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The selection of circuit breaker for a power system depend upon the
maximum current it may have to carry momentarily and the current it
may have to interrupt at the voltage of the line in which it is placed. In
order to understand the problem of calculating the initial current when a
synchronous generator is short circuited, consider the series R-L circuit
v(t ) Vm sin(t )
The closing of the switch at t=0 represents to a first approximation a
three-phase short circuit at the terminals of an unloaded synchronous
machine. For simplicity assume that the fault impedance is zero, i.e.,
the short circuit is a solid or ‘bolted’ fault. α determines the magnitude
of the voltage when the circuit is closed. The differential equation is
di (t )
Ri(t ) L Vm sin(t )
dt
The solution of this equation carries 2 parts – the steady state and the
transient solution and is given as
t
Vm
i (t ) sin(t ) Ae
Z
Substituting the initial condition that at t=o, i(t)=0, the complete
solution is
t
Vm
i(t ) [sin(t ) e sin( )]
Z
L L
where, Z R ( L) ; tan
2 2 1
;
R R
The expression for the current is also often written as
i(t) = iac(t)+idc(t)
The total fault current, called the asymmetrical fault current is shown
below
v(t)=151sin(377t+α)
a) No DC offset
b) For maximum DC offset
Three Phase Short Circuit on an Unloaded Synchronous
Machine
Eg Eg
Direct axis subtransient reactance, xd''
I '' oc / 2
t
1 1
iac (t ) 2 Eg [( '' ' )e Td''
xd xd
t
1 1 1
( ' )e Td'
]sin(t / 2)
xd xd xd
Td’’, Td’ are the direct –axis short circuit sub-transient and transient time
constants. Td’’< Td’ . Note that at t=0,
Eg
I ac ''
x d
Eg
I ac
xd
The rms value if i(t) is of interest. Since i(t) is not strictly periodic, its
rms value is not strictly defined. We stretch the rms concept to
calculate the asymmetrical fault current with maximum dc offset as
follows:
( I ac2 ) [ 2 I ac et / ]2
I ac 1 2e2t /
K (t ) I ac