MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS, NUST

EMFT REPORT
APPLICATIONS OF ORTHOGONAL & NON-ORTHOGONAL COORDINATE SYSTEMS

SUBMITTED TO:

MA’AM MARYAM

SUBMITTED BY:

MOMINA JAVED

(BETE- 55D)
 CONTENTS:

 INTRODUCTION

 BACKGROUND

 ORTOGONAL COORDINATE SYSTEMS

 APPLICATIONS

 NON-ORTHOGONAL COORDINATE SYSTEMS

 APPLICATIONS

 REFERENCES
 INTRODUCTION:

COORDINATE SYSTEM:
It is defined as:
“In geometry, a coordinate system is a system that uses one or more numbers,
or coordinates, to uniquely determine the position of the points or other geometric
elements on a manifold such as Euclidean space.”

DIAGRAM:

EXPLANATION:
A coordinate system is a method for identifying the location of a point on the earth. Most
coordinate systems use two numbers, a coordinate, to identify the location of a point.
Each of these numbers indicates the distance between the point and some fixed
reference point, called the origin. The first number, known as the X value, indicates
how far left or right the point is from the origin. The second number, known as the Y
value, indicates how far above or below the point is from the origin. The origin has a
coordinate of 0, 0.

BACKGROUND:
The coordinate system we commonly use is called the Cartesian system, after the
French mathematician René Descartes (1596-1650), who developed it in the 17th
century. Legend has it that Descartes, who liked to stay in bed until late, was watching
a fly on the ceiling from his bed. He wondered how to best describe the fly's location
and decided that one of the corners of the ceiling could be used as a reference point.
Imagine the ceiling as a rectangle drawn on a piece of paper: taking the left bottom
corner as the reference point, you can specify the location of the fly by measuring how
far you need to go in the horizontal direction and how far you need to go in the vertical
direction to get to it. These two number are the fly's coordinates. Every pair of
coordinates specifies a unique point on the ceiling and every point on the ceiling comes
with a unique pair of coordinates. It's possible to extend this idea, allowing the axes (the
two sides of the room) to become infinitely long in both directions, and using negative
numbers to label the bottom part of the vertical axis and the left part of the horizontal
axis. That way you can specify all points on an infinite plane.

TYPES:

There are many types of coordinate systems but we will we discuss two of them:
 Orthogonal Coordinate Systems
 Non-Orthogonal Coordinate Systems
 ORTHOGONAL COORDINATE SYSTEMS:

DEFINTION:
It is defined as:
“An orthogonal coordinate system is a system of curvilinear coordinates in which
each family of surfaces intersects the others at right angles.”

In mathematics, orthogonal coordinates are defined as a set of d coordinates in which

the coordinate surfaces all meet at right angles.

APPLICATIONS:

 Placement of anything at a particular place:

It helps us in the placement of any material or object of the real world at certain
positions.

EXAMPLE:

If you are planning to place different pieces of furniture in a room, you can draw a
2-D grid. Choose one direct to be x and the other direction to be y (perpendicular
to x) and define a location as your starting point.

 Latitude and Longitude lines on Maps:

 The latitude and longitude lines on maps of Earth are an application of
Orthogonal Coordinate System. Longitude is the angle in the east-west direction
with the zero point at meridian and longitude is the angle at north-south direction
with zero point at Equator. It helps us in specifying the locations at different
places on the surface of Earth.

 Airplane’s Location:

It helps us in finding the location of airplane in air

EXPLANATION:
In order to describe where each aircraft is situated. Coordinates are assigned to
the vehicle in the air. In this way aircraft can report to the appropriate location.
 Lunar Eclipse and Solar Eclipse:

It helps us in locating the position of Sun, Moon and Earth and thus helps us in
predicting the lunar eclipse and solar eclipse.

 Designing of Aero planes, Animations and Video Games:

It also helps us designing aero planes, animations and video games.

 NON-ORTHOGONAL COORDINATE SYSTEMS:
DEFINITION:

It is defined as:
“A skew coordinate system is a system of curvilinear coordinate system in which each
family of surfaces interacts the others at angles other than right angles.”

Skew coordinates tend to be more complicated to work with compared to orthogonal

coordinates since the metric tensor will have nonzero off-diagonal components,
preventing many simplifications in formulas for tensor algebra and tensor calculus.

APPLICATIONS:

 NOMA (Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access) based satellite coaching:

 Conventional satellite network suffers from inefficient use of the available

bandwidth resources along with inevitable latency due to the long
propagation.

 In an effort to address these drawbacks, a caching-enabled satellite system,

in which caching technique is incorporated to enable the satellite nodes to
store the frequently required contents and serve the users’ requests
conveniently, has been proposed as an effective method to improve the
network performance.
  By introducing the NOMA scheme, the cache-aided satellite systems can not
only significantly reduce the multiuser interference power, but also achieve a
flexible decoding order.

 NOMA based Satellite Internet of Things (IoT):

 Satellite based Internet of Things (IoT) is proposed to ensure IoT devices,

which are distributed over a large area with diverse service requirements, to
access internet at any time/place within limited time and resources.

 For the requirement of large numbers of connectivity, the NOMA scheme

should be considered in the satellite IoT network to further enhance the
system performance in terms of user fairness, spectrum efficiency, and the
lifetime of satellite solar panel or battery pack.

 NOMA based Satellite Data Offloading:

 To achieve coverage extension and massive connectivity, ultra-dense LEO

(Low Earth Orbit) networks are integrated with terrestrial networks to
provide an alternative and efficient approach for data offloading.
 The number of served users and resource utilization efficiency can be further
enhanced by applying NOMA based traffic offloading.
 REFERENCES

o WIKIPEDIA

o CALIPER.COM

o Mathworld.wolfram.com

o Wild.maths.org

THE END