Running head: TESTING HYPOTHESIS FOR MEANS 1

Testing Hypothesis for Means

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation
TESTING HYPOTHESIS FOR MEANS 2

Testing hypothesis for Means

Hypothesis-testing helps in establishing if two groups of interest have a relationship

(Laureate, 2016). One sample t-test is a method that determines if the researcher used a specific

mean value while obtaining a sample of observations for a particular experiment (Laureate,

2016). This approach is applicable in establishing if the current levels of democracy are

statistically different from the experts’ desired mean of 6.

Syntax:

EXAMINE VARIABLES=Q46A

/PLOT BOXPLOT HISTOGRAM NPPLOT

/COMPARE GROUPS

/STATISTICS DESCRIPTIVES

/CINTERVAL 95

/MISSING LISTWISE

/NOTOTAL.

The box plot indicates that there are no outliers.

TESTING HYPOTHESIS FOR MEANS 3

Tests of Normality
Kolmogorov-Smirnova
Statistic df Sig.
Level of democracy:
.111 46940 .000
today
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test gives the results as D(46940)=.111, P=.000. This output indicates that

the data do not follow the normal distribution. There is a violation of the normality assumption.

Syntax:

T-TEST

/TESTVAL=6

/MISSING=ANALYSIS

/VARIABLES=Q46A

/CRITERIA=CI (.95).

Output:

Statistics for one sample

N Average Standard Std. Error

Deviation Mean
Q46a. Level of
46940 5.52 2.883 .013
democracy: today

Test for one sample

Test number = 6
t Degree Sig. (2- Mean 95% confidence gap

freedom tailed) Deviation

Lower Upper
 TESTING HYPOTHESIS FOR MEANS 4

Level of
-35.924 46939 .000 -.478 -.50 -.45
democracy: today

The null hypothesis tested here is that Ho: μ=6 vs . Ha : μ≠ 6.

This output is a confirmation that the current democracy level differs from the value of 6 since

t (46939)=−35.924 , p< 0.05. These results are significant in the development of the society

because it shows the current status of governance. The leaders can, therefore, spot the sector that

needs improvements.

An independent sample t-test enables the researchers to compare the means of two different

types of data. Therefore, this technique is appropriate in determining if there is a significant

difference in people’s perception concerning the regions (North Africa and Southern Africa.)

The assumptions are the same as for one sample t-test except for the homogeneity of variance.

Syntax:

T-TEST GROUPS=COUNTRY.BY.REGION (3 4)

/MISSING=ANALYSIS

/VARIABLES=Q46A

/CRITERIA= CI (.95).

Output:

Statistics for Group

Country by N Average Standard Std. Error

region Deviation Mean

Today’s Level of South of Africa 15979 5.78 2.795 .022

democracy North of Africa 5418 4.90 3.092 .042

Samples Test for Independence

  Test for Means Equality t-test

 TESTING HYPOTHESIS FOR MEANS 5

equality of

variance using

Levene

statistics
Std. 95% Confidence

Mean Error gap

Sig. (2- Differe Differenc Lowe

F Sig. t df tailed) nce e r Upper

Q46a. Assumptio 130.64 .000 19.453 21395 .000 .879 .045 .790 .967

Level n of 9

of equality of

demo variance
No     18.510 8610.81 .000 .879 .047 .786 .972
cracy:
assumption 5
today
of the

equality of

variance
Levene’s test helps in determining the assumption of homogeneity of variance (Frankfort-

Nachmias & Leon-Guerrero, 2018). These results indicate that the variations of the two groups

are not the same since the p-value is less than .05. The researcher is 95% sure that the two

regions statistically differ since t (8610.815) =18.510, p<0.05. This depiction is essential because

it shows how governance varies from one place to another. Therefore, leaders from different

countries should borrow excellent leadership skills from each other.

A paired sample t-test is useful in case-control experiments (Laureate, 2016). This technique

is appropriate for case three. The assumptions are the same as those of a one-sample t-test.
TESTING HYPOTHESIS FOR MEANS 6

Syntax:

T-TEST PAIRS=X1MTHUTI WITH X2MTHUTI (PAIRED)

/CRITERIA=CI (.9500)

/MISSING=ANALYSIS

Output:

Statistics for Paired Samples

Average N Standard Std. Error

Deviation Mean
Freshman mathematics
-.0096 16021 .99040 .00782
utility
Set 1
Second-year
.0059 16021 1.00682 .00795
mathematics utility

Correlations for Paired Samples

N Correlation Sig.
Freshman mathematics

Set 1 utility & senior year 16021 .285 .000

mathematics utility
This table gives a correlation between T1 and T2, which is at .285. This figure also indicates the

effect size, and the researcher can use the results to make real-life decisions.

Test for Paired Samples

Paired Differences
Std. Standar 95% Confidence Sig.

Deviatio d Error gap (2-

  Mean n Average Lower Upper T df tailed)

Se Freshman -.0155 1.19384 .00943 -.0340 .00293 -1.649 16020 .099

t1 mathematic 6 4
TESTING HYPOTHESIS FOR MEANS 7

s utility –

senior year

mathematic

s utility
This table affirms that mathematical utility does not change as the students proceed since t

(16020) = -1.649, p=.099 at a 95% confidence level. This outcome is essential to the education

sector since the teachers can understand how student's attitudes change towards some subjects

over time.
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TESTING HYPOTHESIS FOR MEANS 9

References

Frankfort-Nachmias, C., & Leon-Guerrero, A. (2018). Social statistics for a diverse society

(8thed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Laureate Education (Producer). (2016l). The t-test for independent samples [Video file].

Baltimore, MD: Author

Laureate Education (Producer). (2016m). The t-test for related samples [Video file]. Baltimore,

MD: Author