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While 50-60% relative humidity levels are ideal for bather comfort and health
they can lead to condensation problems and serious damage to the building
structure. If the building structure itself has not been properly designed for this
higher humidity application catastrophic results may occur.
IntroDuction 3
Comfort, Health and Safety
A natatorium is one of the most notoriously difficult codes require. More is not better in this case as it
facilities to design because there are so many critical causes the RH levels can plummet to as low as 20%,
considerations that, if overlooked, can develop into costing the operator in dearly in increased air and
problems with the building structure or into complaints pool water heating costs.
from the occupants. The designer must take a complete • Swimmers leaving the water feel chilly at lower relative
system approach, from basic engineering issues to the humidity levels due to evaporation off their bodies.
more subtle details in the air distribution. Experience and
a complete understanding of the design Figure 1 – Relative Humidity Impacts Occupant Health
issues help the designer satisfy:
Relative Humidity Impacts Occupant Health
• Comfort and health Decrease in bar width indicates
• Humidity control decrease in effect
Optimum Zone
• Indoor air quality
• Condensation control Bacteria
Viruses
Comfort and Health Fungi
Temperature and relative humidity play
a critical role in human comfort levels. Mites
Activity Level
Lb/h per Load Estimation Software
Spectator Seresco has developed software that calculates all
Quietly Seated 0.155 moisture loads in a matter of minutes. Figure 2 gives a
snapshot of the basic data that would generally need to
Moderate Activity 0.205
be entered to calculate a load.
Enthusiastic 0.250
Highly Enthusiastic 0.530 Figure 2 – Sample of Seresco’s Load Estimating Software
Humid Air
Humid Air
Recycled
Heat
Energy Liquid
Thermostatic
Expansion Valve
Short circuiting between supply and • 6-8 volumetric air changes per hour in facilities
return air must also be avoided as it significantly reduces with spectators
the actual air changes within the space.
A quick calculation will determine the supply
ASHRAE recommends: air requirement.
• 4-6 volumetric air changes per hour in a regular • Supply air required (CFM) = room volume (ft3) x
natatorium desired air changes / 60
Condensation Control
You only have to enjoy a cold drink on a summer day Condensation is a major concern for all types of building
to experience dew point and condensation firsthand. construction. Condensation triggers a destruction
Condensation occurs because the surface temperature process and allows mold and mildew to grow. If allowed
on your glass is below the ambient dew point to occur inside the building walls or roof, condensation
temperature. While 50-60% relative humidity levels are will cause deterioration and can devastate the structure
ideal for bather comfort and health they much higher by freezing in winter.
than people than what people are used to seeing in
traditional spaces in winter. In northern climates it is very As previously mentioned, off-gassed chloramines have
common to humidify in order to get the humidity levels a strong attraction to the airborne humidity and will
up to 30-40%. An indoor pool and humidified space can combine with moisture in the air. Consequently any
experience condensation problems and serious damage condensation in a pool, in addition to being destructive
to the building structure in cold weather if they are not on its own, could also be corrosive. It is critical that
designed properly. condensation be avoided at all costs.
Condensation Control 11
The building design and construction must appropriate A pool’s indoor design dew point will typically range from
to house an indoor pool. The envelope design and 62-69°F (82-84°F 50-60%RH). Contrast this to a typical
construction must be suitable for 50% to 60% relative space in winter that might be 70°F 40%RH which has a
humidity year round. 45°F dew point.
Vapor Retarder
A vapor retarder is a material that restricts the rate of
water vapor diffusion through the ceilings and walls of
a building when below dew point temperature occurs.
Figure 7 illustrates how failure to install the vapor
A successful design will identify and blanket building retarder in the proper location will result in condensation
elements low R-values (typically exterior windows) with within the structure. Condensation in your walls or roof
warm supply air to prevent condensation. Window can lead to structural failure. A vapor retarder should be
frames and emergency exit doors must also be sealed at all seams.
thermally broken to avoid condensation. Figure 7 – Do Not Build an Indoor Pool without
a Vapor Retarder
Dew Point Temperature No Vapor Retarder
The first step in condensation control is to establish the
Dew Point location
space dew point temperature based on the owners moves inward as
insulation gets wet
desired space conditions. With that the designer can
establish potential condensation spots in the building. Room Air
Relative Humidity
100% 50%
Vapor Retarder
Dew Point location
Room Air
50%
Dew Point 62o F
Dry Insulation
Vapor Retarder
4oF
Location temperature above the dew point temperature and this
0oF in turn ensures the windows and exterior doors remain
condensation free.
Exterior Wall
Detail There are five basic steps to laying out
Natatorium Pool Space Condition Outside Air Film
the ductwork:
85 oF DB, 50 % RH. (15 MPH Wind)
Dew Point is 64.5 oF
Face Brick 4" 1. Supply air to exterior windows and doors.
Rigid Polystyrene 2"
2. Supply air to the breathing zone at the deck level and
water surface.
Vapor Retarder
3. Supply air to the remainder of the room to ensuring
Concrete Block 8" there are no stagnant areas
Inside Air Film (still air)
4. Locate the return duct where it will optimize the entire
airflow pattern.
Inside Outside 5. Prevent air short-circuiting by avoiding supply air
diffusers near the return grille.
Wall
Note: Install vapor retarder on the warm
side of the dew point location. The following sample duct diagrams illustrate good air
distribution practices:
Condensation Control 13
All air distribution systems should: Figure 10 – Perimeter Duct Layout
All systems require auxiliary pool water heaters. The Outdoor Air, Exhaust Air
Seresco unit will control their operation when it is not and Energy Recovery
able to provide full water heating. Outdoor ventilation air is essential for maintaining good
IAQ in the pool and is a code requirement. The natatorium
Space Heating needs to be maintained at a slight negative air pressure,
As with every other room being designed, the cooling so warm “energy rich” air needs to be exhausted.
and heating load calculations should be done for the
natatorium. That is the only way to ensure the specific Outdoor air must be conditioned. It must be cooled and
heating and cooling requirements are met. The room dehumidified in the summer and heated in the winter. In
air temperature of an indoor pool facility is generally northern regions outdoor air has the biggest impact in
10-15 °F warmer than a typical occupied space so the winter where it reduces the space relative humidity levels
heating requirement per square foot of a natatorium will and represents a significant portion of the natatorium’s
be considerably higher than a traditional room. heating requirement. In southern regions the outdoor
air introduces a lot of moisture and increases the Heat recovery is generally packaged as part of a
dehumidification load. dehumidifier when outdoor or rooftop installations
are specified. Figure 13 shows a schematic of the
In northern regions outdoor air in winter may need preferred heat recovery method used by Seresco. The
to be heated 100°F just to get neutral to the space heat recovery devices in Figure 12 require special and
temperature in the pool! complicated air paths within the unit. This increases the
unit size and cost and also has a large airside pressure
The designer has several energy issues to consider: drop which increase blower motor sizes and operating
costs. Seresco has chosen a better solution and
• Introducing more outdoor air than codes is not opted for a heat recovery option that can be packaged
recommended: seamlessly within the standard dehumidifier or can be
-- In winter it will increase space heating and pool remotely installed in the ductwork.
water heating costs significantly.
-- Too much outdoor air in winter can also lower the Seresco provides unit mounted heat recovery using a
relative humidity levels to uncomfortable levels for glycol run-around loop. This approach to heat recovery
the patrons. Yes, the pool room can actually be offers the best performance and design flexibility while
too dry! staying in the smallest possible cabinet. This heat
-- In summer it can introduce so much additional recovery coil set fits directly onto the outdoor air and
moisture that larger equipment could be needed. exhaust air openings already provided on the unit and
• Warm “energy rich” air is required to be exhausted does not increase the cabinet size. They are also easily
from the space to maintain negative pressure and sized to meet the specific requirements of your facility.
good IAQ. The result is a compact, cost effective heat recovery
option that actually fits into a mechanical room. The
Energy recovery from the “energy rich” exhaust air to
outdoor air should be considered. Figure 13 – Packaged Heat Recovery
Supply Air
Air-to-air heat exchangers are available for both sensible
heat recovery and total energy recovery. Sensible only Outdoor Air
devices are used in Natatoriums. All sensible recovery
devices are effective but some are better suited to
provide a cost effective solution. Figure 12 shows
two examples. There are several considerations to Heat Recovery
Coil
determining the need and feasibility of heat recovery:
• The heat recovery device should be suitably • The Protocol unit’s refrigerant charge is so low
protected from corrosion and freezing. that no special ventilation may be required in the
mechanical room!
Condensate Reclaim
Verify with local codes whether condensate return
to the pool is allowed. While condensate is generally
Dampers
Dampers
Exhaust Fan
EF2
OFF
Exhaust Fan Exhaust Fan Exhaust Fan
EFI EF1 EF2
22% 22% 78%
Figure 17 – Normal Mode with Glycol Heat recovery 3. Built-in economizer operation. All controls and
Outdoor
mechanical equipment are already in place to operate
Air
20%
Supply Air
100%
in economizer cooling and dehumidification modes
whenever the outdoor air conditions are suitable. This
offers the operator the most economical year round
Normal Mode
system operation.
4. This configuration consumes significantly less
Dampers
energy than traditional supply/return fan economizer
systems with a mixing box because of the specific
duty exhaust fans. They only operate when needed
Return Air compared to the supply and return fan configuration
that has both full sized fans operating year round.
EF1 is a very small horsepower fan. EF2 operates
only when called upon or when the outdoor
conditions are suitable for economizer operation
Exhaust Fan
whereas the traditional approach has 2 full sized fans
EF2
OFF
operating year round.
Exhaust Fan
EFI
22% These system features can be designed into
the ductwork or incorporated into the unit as
Figure 18 shows a unit in “Purge-Economizer mode”. a complete package.
There are three significant benefits to this configuration:
Service Vestibule
The best way to protect a component from corrosion is
to keep it away from the chlorine. All vital components
in a Seresco unit are located out of process airstream,
housed in a protective service vestibule. These key There is also a Smartphone application for WebSentry!
components include compressors, receivers, pool water
heaters, contactors, control valves and electronics. Alarm at the unit? It’ll email you! Unit alarms will
Components in the airstream are kept to an absolute generate e-mails to any email address that you add to
minimum, ensuring very few opportunities for corrosion. the contact list! Installing contractors and contractors
There is an added benefit to using a service vestibule – trying to secure service contracts can be set up to
100% of the evaporator’s sensible cooling is delivered access their units. The facility owner, especially those
to the space for cooling. Systems with compressors, in remote locations will have a much more affordable
receivers and pool water heaters in the process air means of ensuring their units are monitored and service
stream add so much heat that their unit cooling output is supervised over the internet by factory technicians.
needs to be de-rated by as much as 25%!
Microprocessor Control
The dehumidification system controls the entire
Natatorium environment. There are many aspects to
this control, and feedback regarding system operation is
vital to the building operator. Seresco’s CommandCenter
microprocessor controller has full range of unit mounted
sensors, pressure transducers and remote sensors
that can all be accessed from the Keypad, building
management system interface or over the internet
using Seresco’s WebSentry web browser. All necessary
information regarding the conditions in the space
and system operation are always at the fingertips
of the operator.
DEhumidifier Specifications 25
Design and Installation Details
The designer should address the following issues to The NE unit requires only a fraction of the total water
ensure the unit is properly installed and can be serviced being circulated by the main filter system.
and maintained.
• The water circuit should tap off the main pool water
Access Space line downstream of the main filter and upstream of
No Access = No Service or Maintenance. All NE series the auxiliary pool water heater and chemical feeder.
dehumidifiers have been designed to require access (See figure 20)
on only two sides. Allow a minimum of 36 inches of • An auxiliary water pump to deliver the unit’s required
clearance on the sides indicated for piping and service water flow rate is recommended. This is an open
access. Mirror access units are also available. system and the pool’s main circulating pump can
rarely accommodate additional system pressure.
Pool Water
Heating (Option) Outdoor Air Cooled Dry Cooler
Seresco has developed the simplest and most reliable or Condenser Installation
water heating configuration in the industry. NE Series This heat exchanger is used in air conditioning mode
dehumidifiers can be equipped with water heating where it rejects unneeded heat from the space to
capabilities. The annual energy savings realized as a outdoors. Proper installation is essential to ensure it
result of the water heating capabilities makes this unit can function as intended. Proper airflow and refrigerant
configuration one of the most energy efficient units in all piping are paramount.
of the HVAC industry.
Outdoor Supply
Air Air
Flexible
Duct
Connector
Return 0'
Air
0'
No access
required
3' 3'
No access
required
Seresco Dehumidifier
14
2
13
12
3
4
6 11
7
9 10
8
5
Legend
1 Refrigerant Piping to Outdoor condenser 9 Automatic Chemical Feeder
2 Seresco Dehumidifier 10 Pool Filter
3 P-Trap 11 Main Pool Pump
4 Outdoor Condenser 12 Water Inlet
5 Ball Valve 13 Water Outlet
6 Flow Meter 14 Air Vent
7 Auxiliary Pool Heater
8 Auxiliary Pump
dehumidifier. W
Outdoor
Condenser
Hot Gas
Liquid Line Flow
Line Access
Valves
Flow
15'
Max
Flow Oil-Trap
Dehumidifier
15' Hot Gas Liquid
Max Line Line Outdoor
Flow
Condenser
Flow
Oil-Trap
Flow
Flow
Flow Access
Flow
Valves
Dehumidifier
24/7 Monitoring
Service
Optional Remote
Control Panel
Exhaust Fan
Duct Heater
Outdoor
Condenser
Ethernet LAN
Pool Heater
Legend
Ethernet LAN
Control Wiring 24 VAC
Having a checklist comes in handy when designing complex jobs. Seresco is pleased to
provide this dehumidification design checklist for your convenience. We also provide our
complete Natatorium Design Guide online, along with extensive specification and design
resources, including load calculation software.
1. Operating conditions in writing from end user (pool 6. Condensation and Vapor Migration
water temperature, room air temperature) Vapor barrier on the warm side of the dew point
temperature in all walls, ceiling and floors
2. System supply CFM delivers 4-6 air changes per All exterior windows, doors and skylights are fully
hour. The room volume dictates the supply CFM. blanketed with supply air (3-5 cfm per sq ft)
Supply air gets to the ‘breathing zone’
Good overall air pattern covering the entire space 7. Energy & LEEDs Considerations
No short circuiting Energy Standard 90.1 – pool water heating option
Heat recovery between the minimum OA and
3. Outdoor air CFM per Standard 62 minimum EA
Baseline: 0.48 CFM/ft² of water and wet deck for Condensate reclaim
regular pool System refrigerant charge reduction –
Add 7.5 CFM per spectator (swimmers are not Protocol Design
considered spectators and are covered in the
baseline OA CFM) 8. Swim Meet Mode
Number of spectators and competitors expected?
4. Exhaust Air Spectator areas
Room is at slight negative pressure (0.05 to 0.15 Spectator Area has 6-8 Air Changes per hour of
inches of water column) supply air
110% the outdoor air CFM is generally Airflow to spectator seating areas
recommended Micro climate via separate air handler for larger
Source capture contaminants – Exhaust air drawn spectator areas
from the whirlpool or any other warm or highly
active water area 9. Service and Maintenance
Internet monitoring
5. Load Calculation Unit is accessible
Latent load (pools, OA and spectators) Unit has adequate service clearance
Sensible cooling load has been calculated for the
* Please contact factory for Waterparks and pools heavy with
space design temperature water features. Design standards have been established for
Heating load has been calculated for the space ‘traditional’ bodies of water and do not adequately address
design temperature and includes OA the special needs of these facilities.
www.SerescoDehumidifiers.com
Seresco USA Tel: 770.457.3392
Seresco Canada Tel: 613.741.3603