2.

5 cm

~1.5 cm

5.0 cm

9.0 cm ~ 1.5 cm
MAGNETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF STRONTIUM FERRITE
ADDED WITH ZIRCONIA
Arial Narrow,
Uppercase,
Centred, Bold, ~3.0 – 4.0 cm
18-point Gold
Coloured Font

MASAYU BINTI DOLLAH

~3.0 – 4.0 cm

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

3.0 cm 2.5 cm
~2.0 cm

Year of Senate
Approval
2020

~1.5 cm

2.5 cm
 ~ 3.0 cm margin
MASAYU BINTI DOLLAH

Full Name

Arial Narrow,
Uppercase, MAGNETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF STRONTIUM FERRITE
Centered, Bold, ADDED WITH ZIRCONIA
18-point Gold
Colored Font
MSc. IN MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

Program name
with MASAYU BINTI DOLLAH
Abbreviation, e.g.
PhD. / MSc. /
D.Eng / M.Eng /
MCS / M.Tech

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

Year of Senate
Approval 2020
2020

~ 3.0 cm

Width < 2.5 cm

 2.5 cm

~ 1.5 cm

5.0 cm

9.0 cm
Times New ~ 1.5 cm
Roman,
Lowercase, Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering
Centred, Bold, Times New
16-point Font Roman,
Uppercase,
Centred, Bold,
14-point Font

MAGNETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF STRONTIUM

FERRITE ADDED WITH ZIRCONIA

Times New
Roman,
Lowercase, Masayu binti Dollah
Centred, Bold,
12-point Font 2.0 cm
3.0 cm 2.5 cm

Master of Science in Manufacturing Engineering

2.0 cm
Year of Senate
Approval
2020
~ 1.5 cm

2.5 cm
 2.5 cm

~ 1.5 cm

MAGNETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF STRONTIUM FERRITE

ADDED WITH ZIRCONIA
Times New
Roman,
Uppercase,
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12-point Font
MASAYU BINTI DOLLAH
Refer
Statement of
Award:
Section 3.2

A thesis submitted
in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of
Science in Manufacturing Engineering

Times New
Roman,
Lowercase,
Centred, Bold,
12-point Font

Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering

2.5 cm

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

Year of Senate 2.0 cm

Approval
2020
~ 1.5 cm
3.0 cm
2.5 cm
 2.5 cm

~ 1.5 cm
12-point, Uppercase, Font DECLARATION
Times New Roman, Bold
~ 1.5 cm
I declare that this thesis / dissertation / report entitled “Thermal analysis using

Galerkin Finite Element Method on Printed Circuit Board” is the result of my

own research except as cited in the references. The thesis has not been accepted

for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other

degree. 12-point, Lowercase,

Double spacing, Font
Times New Roman

Signature : ...........................................

Name : ...........................................

Date : ............................................

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2.5 cm
 2.5 cm

~ 1.5 cm
12-point, Uppercase, Font APPROVAL
Times New Roman, Bold
~ 1.5 cm
I hereby declare that I have read this dissertation/report and in my opinion this

dissertation/report is sufficient in terms of scope and quality as a partial

fulfillment of Master of Electrical Engineering (Power Electronics and Drives).

Refer Approval
Statements:
Section 3.5

Signature :……………………...

Supervisor Name :………………………

Date :………………..……..

3.0 cm 2.5 cm

2.5 cm
 2.5 cm

~ 1.5 cm
12-point, Uppercase, Font DEDICATION
Times New Roman, Bold
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To my beloved mother and father

12-point, Lowercase,
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3.0 cm 2.5 cm

2.5 cm
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~ 1.5 cm

12-point, Uppercase, Font ABSTRACT

Times New Roman, Bold
~ 1.5 cm
Process variation is unavoidable and affects quality in manufacturing and
addressing it has become more challenging due to more stringent demands on
manufacturing processes. It is becoming necessary to very rapidly identify
sources of unnatural variation for diagnostic and intervention purposes. As
such, it is crucial that process variability patterns be recognised in a timely
manner, as waiting for process deterioration to develop fully could be too late
for preventive purposes or my even catastrophic. The purpose of this study was
to develop a scheme for enabling enabling on-line recognition of such patterns
on Shewhart charts even as they are developing. Extensive simulations were
performed and a scheme that can address the requirements is proposed.
Evaluation was based on recognition accuracy, average run length, type I error,
type II error, and a new measure, average recognition attempts. It was found
that a scheme developed using a minimal set of statistical features for input
representation, compact structure of artificial neural network pattern
recognisers, synergy of specialised and generalised recognisers, and joint
monitoring by runs rules and CUSUM resulted in the best scheme among the
alternative designs developed. This scheme showed significant improvement in
overall performance and, among others, timely and accurate on-line
recognition, ignoring unnecessary recognition of stable processes and
capability to recover from false alarms. The findings suggest that the
recognition of developing control chart patterns should be addressed from an
interlinking monitoring and recognition perspective and by implementing a
“recognise only when necessary” philosophy. The framework used to develop
the scheme is general enough for further investigation by either evaluating
other designs of its components or by extending its application to other
problems.

3.0 cm 2.5 cm

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No paragraph
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i 2.5 cm
> 1.5 cm
 2.5 cm

~ 1.5 cm
12-point, Uppercase, Font ABSTRAK
Times New Roman, Bold,
Italic ~ 1.5 cm
Variasi proses sentiasa wujud dalam operasi pembuatan, dan menanganinya
menjadi semakin mencabar akibat keperluan proses pembuatan yang semakin
rumit. Adalah penting untuk mengenalpasti secepat mungkin sumber variasi
yang tidak tabii untuk tujuan diagnosis dan pembaikan. Oleh itu, corak variasi
proses perlu di kenalpasti tepat pada masanya. Menunggu kematangan corak
variasi akan melewatkan tindakan pencegahan dan ianya berpotensi
mengakibatkan bencana. Tujuan penyelidikan ini adalah untuk membangunkan
skema yang berupaya menangani keperluan telah dicadangkan. Keberkesanan
skema telah dinilai berdasarkan kepada ketepatan mengecam, berdasarkan
masa-nyata, corak variasi proses di atas carta kawalan Shewhart walaupun
corak tersebut sedang membentuk. Kajian simulasi yang meluas telah
dilakukan dan satu skema yang berupaya menangani keperluan telah
dicadangkan. Keberkesanan skema telah dinilai berdasarkan kepada ketepatan
pengecaman, purata panjang larian, ralat jenis I, ralat jenis II, dan purata
percubaan mengecam. Skema yang dibangunkan dengan menggunakan set
sifat statistical minimum bagi perwakilan masukan, struktur pengecam corak
rangkaian neural tiruan yang padat, sinergi di antara pengecam khusus dan
umum, dan pemantauan bersama oleh runs rules dan CUSUM telah
menghasilkan skema yang terbaik di antara reka bentuk alternatif yang dikaji.
Ske ma ini menunjukkan pembaikan yang signifikan kepada prestasi
keseluruhan, dan antara lain, berkeupayaan mengecam dengan tepat secara
masa-nyata, mengabaikan pengecaman yang tidak diperlukan bagi proses
yang stabil, dan berkebolehan untuk pulih daripada kesilapan isyarat.
Penemuan kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa masalah pengecaman corak variasi
yang sedang berkembang sepatutnya ditangani dari perspektif pemantauan
dan pengecaman yang bersepadu, dan melaksanakan falsafah “mengecam
hanya bila perlu”. Rangka skema di atas adalah bersifat umum dan boleh
digunakan untuk kajian lanjut samada bagi menguji berbagai jenis rekabentuk
3.0 cm komponennya atau meluaskan penggunaannya kepada masalah lain. 2.5 cm

12-point, Lowercase,
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No paragraph,
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ii 2.5 cm
> 1.5 cm
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~ 1.5 cm
12-point, Uppercase, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Font Times New
Roman, Bold ~ 1.5 cm
First and foremost, I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere
acknowledgement to my supervisor Associate Professor Dr. Azizah Binti
Shaaban from the Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering Universiti Teknikal
Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for her essential supervision, support and
encouragement towards the completion of this thesis.

I would also like to express my greatest gratitude to Engr. Imran Bin Mohd.
Ibrahim from Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering, co-supervisor
of this project for his advice and suggestions in evaluation of microwave
absoprtion measurement. Special thanks to UTeM short term grant funding for
the financial support throughout this project.

Particularly, I would also like to express my deepest gratitude to Mr. Azhar and
Mr. Hairul Hisham, the technicians from material laboratory Faculty of
Manufacturing Engineering, Mr. Imran and Mr. Ismail lecturer and technician
from chemistry lab Faculty of Mechanical Engineering. Mr. Zainol, Mr. Aeini
and Mr. Safuan, lecture and technicians from microwave laboratory Faculty of
Electronics and Computer Engineering, for their assistance and efforts in all the
lab and analysis works.

Special thanks to all my peers, my late mother, beloved father and siblings for
their moral support in completing this degree. Lastly, thank you to everyone
who had been to the crucial parts of realization of this project.

3.0 cm 12-point, Lowercase, 2.5 cm

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PAGE
DECLARATION

DEDICATION

ABSTRACT i

ABSTRAK ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iv

LIST OF TABLES v

LIST OF FIGURES vi
Main-Heading &
LIST OF SYMBOLS / ABBREVIATIONS Their Page, 12- vii
point, Uppercase,
LIST OF APPENDICES Font Times New viii
Roman, Bold
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ix

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Sub-heading 1 1

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 Sub-heading 1 6
2.1.1 Sub-subheading 1 21
2.3 Summary 33
Sub-heading /
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
Sub-sub-heading, 38
3.1 Sub-heading 1 (e.g Materials) 12-point, 38
3.2 Sub-heading 2 (Method 1) Lowercase – 42
3.2.1 Sub-sub-heading 1 Capitalize each 48
3.0 cm 2.5 cm
3.3 Summary word, Font Times 58
New Roman
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 66
4.1 Sub-heading 1 Maximum 3rdlevel 66
4.1.1 Sub-subheading 1 sub-heading only 76
4.1.2 Sub-subheading 2 81
4.2 Summary 94

CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 111

REFERENCES 115

APPENDICES 124

iv 2.5 cm
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ABSTRACT i

ABSTRAK ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iv

LIST OF TABLES Main-Heading & v

Their Page, 12-
LIST OF FIGURES point, Uppercase, vi
Font Times New
LIST OF SYMBOLS / ABBREVIATIONS Roman, Bold vii

LIST OF APPENDICES viii

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ix

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Research Objective Sub-heading / 3
1.4 Scope of Research Sub-sub-heading, 4
1.5 Contribution of Research 12-point, 5
1.6 Thesis Outline Lowercase – 5
Capitalize each
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 Introduction
word, Font Times 6
2.2 Distribution Network and Components New Roman 6
3.0 cm 2.1.1 Distribution Feeders 12 2.5 cm
2.2.1.1 Theoretical Calculations of Feeders 21
2.3 Distribution Feeders and Transformers 28
2.3 Summary 33

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 38
3.1 Introduction 38
3.2 Research Design 40
3.3 Proposed Methodology 42
3.3.1 Experimental Setup 42
3.3.1.1 Parameters 45
3.3.1.2 Equipment 50
3.4 Limitation of Proposed Methodology 54
3.5 Summary 58

v 2.5 cm
> 1.5 cm
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~ 1.5 cm
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 66
4.1 Introduction 66
4.2 Results of Distribution Feeders 70
4.2.1 Nonlinearity of Distribution 72
4.2.2 Analysis of Feeders 80
4.3 Summary 94

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 111

5.1 Conclusion 111
5.2 Recommendations 113

REFERENCES 115

APPENDICES 124

Main-Heading & Sub-heading / Sub-sub-

Their Page, 12- heading, 12-point,
point, Uppercase, Lowercase – Capitalize
Font Times New each word, Font Times
Roman, Bold New Roman

3.0 cm 2.5 cm

vi 2.5 cm
 2.5 cm

12-point, ~ 1.5 cm
Uppercase,
Font Times LIST OF TABLES
New Roman,
Bold ~ 1.5 cm
TABLE TITLE PAGE

Table 2.1 The role of statistical quality engineering 16

Table 2.2 Basic ANN models used for control chart 47

Table 2.3 General design strategies for CCPR 49

Table 3.1 The overall research plan 70

Table 3.2 Parameters for simulating individual process 75

Table 3.3 Description of performance measures 92

Table 4.1 Targeted recogniser outputs 103

Table 4.2 Design matrix and results 108

Table 4.3 Regression analysis for the results of preliminary 111

Table 4.4 Significant main effects and two-factor interactions 113

Table 4.5 Estimated effects and regression coefficients 116

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vii 2.5 cm
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Font Times New LIST OF FIGURES
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FIGURE TITLE PAGE

Figure 1.1 Trends leading to the problem 2

Figure 1.2 Design and development phases 7

Figure 1.3 Summary of the research contributions 10

Figure 1.4 Organisation of the thesis 11

Figure 2.1 Chance and assignable causes of process variation 14

Figure 2.2 Classification of statistical quality engineering tools 15

Figure 2.3 Continuous variability reduction using SPC chart 18

Figure 2.4 Classification of research areas in SPC 20

Figure 2.5 Advances in process variation monitoring 25

Figure 2.6 Nelson’s runs rules 26

Figure 2.7 Typical developed patterns on Shewhart control chart 28

3.0 cm 2.5 cm

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viii 2.5 cm
 2.5 cm

12-point, ~ 1.5 cm
Uppercase,
Font Times LIST OF SYMBOLS
New Roman, ~ 1.5 cm
Bold

D, d - Diameter

F - Force

g - Gravity = 9.81 m/s

I - Moment of inertia

1 - Length

m - Mass

N - Rotational velocity

P - Pressure

Q - Volumetric flow-rate 12-point, Lowercase,

Double spacing,
r - Radius Sentence case
word, Left justify,
T - Torque Font Times New
Roman
Re - Reynold number
List of Symbols /
V - Velocity List of Abbreviations
/ List of
w - Angular velocity Nonmenclatures
(Sort according to
x - Displacement alphabetical order)
3.0 cm 2.5 cm
z - Height

q - Angle

r - Density

ix 2.5 cm
 2.5 cm

12-point, ~ 1.5 cm
Uppercase,
Font Times New LIST OF APPENDICES
Roman, Bold
~ 1.5 cm

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

APPENDIX A Examples of possible assignable causes 253

APPENDIX B Models for generating the control chart 254

APPENDIX C1 Mathematical Expressions 256

APPENDIX C2 Minimum and maximum feature values 259

APPENDIX C3 Analysis of results for experiments 260

12-point, Lowercase,
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x 2.5 cm
 > 2.5 cm

12-point,
Uppercase, Font ~ 1.5 cm
Times New LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
Roman, Bold
~ 1.5 cm

Journal with Impact Factor

Dollah, M. and Lee, A.R. (2019) ‘A Simple Device to Illustrate Angular

Bold Momentum Conservation and Instability’. Journal of Physics, 58 (6), 80-81.
your
name (ISI WOS Q1, IF: 3.109) 12-point, Lowercase,
Single or 1.5
spaced, Font Times
New Roman
Indexed Journal

Dollah, M. and Lee, A.R. (2018) ‘A Simple Device to Illustrate Angular

Momentum Conservation and Instability’. American Journal of Physics, 58 (6),

80-81. Doi: 10.1080/1356262510020029608. (Indexed by SCOPUS)

Non-indexed Journal

Dollah, M. and Lee, A.R. (2018) ‘A Simple Device to Illustrate Angular

Momentum’. International Journal of Physics, 58 (6), 80-81.

Conference Proceedings

Dollah, M., and. Norshimah, H. (2019) Designing of Primers for Cloning of

Papaya Coat Protein Gene. Proceedings of the 8th National Biotechnology

Seminar. 24 – 27 May 1996. Selangor, Malaysia: UKM Publisher, 360-365.

xi
 > 2.5 cm
12-point,
Uppercase, Font
Times New
CHAPTER 1
Roman, Bold
12-point, ~ 1.5 cm
Lowercase,
Capitalize
INTRODUCTION
each word, 12-point,
Double Lowercase,
~ 1.5 cm
spacing, Font Double spacing,
Times New Font Times New
1.0 Background
Roman, Bold Roman
A Tab (1.27 cm or 0.5 inches)
Kenaf is a warm annual crop. It is a member of hibiscus family and

related to cotton and jute. Kenaf is originally a native in Africa. For the last 200

years, India has produced and used kenaf. In the United States, kenaf was

introduced as material for the war effort during World War II. Then in 1950s,

the US researchers have found that kenaf was an excellent cellulose fiber

source for pulping of paper products (Webber et. al., 2002).

A Tab (1.27 cm or 0.5 inches)
Kenaf plant is growing to more than 3 meters tall within 4-5 months.

The stems are 2.5cm – 3.5cm diameter and consisting of two parts, an outer

fibrous bark and an inner woody core (Zhang, 2003). Raw kenaf fiber obtained

from the outer fibrous bark is abundant of lignocelluloses fibers. The core is the

spongy tissue inner the bark of the plant.

1.1 Statement of the Purpose

A Tab (1.27 cm or 0.5 inches) 2.5 cm
The purpose of the research is to investigate the effect of fiber

treatment on the mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural and impact

properties and water absorption of kenaf/polyester composite. Composite

materials offer many exceptional properties that are difficult or impossible to

3.0 cm match with traditional materials such as steel, aluminum and wood.

1 2.5 cm
> 1.5 cm
 12-point, Lowercase, Sentence
case word, Single-spaced, Font
Times New Roman
Table 2.1 Comparison of the mean value of experimental and computer
simulation results (Ahmad, 2018)

2
 3.0 cm
Table 2.1: Comparison of experimental and computer simulation results

New Roman
12-point, Lowercase,
Sentence case word,
Single-spaced, Font Times
Figure or Table in Horizontal

Source: Influence by the physical movement and simulation of six-degree robot

architecture (Hassan dan Norshimah, 1996).

2.5 cm
2.5 cm

2.5 cm
> 1.5 cm
Example of Graph

Figure 2.1 Effect of boiling on leaching of vitamin C from spinach

12-point, Lowercase,
Example of Pie Chart
Sentence case word.
Single-spaced, Font
Times New Roman

Figure 2.2 Number of population in Jasin by races (Conn, 1987)

4
 > 2.5 cm
12-point,
Uppercase, Font
Times New REFERENCES
Roman, Bold
~ 1.5 cm
Ahmad, M. (2018) Improved particle swarm for bi-polar inverted pendulum. PhD
Thesis, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Melaka.

Al-Kindi, G.A.H., Baul R.M. and Gill, K.F. (1993) ‘Vision-Controlled CNC
Machines’. Computing and Control Engineering Journal, 4(2), 92-96. Doi:
10.1080/1356262510020029608.

Bowman. R. (2009) Superalloys: A Primer and History [Online]. Available at:

http://www.tms.org/Meetings/Specialty/superalloys2000/SuperalloysHistory.html
(Accessed on 8 November 2010). 12-point, Lowercase,
Single or 1.5 spacing,
Font Times New Roman
Conn, E.E. (1987) Outlines of biochemistry. 5th edn. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Hassan, M.D., and. Norshimah, H. (1996) Designing of Primers for Cloning of Papaya
Ringspot Virus Coat Protein Gene. Proceedings of the 8th National Biotechnology
Seminar. 24 – 27 May 1996. Selangor, Malaysia: UKM Publisher, 360-365.

Kipper, D. (2008) ‘Japan’s New Dawn’. The Times, 3 July, pp.10-12.

Reed, R.C. (2006a) The Superalloys – Fundamentals and Applications, Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.

Reed, R.C. (2006b) Fusion Welding of Superalloys, London: Macmillan.

5
 > 2.5 cm

APPENDICES

~ 1.5 cm

APPENDIX A List of distribution network parameters