Presmod User Guide

Presmo d_ U S E R M A N UA L
V E R S ION 5
be dynamic ®
Drillbench Presmod User Guide Page i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1. GENERAL 1
1.1 Overview 1
2. MAIN ENVIRONMENT 3
2.1 Overview 3
3. CREATING A CASE FILE 5

3.1 Overview 5
3.2 The data model - DEML 5
3.3 New session (.dml) file 6
3.4 Editing an existing session (.dml) file 7
3.5 Converting legacy session files 7
3.6 Library 9
3.6.1 Library editor 11
4. INPUT PARAMETERS 12
4.1 Description 12
4.2 Formation 13
4.2.1 Surface temperature 13
4.2.2 Lithology 13
4.3 Survey 15
4.4 Pore pressure and fracture pressure 17
4.5 Wellbore geometry 18
4.6 String 23
4.7 Mud 25
4.8 Temperature 34
5. EXPERT INPUT PARAMETERS 36

5.1 Model parameters 36
5.2 Eccentricity 37
5.3 Surface pipeline 39
5.4 RCH and Choke 39
6. MENUS AND TOOLBARS 41

6.1 File 41
6.1.1 New 41
6.1.2 Open 41
6.1.3 Reopen 41
6.1.4 Save 41
6.1.5 Save as 41
6.1.6 Save as template 42
6.1.7 Save library 42
6.1.8 Import 42
6.1.9 Export 43
6.1.10 Exit 43
6.2 Edit 43
6.2.1 Cut 43
6.2.2 Copy 43
6.2.3 Paste 43
Drillbench Presmod User Guide Page ii
6.2.4 Undo 43
6.3 View 43
6.3.1 Well schematic 44
6.3.2 Survey plot 44
6.3.3 Log view 46
6.3.4 Navigation bar 46
6.3.5 Input 46
6.3.6 Expert input 46
6.3.7 Simulation 46
6.4 Simulation 46
6.4.1 Start/Pause 47
6.4.2 Step 47
6.4.3 Reset 47
6.4.4 Load state from file 47
6.4.5 Save state… 48
6.5 Results 48
6.5.1 Keep previous results 48
6.5.2 Export results 49
6.5.3 Import results 49
6.5.4 Add page 49
6.5.5 Rename page 50
6.5.6 Remove page 50
6.5.7 Load/save layouts 50
6.6 Tools 50
6.6.1 Take snapshot 50
6.6.2 Report 51
6.6.3 Validate parameters 52
6.6.4 Edit unit settings 52
6.6.5 Options 53
6.7 Help 56
6.7.1 About 56
7. RUNNING A SIMULATION 58
7.1 Overview 58
7.2 Controlling a simulation 58
7.3 Simulation window 58
7.3.1 Graphical output 59
7.3.2 Plot properties 61
7.3.3 Print and export 61
7.3.4 Import data 64
7.3.5 Zooming 64
7.4 Interactive simulation mode 64
7.5 Batch simulation mode 65
7.6 Dynamic surge and swab simulations 67
8. WORKING WITH PRESMOD 70

8.1 Multiple runs – keep results 70
8.2 Improved results view 71
8.2.1 Trend plots 71
8.2.2 Profile plots 72
8.3 Well schematic 73
8.4 Add external data 74
8.5 Create presentation graphics 76
Drillbench Presmod User Guide Page iii
9. SELECTING THERMAL PROPERTIES 78

9.1 Introduction 78
9.2 Drilling fluids 78
9.2.1 Specific heat 78
9.2.2 Thermal conductivity 79
9.3 Other materials 80
10. RHEOLOGY MODELS 81

10.1 Models 81
10.1.1 Bingham plastic model 81
10.1.2 Power law model 81
10.1.3 Robertson-Stiff model 81
10.1.4 Shear rate dependent fluid parameters 82
11. KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS 83
12. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 84
13. REFERENCES 85
Drillbench Presmod User Guide Page 1
1. GENERAL
1.1 Overview
Drillbench is an advanced software suite for design and evaluation of all drilling
operations. It is a result of more than 15 years of drilling research and has unique
features in dynamic simulation of the wellbore flow process.
As a software suite Drillbench is a compilation of several individual applications
focusing on different challenges encountered in a drilling operation. All the
applications are based on the same design basis and they have a lot of tools and
features in common, but each application has a user interface that is tailored to the
tasks the application is designed for. The combination of a common look and feel
and tailored interfaces ensures that it is very easy to move from application to
application for analyzing various phases of the drilling operation.
Presmod is one of the applications in Drillbench. It focuses on drilling hydraulics

and modeling of wellbore pressures and temperatures during all phases of the
drilling operation. Presmod couples dynamic modeling of wellbore temperatures
with dynamic flow modeling. Presmod also includes a dynamic surge and swab
model.
Presmod includes important parameters like pressure and temperature dependent

fluid properties, thermophysical properties, detailed geometry description and
operational effects. It has been proved to accurately model both pressure (ECD &
ESD) and temperature in deepwater and HPHT wells, where it is crucial to include
effects of temperature. The accuracy of Presmod makes it a very valuable tool in
drilling operations with narrow margins between pore and fracture pressures.
Typical examples of wells with narrow margins are:
 HPHT and ultra-HPHT wells
 Deep water wells
 ERD wells with long horizontal sections

 Wells in depleted reservoirs
Presmod has a wide range of applications. It can be used for:
 Selecting fluid systems

o Decide maximum and minimum circulation rates
o Decide maximum trip velocities
o Evaluate temperature effects

 Developing operational procedures that ensures the well objectives without
exceeding the pressure limits
 Filling the gaps in the information stream from the PWD, and providing
information in static periods when the transmission from downhole sensors
are unavailable
 Providing temperature information in wells that are outside the operating

conditions for downhole electronics.
Presmod has several visualization features that can be used for analyzing the wellbore
flow process. With the unique batch feature and the ability to run several runs on top of
each other it is also very easy to perform sensitivity analysis.
2. MAIN ENVIRONMENT
2.1 Overview
The Presmod installation by default creates a Presmod entry under Programs 
SPT Group in the Start menu. Presmod is started either by selecting this shortcut,
by clicking a desktop icon or by selecting from the Windows Explorer.
Regardless of the start-up method, the program will look similar to Figure 2-1 when
starting up. The contents of the parameter display may be different depending on
parameter group and selected window.
Figure 2-1: This is a typical view when starting Presmod. A summary page shows
the most important parameters to give the user an overview of the case.
The environment consists of 4 main areas; the menu line and the toolbar at the top of
the window, and in the main Presmod window there is a navigation bar to the left and
a data entry window to the right.
The menu line

A standard menu line with File, Edit, View, Simulation, Results, Tools and Help
entries. File operations, selecting views and simulation control may be done from
here.
The toolbar
Standard commands like File  New, File  Open, Save, Copy, Cut, Paste and
Undo, are placed in a toolbar for easy access. These commands can also be
accessed by standard Windows keyboard shortcuts (ref. Chapter 11) . A toolbar for
controlling the simulation with start, pause, one-step and reset buttons is placed
next to the normal toolbar. The user can also select the desired type of simulation,
interactive, batch or surge/swab.
Navigation bar
The navigation bar contains:
- Input for specification of the most frequently used input parameters
- Expert input for specification of optional or expert features
- Simulation for calculation and output of results
Data entry window

Displays either input parameters or calculated output parameters depending on the
current selection in the navigation bar
3. CREATING A CASE FILE
3.1 Overview
This section briefly describes the data model in Drillbench and how a new case can
be created. All Drillbench applications share the same data model, therefore this
section is similar for all applications.
A new case can be created either by building a new file or by editing an old file. The
data needed for a simulation may be selected from the library or specified on the
input parameter sheets. The input parameter sheets and the library are presented in
more detail in section 3.6 and chapter 4.
If you have used older versions of Drillbench, you can open your input files as
normal and you will be notified that your input has been upgraded. Note that this
upgrade is irreversible – files saved from this version cannot be loaded in
older versions of Drillbench.
3.2 The data model - DEML

The data model illustrated in Figure 3-1 handles all internal data transfer between
the user interface and the numerical models and store all the information in XML
files.
The data model is the same for all Drillbench applications, but most applications
only use a subset of the full model. When switching from one application to another,
all available data will be used and the user must add only the data specific to the
application in use.
Figure 3-1: Data model in Drillbench.
Data can be collected from several sources. In many cases, companies have some
standards, guidelines or common practices that will remain unchanged from case to
case. Also vendors of tools and fluids may be the same in many cases.
The total amount of data needed to run a Presmod session may therefore be
divided into case specific data and more standard data that will remain unchanged
or only slightly modified from case to case. The standard data can, as before, be
defined in the Library to simplify the case definition phase.
Among the case specific data are well trajectory, geometry, operational conditions
and temperature. Typical library entries are fluids, pipes and tools.
3.3 New session (.dml) file

To create a new session file, select File  New from the menu line. The new file
dialog offers choices of starting with a blank file or with predefined templates.
Templates can be defined either for specific well types (i.e. HPHT, deep-water,
extended reach) or for specific fields. The idea behind the templates is that the input
process should be simplified. All the predefined data is available from the user
interface so it is easy to review the data and verify that it fits the case you want to
simulate.
Figure 3-2: New file dialog.
The path to the templates is configured in the Tools  Options dialog.

3.4 Editing an existing session (.dml) file

Existing input files are opened by choosing File  Open and selecting the file. A
recent used file can also be opened from the File  Reopen list. The edit process
is very similar to what you do when you open a template file. After editing the input
file, choose File  Save as…from the menu line and give the input file a new
name. The input file can be saved in any directory.
3.5 Converting legacy session files

Drillbench has since version 4 used a new data file format and files created with
older versions of Drillbench (3.X) needs to be converted for use in Drillbench
applications.
There are two tools for converting old files:
 Convert file - converts a single file or database
 Convert folder - converts all files in a folder and (optional) subfolders
To convert a file:
Open the convert file application (Start  [Program location]  Tools  Legacy 
Convert file)
The application shown in Figure 3-3 is opened. By clicking the folder symbol, an
explorer window is opened for selection of files to convert. The corresponding new
file (.dml) will be located in the same folder as the original file.
Figure 3-3: Tool for converting session and database files from Drillbench 3.X.
To convert a folder:
Open the convert folder application (Start  [Program location]  Tools  Legacy
 Convert folder)
Figure 3-4 shows the convert folder tool. Just select the folder you want to convert
and all old session files including those in subfolders will be scanned and
converted. This can be performed at the root (C:\ or any other location where you
have Drillbench files), but note that if you have many files, this command can take
some time to complete.
Figure 3-4: Tool for conversion of all session files in a folder (including subfolders).
A log file is created for each file that is converted to the Drillbench format (.dml).
The log file is automatically stored together with the file and contains any messages
and warnings that may have been generated during the conversion to the new
format.
3.6 Library
All data is entered in the parameter input section. For some data that is typically
entered based on data sheets or from handbooks, an optional library function is
included. The default installation of Drillbench contains a library with values for
pipes & tubulars, tools, fluids etc. The user can easily add information to the library
to define new items.
The entries from the library are selected in the parameter input sections for
Wellbore geometry, String and Mud. The library can be accessed by clicking on the
Name field for the item/component. The items/components that can be found and
stored in the library are:
 Riser
 Casing/Liner
 String components
 Bit
 Mud (Drilling fluid)
Figure 3-5: Library browser and filter dialog for casings.
To find a specific item or component in the library, there is a filter option to help you
search for the item or component you need. You can set up several different filters
to make your library search more detailed. Click the Add button to add a line in the
filter dialog or press remove if you want to remove a line. Remember to click Apply
filter – no filtering is performed before this button is clicked.
To select an item from the list of matching components you can double click on the
element. You will then return to the input screen and can continue to specify other
data.
If you do not find a suitable item or component in the library, you can specify all the
properties of the item or component manually in the input parameter window. The
item or component can then be added to the library by right-clicking on the line in
the table and choosing add item to Library.
3.6.1 Library editor
There is also a standalone library editor that can be opened from the Start menu
(Start  [Program location]  Tools  Library editor).
Figure 3-6: Library editor.
In the Library editor all the information that is stored in the library can be reviewed.
It is possible to add new items or edit the specification of existing items.
4. INPUT PARAMETERS
The input parameters have been divided into nine main groups.
Summary A brief summary of the most important input data
Description Information about the present study/case
Formation Defines the formations and geothermal properties
Pore pressure &
Defines pore and fracture pressures with depth
Fracture pressure
Survey Describes the well trajectory
Wellbore geometry Defines the casing program for the well
String Configures and defines the drill string and bit
Mud Defines the drilling fluid
Temperature Defines temperatures and temperature model
4.1 Description
Use the Description window to describe the main purpose and key parameters of
the current case. The input is self-explanatory and consists of the most important
parameters needed to identify the case. Use the Description field to distinguish
several computations performed for the same case.
Figure 4-1: Description window.

4.2 Formation
The formation section is only required if the dynamic temperature model (see
chapter 4.8) is used. If a measured temperature profile is selected the Formation
section can be disregarded.
The formation input contains all information about the environment where the well is
going to be drilled. Different horizontal layers (lithologies) are defined together with
the properties for each layer.
4.2.1 Surface temperature
The Surface temperature specifies the starting point for calculating the geothermal
temperature. In offshore wells this is the sea water temperature at the surface. Note
that it may differ significantly from the flowline temperature.
4.2.2 Lithology
Figure 4-2 shows a typical formation window, containing four layers; two different
sea water layers and two formation layers. Changing depths or geothermal gradient
will give an immediate update of the preview plot. This is very useful in order to
check that the entered data is correct. Also note that the plot of the geothermal
gradient, like all Drillbench plots, can be modified by right-clicking on the plot area.
Lithology is used as a term for formation materials in vertical direction from sea
level. Even if seawater is not a formation, it is treated similarly and is included
among the lithologies. The same information has to be given for seawater as for the
other lithologies.
For offshore wells at least two lithologies are required: seawater and formation. If
more detailed knowledge about the geology and thermophysical properties of the
different geological layers is available, several formation layers with different
properties can be defined (see also chapter 9 Selecting thermal properties).
To append lines to the table just use the down arrow key. To add or remove lines
within the table, use either Ctrl+Ins or Ctrl+Del.
Note that depths entered in the table are true vertical depth with reference to RKB.
Seawater specification can also be differentiated. Especially for deep-water wells

this can be of importance. It is possible to select different temperature (geothermal)
gradients at different water depths.
Default values are given for seawater and formation. However, it can be necessary
to change the defaults, since the geothermal gradient is defined as a material
property. It is important to note that if the geothermal gradient changes, a new
lithology should be defined, even if other properties are the same.
The last column in the lithology table contains an option to edit the thermophysical
properties for the different layers. Clicking the right hand side of the last column
activates the cell for edit and a button appears in the cell. Clicking this button opens
the window shown in Figure 4-3. The default data are displayed in the window.
These data can be modified by clicking the radio button that activates the
Customized fields, where new values can be entered.
Figure 4-2: Formation input window.
Figure 4-3: Thermophysical properties.

4.3 Survey
The input data for the survey are Measured depth, Inclination and Azimuth. The
simulator calculates the true vertical depth (TVD) by using the minimum curvature
algorithm. The angle is given as deviation from the vertical, which means that an
angle of 90 indicates the horizontal. The angle between two points is the average
angle between the points. The simulator handles horizontal wells, but angles higher
than 100 are not recommended. This window is optional and the well is assumed
vertical if no data is entered.
The survey data can be entered manually, copied from a spreadsheet or imported
from an existing survey file. Figure 4-4 shows the survey data table and a 2D sketch
of the well trajectory.
Figure 4-4: Specification of survey data.
Inclination data can also be imported from file (Ref. Figure 4-5) by choosing File 
Import  Survey data or RMSwellplan data.
Figure 4-5: Menu option for survey data import.
The RMSwellplan option opens a File open dialog and a *.dwf file can be selected.
The Survey data import is different as this option opens a file import tool, shown in
Figure 4-6.
The import tool is very general and can handle different units, different column order
or delimiters. It can also handle any number of header or footer lines.
Figure 4-6: Survey Import window.
The survey profile can be previewed in 3D, by selecting View  Survey plot.
Figure 4-7: 3D survey plot.
4.4 Pore pressure and fracture pressure

Pore pressure and the corresponding Fracture pressure can be specified for various
depths. This is an optional window and can be left empty. However, the given data
will be used as reference values in plots of ECD and pressure. It is therefore very
useful to enter the expected profiles. The window is shown in Figure 4-8. As soon
as depths or gradients are entered or modified in the tables, the plot on the right
hand side will be updated.
Measured depth and the corresponding pore pressure data are defined in the upper
table. Either the Pore pressure gradient or the Pore pressure is specified. If the
gradient is specified, the corresponding pore pressure at the given depth is
automatically calculated, and vice versa.
Measured depth and the corresponding fracture pressure data are defined in the
lower table. Either the Fracture pressure gradient or the Fracture pressure is
specified. If the gradient is specified, the corresponding fracture pressure at the
given depth is automatically calculated, and vice versa. The corresponding TVD
values are automatically displayed for information purposes.
To append lines to the table, just use the down arrow key. To add or remove lines
within the table use either Ctrl+Ins or Ctrl+Del.
Figure 4-8: Specification of pore pressure and fracture pressure.
4.5 Wellbore geometry

The wellbore geometry section contains the specification of the actual hole. A
typical window appearance is shown in Figure 4-9. The wellbore is divided in three
parts:
 Riser (if applicable)
 Casing/Liner
 Open hole
Figure 4-9: Specification of Riser, casing and liner data.
Riser
Figure 4-10: Riser.
The riser is specified by the length (water depth) and the dimensions. The ellipsis
button in the Name column can be used to refer to entries in the library.
The library functionality is described further in Chapter 3.6.
Figure 4-11: Library browser for Casings and Risers (database).
Casing/Liner
Due to the fact that the temperature model is two-dimensional, it is normal to

include all the casings and the materials surrounding them in the specification of the
well. If the dynamic temperature model is not going to be used, it is enough to
specify the innermost layer of casings and liners, and data in the columns Hole
diameter, Top of cement, and Material above cement will not be used.
Figure 4-12: Casing/Liner.
Each row in the casing and liner window is used for specifying the information
necessary for one casing string.
The first column contains the casing/liner name. The Name fields contain an ellipsis
button that can be used to reference the casing and liner library. All the information
about dimensions and properties can be taken from the library. The library
functionality is described in Chapter 3.6. Note that you don’t have to pick the
information from the library. If the dimensions are more readily available from other
applications or reports, the information can easily be pasted into the table. Right
clicking on a line in the table will allow you to store new elements to the library.
The second column is the liner hanger depth. It specifies the starting point of the
casing. The liner hanger depth will often be equal to the water depth. If there are
deeper liners the hanger depths for these should be specified as well.
The third column is used to specify the setting depth for the casing or depth for
cross-over to another casing dimension.
In the fourth and fifth columns the inner and outer diameters of the casing are
specified (these values will be taken from the library, but can be manually updated
as well).
In the sixth column the hole diameter outside the casing is specified. This is the bit
diameter that was used when drilling the section
In the seventh column the depth for top of cement is specified. The eighth column is
specifying the material above the cement. Note that even if it is cemented to the
seabed, there will be a seawater column on top of the cement.
All depths are metered depths with reference to RKB.
The last column has an option to manually update some properties of the casing,
including thermophysical properties.
Figure 4-13: Thermophysical properties of casing.
If you do a copy and paste of an item where you have altered the thermophysical
properties, you will have to specify this information again for the new item.
A schematic of the casing diagram can be viewed from the menu View  Well
schematic. A visual inspection of the well can reveal errors in the input data.
Open hole
Figure 4-14: Open hole.
You specify the open hole section by the length from the last casing shoe to the
bottom of the well and the open hole diameter.
4.6 String
You may choose to use tool joints in the calculations. In that case, you must specify
an average stand length in order to let the program calculate the numbers of tool
joints.
Figure 4-15: Average stand length and tool joints.
Figure 4-16: String configuration.
String
Select components from the library browser to configure the drill string. The
selection is performed using the filter dialog, launched using the ellipsis button in
the first column of the table. The library functionality is described in Chapter 3.6.
The first row in the table is the component next to the bit, i.e. all components,
including the bottom hole assembly (BHA), are defined from the bit and upward in
this table.
It is possible to create items with custom dimensions by modifying diameters of an

already defined item or by entering the information manually. To add new items to
the library, right click on the component.
It is also possible to edit/view the properties of the different components by clicking
in the last column of the chosen component. The thermophysical properties are
modified as in Figure 4-13. Figure 4-17 shows the Properties window for the motor.
The dimensions and flow rate interval with corresponding pressure loss can be
specified. In the table of flow rates the minimum and maximum rate is taken as
lower and upper motor limitation.
Figure 4-17: Specification of motor properties.
Bit
The bit is defined separately. Select the bit from the library browser by clicking the
ellipsis button. It is possible to edit the bit dimensions and properties by adjusting
the values in the window. The flow area through the nozzles is defined either by
entering the Total flow area (TFA) or by entering the diameter of each nozzle. To
add a newly created bit to the library, click on the Add to library button.
Figure 4-18: Bit configuration.
If nozzle diameter is selected and it is necessary to specify more than four nozzles,
the extra nozzles can easily be added by pressing the down arrow key at the last
line in the table, or alternatively by pressing Ctrl+Ins
4.7 Mud
In Figure 4-19 the specification of mud properties are illustrated. Fluids can either
be selected from the library or a new fluid can be defined by entering relevant data
in the window. A fluid can be selected from the available library fluids by clicking on
the button in the Fluid name field. This will open the select fluid dialog shown in
Figure 4-20.
If a fluid similar to the actual fluid is not found, it can be created. This is done by
entering data in the relevant input fields for Component densities, PVT,
Thermophysical properties and Rheology. The newly created drilling fluid can be
added to the library by using the Add to library button in the upper right corner.
The mud window can contain several pre-configured muds. The list on the left side
shows the list of current contained fluids. All pre-configured muds are available for
selection in the simulation window to easily switch mud system, or they can be used
in the batch table to simulate circulation of a sequence of different muds.
When specifying a new fluid, either by selecting from the library or creating a new,
press the Add button to add it to the list. Muds can be deleted from the list with the
Delete button.
Figure 4-19: Mud window.
Figure 4-20: Library browser for fluids.

Component densities
Below the drilling fluid entry, the fluid component densities are displayed.
Unless the fluid density is calculated based on data from a field mud, see Measured
PVT model below, a component density model is used. In this case, the p, T
dependency of each phase will be treated separately, and a resulting density will be
calculated based on the weight fractions of each phase and the density of the mud
at standard conditions.
Base oil density and water density are specified at standard conditions (1 bar,15°C /
14.7 psia and 60 °F).
Solid density is the density of the weight material. A solid density of 4.2 sg is
suggested by default, which corresponds to the density of barite. In these
calculations, the compressibility of solids is assumed to be negligible, an
assumption that in most cases is fairly correct.
Density refers to the density of the whole mud phase and must be specified at the
corresponding reference temperature and atmospheric pressure.
The last parameter to be specified is the mud Oil/water ratio. The ratio is specified
as 'oil volume%/water volume%' (e.g. '80/20').
Figure 4-21: Component densities.

PVT model
Two different PVT models are available, Measured PVT model or a Density
correlations PVT model. The model is selected from the PVT model dropdown list.
Figure 4-22: PVT model.
Measured
The measured PVT model is based on measured fluid and oil density data for
different pressure and temperatures. The measured values can be specified by
clicking on the PVT properties button in the PVT section.
Clicking the properties button opens a sub-window with two tab sheets; one for
density of the whole fluid and one for density of the base oil.
Both tab sheets contain spreadsheet tables that support copy and paste between
other programs and Drillbench.
Mud density
The table for mud density consists of a spreadsheet component with temperature
data in the first row and pressure in the first column. The densities are filled in for
each pair of pressure and temperature. This table is not needed unless Measured
PVT is chosen as PVT model.
Figure 4-23: Measured mud density data.
Base oil density

The table for base oil density consists of a spreadsheet component with
temperature data in the first row and pressure in the first column. The densities are
filled in for each pair of pressure and temperature. This table is not needed unless
Measured PVT is chosen as PVT model.
Density correlations
Figure 4-24: Density correlations PVT model.
Oil density submodel

Three models (Sorelle(oil), Glassø, Standing) are available, these are based on
experimental work on different oil samples. There is also a possibility to enter
measurements on the actual fluid.
 Standing : The Standing model was originally presented in 1947. The
correlations were formulated based on experimental work on Californian oils,
and were since reformulated in 1974.
 Glassø (recommended): The Glassø model is similar to the Standing model, but
it is formulated for North Sea oils. Both the Standing and Glassø models are
valid only for the low to moderate pressure range. Above this, in the high
pressure and temperature range, the Vazques and Beggs model (Reference III)
is used.
 Sorelle (oil): The Sorelle model is based on laboratory measurements of diesel
oil. The model is formulated for HPHT conditions.
 Table: The table approach uses the PVT properties spreadsheet component, as
described in the section above under Measured PVT model, for entering
experimental data for base oil densities.
Water density submodel

There are three options available: Dodson & Standing, Kemp & Thomas and
Sorelle.
 Dodson & Standing (recommended): Dodson and Standing have published a
correlation for compressibility and thermal expansion of pure water.
 Kemp & Thomas: The Kemp and Thomas model is formulated for brines. The
model compensates the change of compressibility and thermal expansion of
brine due to variations in the ionic interaction with elevated pressures and
temperatures. The brine content in the mud must be known if this model is
selected. A sub-window appears when clicking the Brine button and the weight
fractions of each salt can be specified. The weight fractions are relative to the
whole fluid.
Figure 4-25: Brine data.
Brine data is only relevant if the Kemp & Thomas model is selected as water
density model.
 Sorelle (water): Sorelle et. al. also formulated a correlation for the water phase.
The correlation is based on literature data.
Thermophysical properties
The thermophysical properties of the drilling fluid can be edited/viewed by clicking

the Thermophysical properties button.
The data in this sheet is used in the dynamic temperature model.
All the parameters, Specific heat capacity, Thermal conductivity, Density and Static
viscosity, can be given either as a constant value or as a temperature dependent
value. Default values are displayed to the left. These values are automatically
calculated by Presmod, see Chapter 9 Selecting thermal properties. Values can be
customized by enabling the checkbox next to a field.
Figure 4-26: Thermophysical properties of drilling fluid.
Rheology
The Rheology model dropdown list is used to specify which correlation should be
used for calculation of rheology data at elevated pressure and temperature. Three
models are available; Power law, Bingham and Robertson-Stiff model. Robertson-
Stiff is the recommended model for most situations.
Figure 4-27: Rheology input.
It is possible to enter pressure and temperature dependent rheology data, or the

rheology curve can be given for only one pressure and temperature value.
The data are entered in the shear rate vs. shear stress (Fann reading) table for
selected combinations of pressure and temperature, as illustrated in Figure 4-28.
The rheology table is a spreadsheet table and supports copy and paste between
other programs and Drillbench.
If Robertson -Stiff is chosen as rheology model, the table should, if applicable,
contain at least three Fann readings.
Alternatively, the rheology data can be given in terms of plastic viscosity (PV), yield
point (YP).
Figure 4-28: Fann tables.
4.8 Temperature
Figure 4-29: Temperature input window.
Platform
The first item to be selected in the temperature window is the model for the injection
temperature. Platform temperature data is used only when the Dynamic
temperature model is selected. The data specifies how to calculate the surface
temperature of the drilling fluid just before being pumped into the drill string.
If Constant mud injection temperature is selected, the temperature of the mud
pumped into the well will be the same throughout the simulation.
If Constant temperature difference is selected, the mud injection temperature will

always be the given number of degrees below the mud outlet temperature, which is
continuously being calculated, and will thus vary with time.
The third option is Surface temperature model. The user has to specify initial pit
tank temperature and a heat loss constant from the pit tanks that the mud passes
through from the outlet back to the pumps. The heat loss constant should be in the
range 40 – 100.
Dynamic temperature model/Measured data
The next item to be selected in the temperature window is whether the dynamic
temperature model should be used or not.
The simplest case will be to use Measured data. In this case a temperature profile
is specified for the mud inside drill pipe and annulus. Pairs of measured depth and
temperatures are entered both in the drill string and in the annulus. The number of
pairs may be different for annulus and drill string. The program will interpolate
between the entered points to get the information needed for the calculations. The
first data points in the tables are the mud temperature at surface.
If Dynamic temperature model is selected, the heat transfer and temperature will be
computed dynamically with grid cells generated both in the radial direction and
along the flow line. The dynamic temperature model needs to know if the mud inlet
temperature should be constant, at a constant difference from the mud outlet or if a
surface temperature model should be used to calculate the inlet temperature. This
is specified in the upper part of this window.
5. EXPERT INPUT PARAMETERS

The expert input parameters have been divided into four main groups.
Numerical parameters, observation points

Model parameters
and gel model
Eccentricity Eccentricity of the drill string
Surface pipeline Pressure loss in surface equipment
RCH & Choke Specifications for RCH and choke
5.1 Model parameters
Figure 5-1: Model parameters window.
Number of Grid cells
The number of grid cells is a numerical parameter. The user specifies the number of
grid cells used to create the underlying mathematical model. More specifically, it
defines the level of detail at which the drillstring and annulus is discretized.
Increasing the number of grid cells will increase the accuracy of the simulation, but
at the cost of the computation time. The computation time will at best increase
linearly with respect to the grid cells. To avoid the simulation becoming too time-
consuming, the recommended value for this parameter is around 90. Maximum
number of cells is 2000.
Observation Points
Five positions can be specified in the well where pressure, ecd and temperature
can be observed. The measured depth of the observation point is specified together
with a specification of point type. The points can either be moving or fixed. A
moving point is a point that is “attached” to the drillstring and moves together with
the string. A fixed point refers to a fixed depth, independent of string movement or
bit position.
Depths greater than bit depth are allowed. For fixed observation points this is
interpreted as being below bit, while for observation points moving with drillstring it
is taken to be inside drillstring, with distance measured down the annulus, through
the bit, and up the drillstring.
Gel model
If the model is activated, all muds at rest in the annulus will start gelling, with gel
strength properties calculated from the two given gel readings in the input. The
most common way to describe the gelling properties of drilling fluids is the 10s and
600s (10minute) gel strength, which is why we require the input of two gel strength
readings.
5.2 Eccentricity
Presmod can account for an eccentric drillstring. This is specified in the Eccentricity
window (Figure 5-2)
Figure 5-2: Eccentricity window.
There are three different options for eccentricity.
Figure 5-3: Eccentricity type options.
The eccentricity can be turned completely off (Not used). This means that the
drillstring is concentric within the annulus. The second option is Maximum
eccentricity in deviated sections. Presmod will use maximum eccentricity above a
given deviation, concentric drill string in vertical sections, and smooth transitions in
between. Tool joints are taken into account if used (see the “String” window). If a
stand-off calculation is performed this can also be entered in the table. Using the
third option, Table, eccentricity of the drill string versus depth can be entered.
Each line gives eccentricity from the specified depth and downwards. Eccentricity
is zero above the first depth.
By definition, the sum of standoff and eccentricity is always 100 %.

5.3 Surface pipeline
Figure 5-4: Surface pipeline window.
If there is a considerable loss of pressure in the surface piping between the pump
and the wellhead, the surface pressure loss should be entered in this window. A
linear interpolation will be used between the points, and a graphical verification of
the surface pressure loss is plotted. The simulator assumes a linear increase from
no pressure loss at zero flow rate up to the lowest flow rate entry, and a constant
pressure loss at all rates above the maximum flow rate entry.
Note: The flow rates must be given in increasing order.
5.4 RCH and Choke

Choke
If you are using a rotating control head (RCH), enable it in this window and specify
information for the choke. The inner diameter must be given together with the
minimum time required to close the choke fully. The simulator automatically adds a
surface pipe length to the system.
Figure 5-5: RCH and Choke window.
The user may control the well pressure in a dynamic simulation by modifying the
well head pressure. In the choke input window the user specifies how to operate the
choke by selecting either Pressure, Opening or Automatic from the Choke control
drop down list. If Automatic choke control is selected, some automatic choke control
parameters have to be set:
 Constant bottomhole ECD
 Proportional gain
 Feed forward gain
 Integral gain
 Derivative gain
Separator
A separator working pressure has to be set if “Use RCH” is enabled.

6. MENUS AND TOOLBARS

Menus and toolbar icons have standard Windows functionality. We assume that
Presmod users are familiar with Windows operations, and will only describe the
menu and toolbar functions specially designed for Presmod.
6.1 File
6.1.1 New
Use File  New to create an input file from scratch. This dialog offers choices of
starting with a blank file or with predefined templates. The template path is
configured in the option dialog.
Figure 6-1: New file dialog.
6.1.2 Open
Open a file using a standard file selection dialog.
6.1.3 Reopen
Reopen one of the last used files.
6.1.4 Save
Save a file using a standard file selection dialog.
6.1.5 Save as
Save a file under a new name using a standard file selection dialog.
6.1.6 Save as template
Save the file as a template-file.
6.1.7 Save library
Save all data in the library.
6.1.8 Import
Use File  Import to import either a survey file in some ASCII format or survey data
from the RMSwellplan application. When the survey data file has been selected, the
survey data import dialog appears. Select the appropriate column delimiter, the
units used in the survey file and the number of header/footer lines to be skipped.
Figure 6-2: Survey import.
The survey file must be in ASCII format with columns for measured depth,
inclination and azimuth. By default, the program assumes that the first column is
used for Measured depth , the second column is for Inclination and the third for
Azimuth. If this is not the case, the column headers can be rearranged by drag and
drop: Click and hold the left mouse button on the column header, drag to the correct
position and release the mouse button.
6.1.9 Export
Use File  Export to save the survey data in the RMSwellplan (*.dwf) file format.
6.1.10 Exit
Exits the application.
6.2 Edit
Standard windows functionality.
6.2.1 Cut
Standard windows functionality. In complex input tables the Edit option is not
available. A field must be active for edit before this option is active. To select and
cut a range of spreadsheet cells – highlight the cells and press Ctrl+X.
6.2.2 Copy
copy a range of spreadsheet cells – highlight the cells and press Ctrl+C.
6.2.3 Paste
paste a range of spreadsheet cells – highlight the cells, or alternatively the starting
cell for the area to paste, and press Ctrl+V.
6.2.4 Undo
Standard windows functionality.
6.3 View
Used to switch between Input, Expert Input and Simulation on the Navigation bar.
The Navigation bar and Log view can be displayed or hidden by checking or
unchecking their tag in the menu.
6.3.1 Well schematic
A schematic plot that includes the riser, seabed, casing/liner program, open hole
and the drill string is shown by selecting View  Well schematic or using the well
schematic button in the tool bar. A visual inspection of the well can reveal errors in
the input data. The well schematic has a view properties window to toggle items
and labels to be drawn, which can be opened from the popup menu item
Properties…
The well schematic will provide live feedback on changes done in the well
specification by highlighting the well component currently selected for modification,
and by updating geometry changes as they happen.
Figure 6-3: Well schematic view.
6.3.2 Survey plot
To view a three-dimensional representation of the survey, select View  Survey

plot. The default view is in front of the XY-plane. To rotate the view around the well,
move the mouse in the direction of desired rotation while pressing the left mouse
button. To zoom in, move the mouse up while pressing the right mouse button. To
zoom out, move the mouse down while pressing the right mouse button. To move
the figure, move the mouse while pressing the left mouse button and the shift key.
There is a menu line in the survey plot with a File and a View menu. To reset the
view, select View  Reset camera from the plot’s menu line. The plot can be saved
in a variety of formats by selecting File  Save As… from the plot’s menu line.
Figure 6-4: 3D-survey plot view.

6.3.3 Log view
By default, the log view is located in the lower part of the main window. It displays
errors, warnings and information messages concerning input data and calculations.
Use the check box on the View  Log View menu to display or hide the log
window. Double-clicking an error or warning leads the user to the input page that
caused the problem. Clicking the right mouse button over the log displays a popup
menu offering the following commands:
Clear messages
This command empties the log.
Save messages
This command lets you save the log contents to a text file for later review.
Show timestamp
This check box toggles the use of timestamps for the lines in the log. This feature
can be used to distinguish messages from various runs and can be helpful when
the content of the log is saved to a file.
6.3.4 Navigation bar
Toggle the navigation bar on/off. Hiding the navigation bar can be useful to make
more room for the main input or simulation window. The state of this selection is
saved between sessions.
6.3.5 Input
Switch to an Input window.
6.3.6 Expert input
Switch to an Expert input window.
6.3.7 Simulation
Switch to a Simulation window.
6.4 Simulation
The simulation control panel can be found both in the menu bar and as a separate
toolbar.
Figure 6-5: The simulation control panel toolbar.
The toolbar has buttons for start/pause, single step and reset of a simulation. You
can also choose from a drop down menu which type of simulation you are going to
run: Interactive simulation, Batch simulation or Dynamic surge and swab simulation.
The simulation is started by clicking Start, and it will continue to run until it is
stopped by the user. When starting the simulation, this button changes to Pause
(Figure 6-6). The simulation can be stopped temporarily by clicking Pause and
continued after a pause by clicking Start. By clicking One step, one time step is
performed and the simulator pauses until Continue or One step is chosen again. To
start the simulation from the very beginning, the Reset button has to be clicked.
Figure 6-6: The simulation control while running a simulation.
By using Pause, changes in the operational conditions can be made at any time
during the simulation.
6.4.1 Start/Pause
Start a simulation and pause a simulation. Continue a simulation after a pause.
6.4.2 Step
Run the simulation one step forward. The step length can be specified to a max
length in the simulation window.
6.4.3 Reset
Reset the simulation. All previous simulation results will be blanked out on the plots
and the simulation will start from the beginning the next time Start is clicked.
6.4.4 Load state from file
Load a previous run simulation that was saved as a state file. . If keep previous
results enabled the simulation resumes as new simulation run, i.e., all plot results
will populate new curves; otherwise the plot curves are truncated to the time stamp
the state was saved.
Figure 6-7: Resuming simulation as a new simulation run.
6.4.5 Save state…
The current simulation state may be saved at any time during a simulation. This
way, the simulation can be continued at a later occasion. To save the state, choose
Simulation  Save state. A save dialog appears asking for a file name. By default,
the state file is given the extension .pr. Later, the simulation can be continued by
first opening the same input file, then choosing Simulation  Load state file. Load
the previously saved restart file and continue the simulation by pressing Start or
Run one time step.
6.5 Results
6.5.1 Keep previous results
You can choose to keep the results from previous simulations and run a new
simulation(s). The new simulation will be plotted together with the previous
simulation. This makes it easier to compare different scenarios or procedures.
Starting a new simulation run with disabled keep previous results will clear out all
previous simulation results.
Figure 6-8: Results of running two simulations with keep results option “on”.
6.5.2 Export results
The simulation results may be saved at any time during a simulation. To save the
results, choose Results  Export results. A save dialog appears asking for a file
name. By default, the result file is given the extension .dbr. Later, the results can
be imported independently of the input file and among all Drillbench application
supporting export and import of results; by choosing Results  Import results. The
loaded results will be added as the oldest runs in the simulation result stack.
6.5.3 Import results
Imports simulation results that were saved by export results. The loaded results will
be added as the oldest runs in the simulation result stack. The simulation results
can be imported across other Drillbench application and do not depend on the input
file, i.e., to compare the bottom hole pressure run with Kick and Presmod.
Figure 6-9: Import of results across Presmod and Kick.
6.5.4 Add page

If you want to add more result pages for custom plots or special plot setups, you
can add a page in which you can add new plots. Pages can also be added by typing
Ctrl-T.
6.5.5 Rename page
You can rename the custom plots pages to organize your plots. Pages can also be
renamed by double-clicking on the page tab.
6.5.6 Remove page
You can remove a plots page by selecting from the menu or by typing Ctrl-F4.
6.5.7 Load/save layouts
Custom chart layout and properties are stored in the DML file. All open plots and
customizations to plots are automatically restored when DML file is opened. Plot
and layout customizations can also be stored and loaded separately to override the
defaults or customizations in a DML. This function can also be used to create
templates for typical plot configurations used in different types of simulations.
6.6 Tools
Tools for functionality like reporting, data validation, screen capture of the graphics
window, changing unit settings and program options can be found in the Tools
menu. Some of these tools are used frequently. These have been given a separate
Toolbar icon for easy access.
Figure 6-10: Toolbar.
6.6.1 Take snapshot
The snapshot feature places a snapshot of the active plot window on the Clipboard,
which can then be pasted into reports or presentations. Combined with customized
plot layouts this is a very useful tool for presentation of simulation results.
6.6.2 Report
The reports are opened by selecting Tools  Report from the menu bar. All reports
use the HTML format. The Input report is a summary report showing the most
important input data. The Current results report includes some input information
and all the result plots that are selected for viewing in the results plot pages in the
simulation window. The tabular results report shows most of the result data as
columns in one big table. Another report, tabular results (printable), shows the same
information, but with the table divided into multiple tables and the table formats
specifically adjusted for printing. Use your web browser’s commands to save or
print the report.
Figure 6-11: The Tools menu – Report.
The reports use standard HTML style sheets (CSS) to define the visual layout. This
makes it easy to customize the format (fonts, colors etc.). Presmod provides a
default style sheet (ircss.css) which can be edited or replaced to match the user’s
preferred report style. Figure 6-12 shows the layout of an excerpt from the input
report using the default style sheet. The other reports behave similarly and use the
same layout.
Figure 6-12: Layout of the Input report.
The format of the reports makes it easy to export data to other applications like
Microsoft Excel. The reports can be opened by Excel directly, or the tables can be
copied from the reports to an Excel worksheet by standard copy and paste.
However, if you are using Internet Explorer to view the report, an even simpler way
is available. Data can be exported directly to an Excel sheet by right-clicking on a
table and selecting Export to Microsoft Excel. An Excel sheet will be opened,
containing the data from the selected report table.
Figure 6-13: Export of Survey data from a report to Excel.
6.6.3 Validate parameters
Validation and documentation of input parameters are important to work efficiently.

Drillbench has a parameter validation tool. It can be started either by pressing
on the toolbar or by selecting Tools  Validate parameters from the menu bar.
6.6.4 Edit unit settings
To edit the unit setting, you can select Tools  Edit unit setting from the menu bar,
or click on the unit name in the status bar to pop up the unit menu.
Figure 6-14: Unit menu.
The unit menu is allows quick change of unit sets and access to the unit edit page.
6.6.5 Options
To open the options tab window, you can select it from Tools  Options from the
menu bar or by clicking on on the toolbar.
This is a dialog that controls the Drillbench program settings. This window is divided
in 3 sheets: General, Appearance and Unit definitions, which are described below.
Figure 6-15: The Drillbench option dialog.

6.6.5.1 General
Library path
Fluids, casings and string components are selected from a library. The location of
the library file is entered in this field. The library selected here is shared among all
Drillbench applications. Use the arrow in the right corner of the field to select from a
list of previous paths.
Template path
Path to Drillbench default template files.
At program startup
Reload last used file resumes the session you were working on when exiting
Presmod the last time.
Remember last selected page

Start at the page you were on when exiting Presmod.the last time.
Reports
Option to indicate if you want to include the default results in all results reports.
Default is to include.
View
Option to control if log window should open automatically when new messages are
produced by Drillbench. Default is to automatically open log.
Input file
Show input read diagnostics
This is an option to enable diagnostic messages when loading an input file. This
should normally not be used. It is only to be used when having trouble loading an
input file. You may be asked by Drillbench support to turn this option on.
Load plot layout(s)
Custom chart layout and properties are now stored in the DML file. All open plots
and customizations to plots are automatically restored when DML file is opened.
Plot customizations are also preserved when using separate layout files. This option
controls if Drillbench will load and use the last saved custom result plot layout and
restore all open plots.
Load plot style
Drillbench will automatically save to the input file all custom changes to the plots
styles, e.g. line thickness, background colors etc. This option controls whether the
last saved changes are restored.
6.6.5.2 Appearance
Allow the user to modify color theme, icon style and tab layout in Presmod
according to personal preference.
Figure 6-16: The Presmod summary window with different color settings.
6.6.5.3 Unit definitions
The unit settings can be changed by selecting the Unit definitions tab found under
Tools  Options in the menu bar, see Figure 6.11. Each unit is defined separately
and saved in a specified unit file. However, predefined sets of units can be selected
from the drop down menu. By default, SI units, metric (European) units and field
units are available. You can create your own set of units by selecting the preferred
units and save to file with a new name.
Figure 6-17: Unit definitions.
6.7 Help
To open the Help window in Presmod you can select it from Help  Help topics or
you can open it by pressing F1.
The Help window will give you a short description and explanation of all the different
windows in Presmod.
When pressing F1 from an input window, the help page for the current window will
be displayed.
6.7.1 About
The Help  About option gives you information about Presmod’s version number
and the expiry date of the current license.
Figure 6-18: The About window in Presmod.

7. RUNNING A SIMULATION
7.1 Overview
Three different types of simulations can be performed. The interactive simulation
mode allows the user to modify the operational parameters manually. In batch
simulation mode, a full simulation is performed, but the changes in operational
conditions are specified before starting the simulator. In the interactive and batch
mode the simulations can be performed with dynamic temperature. It is also
possible to evaluate surge and swab pressures by use of the Surge & Swab mode.
In this case a fixed temperature profile is used.
7.2 Controlling a simulation
Three buttons for controlling the simulator run are found on the toolbar.
The simulation is started by clicking Start, and it will continue to run until it is
stopped by the user. Immediately after the simulation is started this button changes
to Pause. Clicking Reset resets all operational parameters so the simulation can be
started from the very beginning. The simulation is stopped temporarily by clicking
Pause and continued after a pause by clicking Start. By clicking Run one time step,
one time step is performed and the simulator pauses until Start or Run one time
step is chosen again.
The simulator proceeds one step at a time with variable time-step length. The step
number and simulated time is updated after the computation in a particular step is
finished. The length of each time step is normally decided by the simulator. The
default is approximately 90 seconds, but can vary depending on the calculations.
The simulation type is selected from the dropdown list on the toolbar
7.3 Simulation window

The Simulation window is opened by selecting Simulation in the navigator bar.
Figure 7-1: Simulation window.
The Simulation window is divided into two sections:

 Simulation control: The upper part is a panel for information and control of
operational parameters. This panel will change according to which type of
simulation is selected.
 Simulation results: The lower part is a section with several views for display
of results as graphical plots or numerical values.
7.3.1 Graphical output
The different plot windows can be used for displaying the results as the simulation
runs. The results can be viewed both graphically and numerically.
The graphical section in the Simulation window is divided into different sections or
views, which are easily configurable. Presmod provides a set of commonly used
default plots in the first window. It is possible to customize the plots view according
to personal preference and also to add new custom plots windows.
To view a plot, click on the right mouse button in one of the views. A menu will then
appear with selections for adding plots, removing one or all plots, as well as some
options for printing, saving, renaming and customizing the plots.
There are several ways to add new plots. If there are currently no plots visible,
select the Set in the menu. A new submenu will then appear with all the available
plots listed. If you want to add new plots, select add in the menu (when
rightclicking). A new submenu will appear with several options for placement and
with available plots listed. Above the first separator line the plots against simulation
time are listed, below the first separator line the parameters versus depth are listed.
Figure 7-2: Menu showing all plots available during simulation.
You can add as many plots as you want. You can also use the vertical splitter in a
window that has already been split horizontally. The split windows can be resized
by dragging the splitters to the desired position.
You can save the set of simulations in the active plot page by selecting Save layout
to file from the right-click menu. The plot page layout can then later be used in other
simulations by adding a new plot page and select load layout from file from the
right-click menu. In order to save all custom simulation plot pages select Save all
layout(s) to file; select Load all layout(s) from file to load or restore all custom plot
layout pages.
7.3.2 Plot properties
Some plot properties can be modified by clicking the right mouse button on the plot
and selecting the Properties option. The following window appears:
Figure 7-3: The plot properties windows.
It is possible to modify plot title, axis settings, horizontal and vertical grid lines, line
style and point style. In case of a plot with multiple curves, these modifications can
be made for all curves.
7.3.3 Print and export
Using a plot’s right click menu, it can be printed directly from the plotting part of the
program, it can be copied to the clipboard or it can be saved as a file for inclusion in
reports or further manipulation in other programs. Saving to file is accomplished by
selecting Export, which opens the dialog shown in Figure 7-4.
Figure 7-4: Exporting results as picture.
There are several different file formats used for saving the plots:
 Windows bitmap
 Windows metafile
 VML
 PNG
 PDF
 PCX
 JPEG
These file formats are widely recognized by Windows programs, and the exported
plot picture can be included in word processors, web pages and desktop publishing
programs.
There is also an option to save the contents of the simulation plots as numerical
data. The formats available are:
 Text
 XML
 HTML table
 Excel
Figure 7-5: Exporting results as data.

7.3.4 Import data
There is an option to import data into the plots. This selection is available by
choosing Import from the plot’s right-click menu. An open file dialog box opens up
and you can import the data from a text file into your plot.
7.3.5 Zooming
There is an option to zoom in and out on plots to investigate the results in further
detail. To do this, left-click, hold and drag the cursor to the right to zoom in, and left-
click, hold and drag to the left to zoom out.
7.4 Interactive simulation mode

Figure 7-6 shows the simulation window when running an interactive simulation.
Changes in the operational conditions can be made prior to simulation start or
whenever the simulation is paused.
Figure 7-6: Interactive simulation.
By default, a simulation starts using the mud defined in the Mud window in the input
parameter section, and the current mud density is shown disabled (in a grey font). It
is possible to override the mud density by ticking the checkbox in front of the mud
density field, both prior to simulation start and during a simulation.
The circulation rate, rotation velocity, torque and rate of penetration (ROP) can be
modified during a simulation. The torque is used in calculation of temperature
effects due to rotation and is only used if the dynamic temperature model is active.
The drilling mode is activated whenever the ROP is larger than 0.0.
If Use fast mode is selected, the simulator will increase time steps up to 10 minutes
and the simulation will normally run much faster. This is useful for the simulation of
very long time periods when finer details are not important.
To use a shorter time step than the default, activate Max timestep length and enter
the maximum time step length.
The choke section is enabled for user control if RCH is defined in the expert input
parameters, see Chapter 5.4 RCH and Choke.
7.5 Batch simulation mode

On the Simulation navigator bar there is an icon for Batch configuration. Selecting
this option will open a large version of the batch configuration window. Figure 7-7
shows an example of the batch specification window. The user specifies a
sequence of time periods where a set of operational conditions are kept constant,
before being changed in the next time period. The parameters are the same as the
ones that can be altered in an interactive simulation.
To make it easier to specify the batch simulation, some parameters - like
accumulated time and bit depth at end of period - are calculated and included in the
table. This is very useful as reference when setting up long and complicated batch
jobs.
The specification of the operational parameters are stored as part of the case file
when using the File  Save option from the menu bar. The batch specification is a
spreadsheet table and can easily be copied to another file or application using
Ctrl+C for copy and Ctrl+V for paste. Changing the entries in the table is done by
placing the cursor on the table cell and type the desired value.
If Use fast mode is selected, the simulator will increase time steps up to 10 minutes
and the simulation will normally run much faster. This is useful for the simulation of
very long time periods where finer details are not important.
Figure 7-7: A typical batch simulation setup.
The batch simulation can be started and controlled by selecting Batch simulation
and using the control buttons in the toolbar. The results are viewed in the
Simulation window. Figure 7-8 shows the Simulation window when a batch
simulation is running. This is a typical way of running a batch job in Presmod.
The Simulation window shows a snap-out of the batch configuration table in the
upper part. This snap-out has full edit features and it is not necessary to go to the
batch configuration window to modify the batch job.
The lower part of the window shows the standard graphics display. The plot
functionality is described in detail in section 7.3.1
The time period presently being simulated is highlighted in the Batch table to give
the user a certain overview over the time elapsed.
The user may, at all stages in the Batch simulation, change to an interactive
simulation. This is done by pressing Pause, choosing the Interactive simulation
mode, doing some changes in the parameters and choosing Start in this window.
Figure 7-8: Running a batch job in Presmod.
7.6 Dynamic surge and swab simulations

Presmod can calculate the dynamic effects of pipe movements. Dynamic surge and
swab simulation is selected from the toolbar. Figure 7-9 shows the setup and output
from a dynamic surge and swab simulation.
The following parameters can be specified to control the surge and swab:
 Mode:
 Surge – for pipe movement downwards
 Swab – for pipe movement upwards
 Top status:
 Open top
 pump not connected
 Connected
 Pump rate field is activated and pump rate can be
specified for pumping out of hole
 Acceleration:
 Specify the acceleration. The recommended range is from 0 to
1 m/s2 (0-3 ft/ s2)
 Use float valve
 A one-way valve may or may not be present in the BHA. The

valve prevents backwards flow from the well into the running
string, and may cause significantly higher surge pressures
when the annulus is narrow, for example when tripping a
casing string. The float valve is activated by selecting the Use
float valve checkbox.
 Tripping speed velocity specified as:

 Velocity (average pipe velocity)
 Time per stand
 Min drillstring velocity

 This is the minimum pipe speed used
 Max drillstring velocity
 This is the maximum pipe speed used
 Number of steps
 This is the number of runs that will be performed
The dynamic surge and swab calculations require that measured temperature
profile is selected.
Figure 7-9: Running dynamic surge and swab.

Dynamic surge and swab has the same graphics options that are available for
interactive and batch mode. These features are described in more detail in section
7.3.1. Note that the well geometry plot in Figure 7-9 indicates the initial bit position.
When running a surge calculation it is important that the initial bit position is at least
one stand length above the bottom of the well. If this is not the case a message will
appear when starting the simulation, warning the user that the bit will reach the
bottom before the simulation can be completed. (The well depth is specified as the
sum of the bit depth and the open hole section).
8. WORKING WITH PRESMOD

Presmod includes tools and features that are very valuable for day to day
engineering as well as operation decision support.
8.1 Multiple runs – keep results

A very useful feature in Presmod is the ability to use the interface directly to
compare results from different runs and slide back and forward in time (important
for depth plots). This is extremely useful for sensitivity analysis. It can be multiple
runs with the same case file only with minor differences (e.g. see the effect of
changing mud system) or it can be different case files or it can be imported results
from other Drillbench applications.
To perform multiple runs:

Go to Simulation  Keep previous results. When the Reset button is pressed the
time is set back to zero, all the parameters in the plots are still showing. When a
new run is started (either from the same or from another case) the new data is
running on top of the previous run. The effect of changed parameters is therefore
easy to see in the graphics. Furthermore, plots have a menu property to toggle the
visibility of all curves of previous runs.
Figure 8-1: ECD as function of mud system.

Figure 8-1 shows the ecd plot as function of ROP, RPM and circulation rate. The
operational parameters are included below the ecd plot to study the connection
between input system and the actual results.
8.2 Improved results view

During a simulation the current results of each time step are stored historically on a
result stack and the results can at any time be exported and imported, also across
other Drillbench applications. Previous time snap shots of plots can be access by a
time slider. For time plots an optional time line is drawn according to the position of
the time slider. In case of depth plots the according profiles are shown in respect to
the time sliders position. By default the check box to follow the simulation is
checked to plot the results at the current time step.
Figure 8-2: Time slider, showing previous time snap shot.
8.2.1 Trend plots
Time plots have an optional time line showing the time in respect to the position of
the time slider. Beside the time axis, time plot curves can presented in respect to
pumped volume or bit depth. The time and value axes can flipped, e.g., useful in
conjunction with time axis as bit depth to present the plot familiar from profile plots.
Figure 8-3: Left: Pit gain in respect to pumped volume, right: x and y axis flipped.
8.2.2 Profile plots
While running a simulation the previous profile curves of the current simulation can
be shown as faded curves. The faded curves will only be visible if the checkbox
follow simulation is checked. Depths plots can also calculate and draw the minimum
/ maximum curve(s) of the whole current simulation run. There is an option to show
the casing shoe depth, which is represented by a horizontal thin line
Figure 8-4: Left: fading out curves of previous time steps; right: minimum and
maximum of free gas during the whole simulation.
8.3 Well schematic

The flow areas of the well schematic can be colored with respect to the values of a
profile plot by selecting Results  <Value of interest>; select None to switch off the
coloring. The values to be colored depend on the actual position of the time slider
such that one can slide backward and forward in time or animate the values during
a simulation.
Figure 8-5: Selection of the profile to be visualized.

The colors for minimum and maximum and the value range to be colored can be
customized in the data properties window.
Figure 8-6: Well schematic showing actual free gas.
8.4 Add external data

It is possible to import external data sets and add these in the Presmod plots. This
way it is very easy to compare simulation results with measured data or with results
from other simulations.
Figure 8-7: Example of result from exporting and importing data.
Figure 8-8: Export dialog – select Excel format.
Figure 8-7 shows an example of what we can achieve when using the advanced
options in Presmod. The temperature curve – the red line - has been exported to an
Excel file. The Export dialog is shown in Figure 8-8. Note that to export the data to
Excel the Data-tab has to be selected. In Excel the data has been manipulated by
adding “synthetic” noise by using a random number. This is just one example of
another data set – it could just as well have been from a logging tool or another
data source.
To import the data to Presmod again, the file has been converted to a text file (copy
and paste to Notepad). By selecting Import from the plot menu a standard Windows
file selection box is opened, and an Import dialog as in Figure 8-9 is opened. The
Import tool shows the data-columns, the units as well as headers and footers.
Dragging the column header Temperature (Celsius) to column number 3 switch the
data column from number 2 to 3. Pressing OK will import the curve into the plot as
shown in Figure 8-7.
Figure 8-9: Data file import.
8.5 Create presentation graphics

Plots such as the one created in Figure 8-7 can easily be manipulated and
modified, by including legend, adding text and comments, changing background or
other colors, fonts etc. There is a large number of options. In the following we have
illustrated a few examples.
Figure 8-10: Reconfigured temperature plot.

In Figure 8-10 we have altered the plot in Figure 8-7. Legend has been added, the
line color of the modified temperature data has been changed from green to blue
and the line thickness has been increased. Also the font size has been modified.
Figure 8-11: Plot properties menu.

9. SELECTING THERMAL PROPERTIES
9.1 Introduction
Presmod provides a default selection of thermophysical properties based on fluid
composition and component densities. The suggested properties are based on
default mixing rules. The default should be used as guidance when more accurate
data is not available and also to give a reasonable range for the thermophysical
properties.
Reliable calculation of wellbore temperature is only possible if good values of the

thermophysical properties of the circulating fluid in the well are given as input to the
calculations. Thermal properties of surrounding materials like steel, cement,
formation and sea water are also important in many cases, especially when
simulating operations that last many hours.
In this note we indicate how thermophysical properties of composed fluids can be

calculated when the properties of each component are known. These methods
have not, however, been verified for drilling fluids at HPHT conditions, and direct
measurements of thermophysical properties would be preferable. We also list
some values of thermophysical properties of other materials. It should be noted,
however, that values may vary much from case to case, for example due to different
cement compositions or different content of fluids in the formation.
9.2 Drilling fluids

9.2.1 Specific heat
If heat capacity has not been measured, it is recommended to use the following
formula:
N
C   xi  C p ,i , (1)
i
where x i and C p ,i are weight fraction and specific heat (e.g. kcal/kg/ºC) of
component number i , and N is number of components. With this formula we
neglect mixing effects.
Example: The main components of a 2.0 s.g. WBM are water and a solid material
with the following properties:
 (kg/m3) C p (J/kg/ºC)
Water 1000 4190
Solid material 4500 460
First we calculate mass fractions of water and solids by solving the two equations
1 xw xs
 
m w s (2)
xw  xs  1
where  is density and indices m , w and s denote mud, water and solids
respectively. With more than two components, extra terms must be added on the
right hand side of the first equation and the left-hand side of the second equation.
An extra equation is needed for each extra component, like for example
specification of oil water ratio if the third component is oil.
The solution of the equations (2) is
 1 1  1 1
xw       
 m s   w s 
 
1 1   1 1 
      0.3571 (3)
 2000 4500   1000 4500 
xs  1  xw
 1  0.3571 = 0.6429,
and the specific heat of the mud is approximated by

C p , m  x w Cp , w  x s Cp , s
 0.3571  4190  0.6429  460 = 1790 J / kg/º C.
The above formalism has not been compared with data for relevant drilling fluids at
HPHT conditions since we do not have any such data.
9.2.2 Thermal conductivity
Calculation of thermal conductivity for a mixture is more complicated than the above
calculation of specific heat for a mixture. Some formulas for mixtures of several
liquids, and a liquid and a solid, exist in the literature
Thermal conductivity of a fluid with solid material dispersed in it may be calculated
by the Eucken model (10), (8) which determines the thermal conductivity of a liquid
with small solid spheres in it:
21  X   w  1  2 X   s
m  w
 2  X   w  1  X   s
where  is thermal conductivity and X is volume fraction of solid materials.
A formula for a mixture of different liquids may be found in Perry’s Handbook (9).
Once again we note that the above formalism has not been compared with data for
relevant drilling fluids at HPHT conditions.
9.3 Other materials

We have too little realistic data to give general recommendations, but we list some
data that we have gathered from literature. This may be a good approximation in
many cases, though better data could improve the calculations significantly. If
possible one should collect better data for temperature simulations.
Corre, Eymard and Guenot (8) have used the following values in their paper on the
Belzeb simulator:
 (kg/m3) C p (J/kg/ºC)  (W/m/ºC)
Steel 7800 400 40
Cement 2700 2000 0.7
Formation 2700 800 3
These can be realistic values, but large variations must be expected. As an

example, the thermal conductivity of low alloy steels range from 38 to 66 W/m/ºC,
while specific heat ranges from 420 to 500 J/kg/ºC (9).
General handbooks (9), (11) give other values for cement than the ones listed
above. Heat capacity for cement is approx. 800 J/kg/ºC (and 650-920 J/kg/ºC for
different kinds of concrete), while thermal conductivity ranges from 0.3 to 1.3 for
different kinds of concrete, and density ranges from 1.5 to 2.3 s.g. The numbers of
Corre, Eymard and Guenot can be realistic if the content of water and heavy
particles is larger.
Thermophysical properties of formations vary much between different species of
rock. It is also dependent on content of fluids, and with large water content the heat
capacity in the table above seems to be too small.
Ranges of values for physical properties from 20 to 100 ºC for water and barite are
listed in the table below (9), (11).
 (kg/m3) C p (J/kg/ºC)  (W/m/ºC)
Water 1000 4180-4220 0.59-0.68
Barite (BaSO4) 4500 457-477

Presmod User Guide Page 81
10. RHEOLOGY MODELS
10.1 Models
There are many rheological models describing the non-linear proportionality
between shear stress and shear rate. Most of the drilling fluids behave like yield-
pseudo plastics, which means that a minimum force must be applied to impart
motion to them. This force is known as yield stress. In the following the three most
actual models will be described.
10.1.1 Bingham plastic model
This is a two-constant model with direct proportionality between shear stress  and
shear rate  , in addition to a yield stress y.
The equation is
   y   p,    y
(4)
  0,   y
where p = plastic viscosity. p is the slope of the curve relating  and  .
The weakness of this model is that it does not contain the non-linear relationship
between  and  .
10.1.2 Power law model
This model is the most used for different oil based muds. It describes fluids without
yield stress by a non-linear flow curve
  K n (5)
where
K = consistency index
n = flow behaviour index; n  1.
If n = 1, the equation becomes identical to the equation of flow of a Newtonian fluid

having the viscosity K.
10.1.3 Robertson-Stiff model
This is a three-constant model that includes Bingham and Power law as special
cases. The fluid is defined by
  A (   C ) B (6)
where A, B and C are constants. The Robertson-Stiff model may be regarded as a

power law model where the shear rate is replaced by an effective shear rate   C .
This introduces a yield stress equal to
0  AC B (7)
The model simplifies to the Bingham model if B  1, or to the power law model if
C  0.
10.1.4 Shear rate dependent fluid parameters
We have to fit the constants of the model that we have selected (power law,
Bingham or Robertson-Stiff) to measured rheology data (Fann readings). A
straightforward way to do this is to fit the constants of the model to all data points,
with the same weight for all points. If the data deviates from the model that we
have selected, this may not give a good result.
It is possible to obtain a better result after making the following considerations: The
shear rate at a given position along the flow line is largest close to the pipe wall(s),
and decreases down to zero when moving away from the wall(s). Hence frictional
pressure loss only depends on the part of the rheology curve (shear rate versus
shear stress) with shear rates below the shear rate at the wall (for annulus: below
the largest shear rate at any of the walls). Furthermore, it turns out that the part of
the rheology curve with shear rate close to the shear rate at the wall is much more
important than the lower shear rate part.
Presmod takes these considerations into account as follows:
 Fit model parameters to all rheology data points. If the fit is good, go directly
to point 5
 Calculate approximately wall shear rate using Newtonian formalism.
 Fit model parameters to rheology data points up to first point with shear rate
above the wall shear rate. Give larger weight to points with larger shear rate
when fitting.
 Update the wall shear rate since it depends on rheology parameters, and
return to point 3 some times to improve accuracy.
 Calculate frictional pressure loss
Shear stress at the wall and frictional pressure loss is calculated using the
formalism given by Reed and Pilehvari (14).
With the above procedure, the calculation of frictional pressure loss becomes more
independent of model choice than it would be if the model constants had been
independent of shear rate. Thus, the results with Bingham, Power law and
Robertson-Stiff fluids will normally be relatively close.
11. KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS
Alt+F open File menu

Alt+E open Edit menu
Alt+V open View menu
Alt+S open Simulation menu
Alt+T open Tools menu
Alt+H open Help menu
Ctrl+N New file

Ctrl+O Open
Ctrl+S Save
Ctrl+C Copy
Ctrl+X Cut
Ctrl+V Paste
Alt+BkSp Undo
Ctrl+Ins Insert rows in a table

Ctrl+Del Delete rows in a table
F9 Start
F8 Step
Ctrl+F2 Reset
Ctrl+F12 Take snapshot
Ctrl+U Edit unit settings
12. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Drillbench uses the following third-party tools:
 JEDI Visual Component Library (JVCL)

JVCL portions are licensed from Project JEDI, and the source code can be obtained
from http://jvcl.sourceforge.net/
 JEDI CODE LIBRARY (JCL)
JCL portions are licensed from Project JEDI, and the source code can be obtained
from http://homepages.borland.com/jedi/jcl/
 The Visualization ToolKit (VTK)
VTK is copyright © 1993-2004 Ken Martin, Will Schroeder, Bill Lorensen All rights
reserved. VTK is available from http://www.vtk.org/
 Nullsoft Scriptable Install System (NSIS)
NSIS is copyright (C) 1999-2006 Nullsoft, Inc. and is available from
http://nsis.sourceforge.net/
 TeeChart
TeeChart is copyright © David Berneda 1995-2006. All Rights Reserved.
http://www.steema.com/
 LiquidXML
LiquidXML is copyright ©2006 Liquid Technologies Limited. All rights reserved.
http://www.liquid-technologies.com/
 FLEXlm
FLEXlm is copyright ©2002-2006 Macrovision Corporation. All rights reserved.
http://www.macrovision.com/
 TMS Component Pack
TMS Component Pack is copyright © 2001-2009 by tmssoftware.com. All rights
reserved
13. REFERENCES
1. Standing, M.B.: A Pressure-Volume-Temperature Correlation for Mixtures of

Californinan Oils and Gases. Drill. & Prod. Pract. API p 247.
2. Glasø, Ø.: Generalized Pressure-Volume-Temperature Correlations. Journal
of Petroleum Technology, p. 785, May 1980.
3. Vazquez, M. and Beggs, H.D.: Correlations for Fluid Physical Property
Prediction. SPE 6719. 1977.
4. Sorelle, R.R., Jardiolin, R.A., Buckley, P and Hauser, J.M.: Effects of
Temperature and Pressure on the Density of Drilling Fluids. SPE 11114,
1982.
5. Dodson, C.R. and Standing, M.B.: Pressure-Volume-Temperature and
Solubility Relations for Natural Gas Water Mixtures. Drill. And Prod. Prac.,
API, 1944.
6. Kemp, N.P. and Thomas, D.C.: Density Modelling for Pure and Mixed-Salt
Brines as a Function of Composition, Temperature and Pressure. SPE/IADC
16079, 1987.
7. Isambourg, P. , Anfinsen, B-T. and Marken, C.: Volumetric behaviour of
Drilling Muds at High Pressure and High Temperature. SPE 36830, 1996.
8. Corre, B., Eymard, R. and Guenot, A.; "Numerical Computation of
Temperature Distribution in a Wellbore While Drilling", SPE 13208, 1984
9. Green, D. W.: “Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, sixth edition” McGraw
Hill 1984
10. Euken, A.: “Die Wärmeleitfähigkeit Keramisher Feuerfeste Stoffe”, VDI
Forsch. H. no 353 (1932).
11. Weast, R. C..; "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"
12. Elf Report no. 99/85, SNEA(P), Pau, 1985.
13. Drilling Data Handbook.
14. Reed, T. D. and Pilehvari, A. A.: “A New Model for Laminar, Transitional, And
Turbulent Flow of Drilling Muds”, SPE 25456, 1993.
www.sptgroup.com
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Presmo d_ U S E R M A N UA L

3. CREATING A CASE FILE 5

5. EXPERT INPUT PARAMETERS 36

6. MENUS AND TOOLBARS 41

8. WORKING WITH PRESMOD 70

9. SELECTING THERMAL PROPERTIES 78

10. RHEOLOGY MODELS 81

11. KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS 83

Presmod is one of the applications in Drillbench. It focuses on drilling hydraulics

Presmod includes important parameters like pressure and temperature dependent

 ERD wells with long horizontal sections

 Selecting fluid systems

o Evaluate temperature effects

 Providing temperature information in wells that are outside the operating

The menu line

Data entry window

3. CREATING A CASE FILE

3.2 The data model - DEML

Figure 3-1: Data model in Drillbench.

3.3 New session (.dml) file

Figure 3-2: New file dialog.

The path to the templates is configured in the Tools  Options dialog.

3.4 Editing an existing session (.dml) file

3.5 Converting legacy session files

Figure 3-5: Library browser and filter dialog for casings.

3.6.1 Library editor

Figure 3-6: Library editor.

Figure 4-1: Description window.

4.2.1 Surface temperature

Seawater specification can also be differentiated. Especially for deep-water wells

Figure 4-2: Formation input window.

Figure 4-3: Thermophysical properties.

Figure 4-4: Specification of survey data.

Figure 4-5: Menu option for survey data import.

Figure 4-6: Survey Import window.

Figure 4-7: 3D survey plot.

4.4 Pore pressure and fracture pressure

Figure 4-8: Specification of pore pressure and fracture pressure.

4.5 Wellbore geometry

Figure 4-9: Specification of Riser, casing and liner data.

Figure 4-10: Riser.

Figure 4-11: Library browser for Casings and Risers (database).

Due to the fact that the temperature model is two-dimensional, it is normal to

Figure 4-12: Casing/Liner.

Figure 4-13: Thermophysical properties of casing.

Figure 4-14: Open hole.

Figure 4-15: Average stand length and tool joints.

Figure 4-16: String configuration.

It is possible to create items with custom dimensions by modifying diameters of an

Figure 4-17: Specification of motor properties.

Figure 4-18: Bit configuration.

Figure 4-19: Mud window.

Figure 4-20: Library browser for fluids.

Figure 4-21: Component densities.

Figure 4-22: PVT model.

Figure 4-23: Measured mud density data.

Base oil density

Figure 4-24: Density correlations PVT model.

Oil density submodel

Water density submodel

Figure 4-25: Brine data.

The thermophysical properties of the drilling fluid can be edited/viewed by clicking

Figure 4-26: Thermophysical properties of drilling fluid.