻪ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩtag : 5 ﺗﺒﺼﺮﻩ
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Avoid Repatition ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﻢ
ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ aﻭ anﺭﺍ
ﺑﻪ oneﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﺮﺩ Any & some .ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺑـﺎ noﻣﻨﻔـﻲ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺩﺭ
ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ .ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ) ﻫـﻢ ( ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﻣـﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﺯ noneﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ
)(4
none, either
We have none, either.
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to know of: ﺳﺮﺍﻍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ
party : ﻣﻬﻤﺎﻧﻲ
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The additions » ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ «
ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ » ﻫﻢ _ ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻄﻮﺭ « ﺍﺯ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
He used to study here, so did his brother/ his brother did too.
He doesn’t have to work with you, neither do the workers/ the workers don’t either.
He won’t attend the class tomorrow, his friend won’t either/ neither will his friend.
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. ﺍﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻼﻡ ﻧﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﺍﺩﺍﺷﺶ ﻫﻢ ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻄﻮﺭ-6
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CAN Æ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ
ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ .ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻗـﺪﺭﺕ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺩ canﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ
-1ﺗﻮ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻱ.
You can come with me tomorrow, provided you ask your father’s permission.
-2ﭘﺎﻳﻢ ﺑﺪ ﺟﻮﺭﻱ ﺩﺭﺩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﻢ ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﺗﻮﻱ ﺗﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﺯﻱ ﻛﻨﻢ.
My foot hurts painfully, I won’t be able to play on the team tomorrow.
ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺷﻨﻮﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻄـﺮﺡ ﮔـﺮﺩﺩ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺍﺯ
ﺧﻮﺩ mustﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ .ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻟﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﯼ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ
must Æ Will have toﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ )ﻋﻠﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﯼ(
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-1ﺗﻮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﻲ ﻭﮔﺮﻧﻪ ) ﻭﺍﻻ ( ﺍﺧﺮﺍﺟﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻢ.
-2ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻲ ﺗﻮﻱ ﺍﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﻜﻮﺭ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺷﻮﻱ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻛﻨﻲ.
If you want to pass in the university enterance examination , you will have to study
hard.
ﺍﮔﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﺯ will wantﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ
ﻛﻨﻴﻢ.
ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻗﺼﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺼـﻤﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺍﺯ to be going toﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩﻭ ﺩﺭ
ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ.
expect Æ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ،ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺶ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ +ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ Want +
want
intend Æ ﻓﻌﻞ to be going to + ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ،ﻗﺼﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ
ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ
need Æ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺷﺨﺺ will want + ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ،ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
ﻣﻦ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﭘﻮﻟﻢ ﺭﻭ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻡ – ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻡ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺑﺨﺮﻡ – ﺍﺯﺕ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻡ ﭘﻮﻟﻢ ﺭﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺑﺪﻫﻲ.
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I will want my money next week - I’m going to buy a car- I want you to pay my
money back.
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Some &any
some -1ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ) ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ – ﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﺎﻳﻲ – ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ( ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺵ ﺟﻤـﻊ ﻭ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻔﻬـﻮﻡ ) ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭﻱ –
ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻛﻤﻲ – ﻗﺪﺭﻱ ( ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺵ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻣﻨﻔـﻲ ﺑـﻪ anyﺗﺒـﺪﻳﻞ ﻣـﻲ ﮔـﺮﺩﺩ.
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
I want to buy some books. ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﺨﺮﻡ.
some people say that he is crazy. ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﮔﻔﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ.
There is some cold water in the jar. ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺁﺏ ﺧﻨﻚ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﺯﻩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ.
?why didn’t you eat any fruit ﭼﺮﺍ ﺗﻮ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ ﺍﻱ ﻧﺨﻮﺭﺩﻱ؟
ﺗﺒﺼﺮﻩ : 1ﺍﮔﺮ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ someﺍﺳﺖ.
?would you like some more tea ﺑﺎﺯ ﻫﻢ ﭼﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺪ؟
ﺗﺒﺼﺮﻩ : 3ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺵ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ someﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻢ.
You should have a good command of english because some day , some student may
ask you some question that you can’t answer.
ﺗﻮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﺴﻠﻂ ﺑﺎﺷﻲ – ﭼﻮﻥ ﻳﻜﺮﻭﺯﻱ ) ﻧﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ( – ﻳﻚ ﺷﺎﮔﺮﺩﻱ ) ﻧﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ( ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻳـﻚ
ﺗﺒﺼﺮﻩ any : 4ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
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ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻬﺎﺭ ﭼﻲ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺪ؟ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻲ.
What would you like for lunch? Any thing you like.
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» ﺿﻤﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻝ «
ﺍﮔﺮ noﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ someﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺒﺮﻳﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺿﻤﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ.
ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺿﻤﺎﻳﺮ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ.
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ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺿﻤﺎﻳﺮ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻠﻜﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ’sﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ elseﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ
Some body
every body ﺍﺳﻢ + ’s +
any body
ﻫﺮ ﮔﺎﻩ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ someﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎ noﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨـﺪ
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Some body else’s brother said some thing else.
.ﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﻪ ﺩﻳﺪﻥ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ -5
some thing else ﻳﻚ ﭼﻴﺰﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮÆ some other things ﭼﻴﺰﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ
some where else ﻳﻚ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﻪÆ some other places ﺟﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ
some place else ﻳﻚ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﻪÆ some other places ﺟﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ
. ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖwhat ﺍﺯsome ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ
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what other things? ﭼﻪ ﭼﻴﺰﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﻪ ﺍﻱ؟
:ﺍﮔﺮ ﺿﻤﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ
some body else / some one else Æ who else? ﺩﻳﮕﻪ ﻛﻲ
some where else/ some place else Æ where else? ﺩﻳﮕﻪ ﻛﺠﺎ
: ﻣﺜﺎﻝ. ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩwho else’s ﺍﺯwhose else ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱwho else ﺍﺯwhom else ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ: ﻧﻜﺘﻪ
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» ﺩﻭ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺘﻲ ﻫﺎ «
ﭼﻮﻥ thisﻭ thatﻭ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ theseﻭ thoseﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻠﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ
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Some of your classmates decide to come here next Friday.
. ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺗﻮ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺑﺸﻪ-8
This elder brother of yours can make friends with that good student or friend of mine.
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possesive forms ﻣﻠﻜﻲ: ﺣﺎﻻﺕ
-1ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻠﻜﻲ
-2ﺿﻤﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻠﻜﻲ
of -3ﻭ ′s
: own -4ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ـ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻭ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺻﺮﻑ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ.
His father owns a factory. ﭘﺪﺭﺵ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ -ﻛﺎﺭﺧﻮﻧﻪ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ.
ﺗﺬﮐﺮ :ﻫﺮ ﮔﺎﻩ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻠﻜﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺑﻪ ownﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ.
?whose car is it ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﻛﻴﻪ؟ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺧﻮﺩﻣﻪ that is my own car.
?Whom does this fountain pen belong to ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻧﻮﻳﺲ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻴﺴﺖ؟
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Putting two sentences together ﺭﺑﻂ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ :
ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ keepﺭﺑﻂ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ )ﻛﻪ( ﺑـﻪ )ﻛـﻪ ﺁﻳـﺎ(
» ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ،ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ« .
ﺩﺭ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻧـﺮﺍ
ﺑﻪ ) ( or notﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺟﻤﻼﺗﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ whetherﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ) ( or notﻣـﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ
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» ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻲ «
ﺍﻟﻒ ( ﻫﺮ ﮔﺎﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺴﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻣﻲ ﺑﭙﺮﺳﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻟﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ ﺷﻮﻳﻢ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﻨـﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ
ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ) ﮔﻔﺘﻲ -ﮔﻔﺘﻴﺪ – ﻓﺮﻣﻮﺩﻳﺪ -ﺑﺒﺨﺸﻴﺪ ( ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪ did
you sayﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻣﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ .ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ did you sayﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮﻱ ﺑـﺮ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
?Where did you say, you are going ﮔﻔﺘﻲ ﻛﺠﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ؟
? How much money do you have on you ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻫﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻱ ؟
?How much money did you say you have on you ﮔﻔﺘﻲ ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻫﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻱ؟
ﺏ( ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺴﻲ ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻣﻲ ﺑﭙﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺷﻨﻮﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ،ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ
ﺍﺯ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ » ﺍﮔﺮ ﮔﻔﺘﻲ « ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ » « do you thinkﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :
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» « self ﺑﺤﺚ :
-1ﻫﺮ ﮔﺎﻩ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻭ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﺯ ،ﺧﻮﺩﺕ ،ﺧﻮﺩﻡ ،ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ،ﺧﻮﺩﻣﺎﻥ ،ﺧﻮﺩﺗﺎﻥ ،ﺧﻮﺩﺷﺎﻥ
،ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺿﻤﺎﻳﺮ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ » ﺿﻤﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻲ « ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ.
ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﺟﻤﻊ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :
-2ﺍﮔﺮ selfﻫﺎ ،ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ ،ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ.
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ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :
ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ.
ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺿﻤﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ toﻭ forﺻﺎﺩﻕ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ.
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Here & There
hereﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻭ thereﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻗﻴﺪ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ .ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻝ
ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ.
Here
There
Here
There
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
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» ﭼﻨﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻓﻲ «
ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﻤﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻴـﺎﻥ ﻛﻨـﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﻣﻔـﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ there isﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﺟﻤـﻊ ﺍﺯ there are
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ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ :
-1ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﺑﺪﻭﻧﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺨﺮﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺟﺎﺭﻩ ﻛﻨﻲ؟
1- I want to know whether you are going to buy or rent the house.
2- Ask him if he can lend you some money.
3- I’m not sure whether he will come to the meetting with me or not.
4- He lives in this small home by him self.
5- I wish I could see my self as others see me.
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» « it ﺑﺤﺚ
ﻫﺮ ﮔﺎﻩ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻟﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ itﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣـﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻛـﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :
What time is it ? it is five to two. . ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ? ﺳﺎﻋﺖ 5ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ 2
-3ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺖ :
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :
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: ﻣﺜﺎﻝ: ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﺋﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ-4
: ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ-5
It is easy.
It is easy to speak English.
It is easy for you to speak English.
It pays well/ it is worth it: ﻣﻲ ﺍﺭﺯﺩ – ﺍﺭﺯﺷﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ Be it so : ﺁﻣﻴﻦ – ﺍﻳﻨﻄﻮﺭ ﺑﺸﻪ
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ﺻﺮﻑ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺩﺭ 16ﺯﻣﺎﻥ
4. I have been taking . ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻧﻘﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ) ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ (
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» ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ «
-3ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﻧﻘﻠﻴﻪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻄﻮﺭ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﺕ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ byﺑﻪ ﻛـﺎﺭ ﻣـﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻـﻮﺭﺗﻴﻜﻪ
ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﻧﻘﻠﻴﻪ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻠﻜﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﺍﺯ inﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺗﻮﺑﻮﺱ onﻫﻢ
ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﺩﻭ ﭼﺮﺥ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ onﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺑﺮﻳﻢ.
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inside : outside # inside -4ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻭ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻀـﺎﺩ ﺁﻥ out sideﻣـﻲ
ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
inﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ ) ﺩﺭ ،ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ،ﺗﻮﻱ ( ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﮔـﺮ ﻫـﻢ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺍﺳـﻢ
ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻧﻤﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ intoﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ .ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺩ out # inﻭ ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺩ out of # into
ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :
ﺑﺎ ﻟﺒﺎﺱ ﭘﺮﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮ ﻭ ﺑﭽﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻏﺮﻕ ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ.
He jumped into the pool with his clothes on and pulled the drowning boy out of the
pool.
96
in the room , in the office ﺳﺮ ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ
97
: at -6ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ) ﻛﻨﺎﺭ – ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ – ﺩﻡ ( ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ table , deskﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
98
ﺍﺳﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﺠﺎ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺧﻂ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺧﻂ؟: 1ﻣﺜﺎﻝ
99
ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ) ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻧﻘﻠﻲ ( :
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ :ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛﻪ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻣـﻲ ﻛﻨـﻴﻢ
: Aﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﺪﺕ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ » ﺍﺳﺖ « ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺭﺳـﻲ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ .ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ
ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﮐﻠﻤﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﺪﺕ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ For ،ﺑﮑﺎﺭ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺮﻳﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﺗﺮﺟﻤـﻪ ﻧﻤـﯽ
ﺷﻮﺩ.
ﺣﺎﻝ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ
Õ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﺪﺕ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ +ﺍﺳﺖ +ﺣﺎﻝ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
I have known him for two years. ﺩﻭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻢ.
He has had this car for five years. 5ﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ.
: Bﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ » ﺍﺯ « ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ »ﺗﺎ ﺣﺎﻻ « ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻋﻼﻣـﺖ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﺍﻳـﻦ
ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻧﺸـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻤـﻪ ) ﺍﺯ ( ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪ sinceﺗﺮﺟﻤـﻪ
ﺍﺯ +ﻗﻴﺪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ +ﺗﺎ ﺣﺎﻻ +ﺣﺎﻝ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ Õﺣﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ
100
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺍﺯ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺎﻻ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ.
:
Cﻭﺟﻮﺩ ) ﺍﻡ ـ ﺍﻱ ـ ﺍﺳﺖ ـ ﺍﻳﻢ ـ ﺍﻳﺪ ـﺎﻧﺪ ( ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
:for -1
101
since + last + ﻗﻴﺪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ
He left for England two weeks ago and I haven’t heard from him since/ since then/
ever since.
.4
.( ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩII) ﻗﻴﺪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﺑﻪsince ( ﺍﮔﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯI) ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ
102
ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ :
: recently- lately .5ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﺧﻴﺮﹰﺍ – ﺗﺎﺯﮔﻲ ﻫﺎ – ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ p.pﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ.
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
ﻼ -ﺍﺑﺪﹰﺍ -ﺗﺎ ﻛﻨﻮﻥ -ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ p.pﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧـﺪ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺗﻔـﺎﻭﺕ ﻛـﻪ
: ever-never .6ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻫﺮﮔﺰ -ﺍﺻ ﹰ
everﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻣﺎ neverﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ.
103
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺁﻳﺎ ﺗﺎ ﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ؟ ﻧﻪ ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻧﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻡ.
.7ﻫﺮ ﮔﺎﻩ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﺎﺿـﻲ
So far
by now
up to now
up till now
up to the present time.
: already .8ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ p.pﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﻈـﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﺳـﺖ ﻣـﺎ
: just .9ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﻥ – ﭼﻨﺪ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ -ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﻪ -ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ p.pﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ.
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :
104
: yet .10ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ » ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ « ﺁﺧﺮ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺁﻧﻜـﻪ ﻓﻌـﻞ ﻛﻤﻜـﻲ ﻭ
notﻣﺨﻔﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺨﻔﻒ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ notﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ.
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :
: still .12ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ – ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻫﻢ -ﺑﺎﺯ -ﻫﻢ -ﺑﺎﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭ ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﺻـﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻌـﺪ
ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ.
ﻧﻜﺘﻪ :ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ stillﺑﻪ anymore/ any longerﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ.
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
105
» ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ « ) ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ (
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ :ﻫﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ.
: Aﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﺪﺕ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ » ﺑﻮﺩ « ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺭﺳـﻲ ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ
ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ» ﺑﻮﺩ « ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﺪﺕ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ forﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻧﻤـﻲ
ﮔﺮﺩﺩ.
:A
ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﺪﺕ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ » +ﺑﻮﺩ « +ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ Åﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ
He hadn’t eaten anything for three days when we took him to the doctor.
: Bﻭﺟﻮﺩ ) ﺑﻮﺩﻡ – ﺑﻮﺩﻱ – ﺑﻮﺩ – ﺑﻮﺩﻳﻢ – ﺑﻮﺩﻳﺪ – ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ( ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ،ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ
ﺍﺳﺖ.
106
ﻃﺮﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ :ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ.
I had gone when/ before you came in ﻣﻦ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮ ﺁﻣﺪﻱ ﺗﻮ.
I come in after you had gone. ﻣﻦ ﺁﻣﺪﻡ ﺗﻮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺗﻮ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻱ .
ﺍﺯ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ ﺗﻮ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻱYou had gone since I had arrived. .
107