SURVEY IN THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

Classification of short stories Presented by: Ryan Gosmo Lualhati

1. TYPES MEANINGS EXAMPLES Story of character A short story which focuses on the character
as an element of a narrative "Impeng Negro" and “Tata Selo” Story of setting Also called a story
of local color, it focuses on the setting as an element of a narrative “A Son is Born” Story of
theme A Story which focuses on the theme as an element of a narrative “Footnote to the Youth”
Story of plot A short story which focuses on the plot as an element of a narrative “At War’s End”
Drabble An extremely short work of fiction which has exactly 100 words in length
2. TYPES MEANINGS EXAMPLES Flash Fiction A short story that is very fiction characterized by
its extreme brevity Flash prose A very short work of fiction which has between 500 and 1,500
words Tale A tale may refer to: 1. Cautionary tale, a traditional story told in folklore, to warn its
hearer of a danger 2. Fairy tale, a fictional story that usually features folkloric characters (such
as fairies, goblins, elves, trolls, witches, giants, and talking animals) and enchantments. 3. Folk
tale, a story passed-down within a particular population, Which comprises the traditions of that
culture or group. 4. Fable, a brief story, which illustrates a moral. lesson and which features
animals, plants, inanimate or forces of nature which are anthropomorphized. 5, Frame 'tale,
whereby the main story is composed, at least in patty for the purpose of organizing a set of
shorter stories.

3. TYPES MEANINGS EXAMPLES Tale 6. Urban legend, a modern folk tale consisting of stories
often thought to be factual by those circulating them 7. Old wives' tale, a wisdom much like an
urban legend, supposedly passed down by old wives to a younger generation 8. Tall tale, a story
that claims to explain the reason for some natural phenomenon
(Source:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tale)

4. TYPES MEANINGS EXAMPLES Legend A short story which narrates about the origin of a thing
"Legend of the Pineapple" Myth A short story which narrates about gods and goddesses "The
Story of the Creation" Fable A short story whose characters are animals or plants or both "The
Monkey and the Turtle" Parable A short story which teaches a virtue through the use of biblical
characters or events "Parable of the Mustard Seed" Vignette A short story which depicts
impressionistic scenes that focus on one moment or give a trenchant impression about a
character, a place, or an idea

5. TYPES MEANINGS EXAMPLES Feghoot A short story which is humorous and ends in an
atrocious pun Short prose A very short work of fiction of about less than 1 ,000 words, which
may or may not be narrative Sketch story A very short story which contains little or no plot; it is
descriptive of impressions of people or places

 called a story of local color

 focuses on the setting as an element of a narrative
 time and place in which it happens
 Authors often use descriptions of landscape, scenery, buildings, seasons or weather to provide a
strong sense of setting

illustrates moral and features animals, plants, inanimate objects, or forces of nature which are
anthropomorphized
Story of Character
main part is composed, at least in part, for the purpose of organizing a set of shorter stories focuses on
the plot as an element of narrative literary term used to describe the events that make up a story or the
main part of a story events relate to each other in a pattern or a sequence story passed down within a
particular population which comprises the traditions of that culture or group

Flash prose

 Cautionary tale
 Fairy tale
 Folk tale
 Fable
 Frame tale
 Urban legend
 One day, Mamma said: "Conrad dear,
I must go out and leave you here.
https://prezi.com/fflcwgef8nav/classification-of-short-stories/

CLASSIFICATION OF NOVELS

Realistic Novel:
                                A fictional attempt to give the effect of realism. This sort of novel is sometimes
called a novel of manner. A realistic novel can be characterized by its complex characters with
mixed motives that are rooted in social class and operate according to highly developed social
structure. The characters in realistic novel interact with other characters and undergo plausible and
everyday experiences.

Examples: Thirteen Reasons Why by Jay Asher, Looking for Alaska by John Green.

 Picaresque Novel:
            A picaresque novel relates the adventures of an eccentric or disreputable hero in
episodic form. The genre gets its name from the Spanish word picaro, or "rogue."

Examples: Rudyard Kipling's Kim (1901), Henry Fielding’s The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749),

 Historical Novel:
             A Historical novel is a novel set in a period earlier than that of the writing.

Examples: Thackeray's Vanity Fair, Charles Dickens's A Tale of Two Cities, George Eliot's Romola and
Charles Kingsley's Westward Ho!

 Epistolary Novel:
            Epistolary fiction is a popular genre where the narrative is told via a series of documents. The
word epistolary comes from Latin where ‘epistola’ means a letter. Letters are the most common
basis for epistolary novels but diary entries are also popular

Examples: Samuel Richardson’s  Pamela and Clarissa, Bram Stoker’s Dracula, Alice Walker’s The Color

Purple and Bridget Jones’ Diary.

 Bildungsroman:
                  German terms that indicates a growth. This fictional autobiography concerned with the
development of the protagonist’s mind, spirit, and characters from childhood to adulthood.

Examples: Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, David Copperfield  by Charles Dickens, The Magic Mountain by

Thomas Mann etc.

 Gothic Novel:
                  Gothic novel includes terror, mystery, horror, thriller, supernatural, doom, death, decay,
old haunted buildings with ghosts and so on.

Examples: Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, John William Polidori’s The Vampyre, Bram

Stoker’s Dracula, The Castle of Otranto by Horace Walpole,

 Autobiographical Novel:
               An autobiographical novel is a novel based on the life of the author.

Examples: Charles Dickens’ David Coppefield, Great Expectations, D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers, Sylvia

Plath’s The Bell Jar, Ralph Ellison ‘s Invisible Man, Maya Angelou’ s I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings ,
Virginia Wolfe’s The Light House etc.

 Satirical Novel:
             Satire is loosely defined as art that ridicules a specific topic in order to provoke readers into
changing their opinion of it. By attacking what they see as human folly, satirists usually imply their
own opinions on how the thing being attacked can be improved.

Examples: George Orwell’s Animal Farm, Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travel, Joseph Heller’s Catch 22,

Mark Twin’s The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn,

 Allegorical Novel:
                  An allegory is a story with two levels of meaning- surface meaning and symbolic
meaning. The symbolic meaning of an allegory can be political or religious, historical or
philosophical.

Examples: John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress , William Golding's The Lord of the Flies, Edmund
Spenser's The Faerie Queene etc.

 Regional Novel:
                                A religious novel is a novel that is set against the background of a particular area.

Examples: Novels of Charles Dickens George Eliot etc.

 Novella:
              A novella is a short, narrative, prose fiction. As a literary genre, the novella’s origin lay in the early
Renaissance literary work of the Italians and the French. As the etymology suggests, novellas originally were news
of town and country life worth repeating for amusement and edification.

Examples: Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness,

 Detective Fiction:
              Detective fiction is a subgenre of crime fiction and mystery fiction in which an investigator
or a detective—either professional or amateur—investigates a crime, often murder.

Examples: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’ A Study in Scarlet ( Sherlock Holmes), Satyajit Roy’s Sonar
Kella (Feluda), G. K. Chesterton’s The Blue Cross (Father Brown), Dr. Nihar Ranjan Gupta’s Kalo
Bhramar (Kiriti)

 The Intellectual Novel:

            These sort of novelists attempted to explore the intellectual responses of the intelligentia to
the world. Characteristically, their novel displays the clash of ideas and intellectual verification of
knowledge., value and response, a diminishing faith on the cosmic significance of
existence,  argument and counter argument in discussion, separation of concept of love and sex,
conversation without communication, and a dehumanizing effect of disillusionment in the
20th century.

Examples:  Graham Greene’s The Power and the Glory, The Heart of the Matter, Elizabeth Bowen’s The
Hotel, The House in Paris.

 Stream of Consciousness Novel or Psychological Novel:

              Psychological novels are works of fiction that treat the internal life of the protagonist (or
several or all characters) as much as (if not more than) the external forces that make up the plot.
The phrase “Stream of Consciousness” was coined by William James in his Principles of Psychology
(1890), to describe the flow of thought of the waking mind.

Examples: Virginia Wolfe’s To the Lighthouse, Mrs. Dolloway, James Joyce’s Ulysses, D. H.

Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers, The Rainbow.

 Roman á these/ Social Fiction/ Political Novel:

    The genre focussed on possible development of societies, very often dominated by totalitarian
governments. This type of novels must have social and political message. The term generally refers
to fiction in Europe and the Soviet Union reacting to Communist rule.

Examples: George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four, Huxley’s Brave New World etc.

 Prose Romance:
          This is a novel that is often set in the historical past with a plot that emphasizes adventure and
an atmosphere removed from reality. The characters in a prose romance are either sharply drawn
as villains or heroes, masters or victims; while the protagonist is isolated from the society.

Examples: The Story of the Pillow by Shen Jiji, and The Governor of the Southern Tributary State by
LiGongzuo.

 Novel of Incident:
  In a novel of incident, the narrative focuses on what the protagonist will do next and how the story
will turn out.

Examples: The Wizard of Oz, Star Wars etc.

 Novel of Character:
                  A novel of character focuses on the protagonist’s motives for what he/she does and how he/she turns
out.
Examples: Jane Austen’s Emma.

 Roman á clef:
       French term for a novel with a key, imaginary events with real people disguised as fictional characters.

Examples: The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath,  Animal Farm by George Orwell, On the Road by Jack Kerouac etc.

 Dime Novel:
                                Dime novels were short works of fiction, usually focused on the dramatic exploits of a
single heroic character. As evidenced by their name, dime novels were sold for a dime (sometimes a nickel), and
featured colourful cover illustrations. They were bound in paper, making them light, portable, and somewhat
ephemeral.

Example: Dime novels are, at least in spirit, the antecedent of today's mass market paperbacks,
comic books, and even television shows and movies based on the dime novel genres. Buffalo Ball.

 Hypertext Novel:
       Hypertext fiction is a genre of electronic literature, characterized by the use of hypertext links
which provide a new context for non-linearity in literature and reader interaction.  The reader
typically chooses links to move from one node of text to the next, and in this fashion arranges a
story from a deeper pool of potential stories. Its spirit can also be seen in interactive fiction.

Examples: James Joyce's Ulysses (1922), Mark Z. Danielewski's House of Leaves (2000), Enrique Jardiel

Poncela's La Tournée de Dios (1932), Jorge Luis Borges' The Garden of Forking Paths (1941), Vladimir
Nabokov's Pale Fire (1962) and Julio Cortázar's Rayuela (1963; translated as Hopscotch) etc.

 Sentimental Novel:
          The sentimental novel or the novel of sensibility is an 18th-century literary genre which
celebrates the emotional and intellectual concepts of sentiment, sentimentalism, and sensibility.

Examples: Samuel Richardson's Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded (1740), Oliver Goldsmith's  Vicar of

Wakefield (1766), Laurence Sterne's Tristram Shandy (1759–67), Sentimental Journey (1768), Henry
Brooke's The Fool of Quality (1765–70), Henry Mackenzie's The Man of Feeling (1771). Continental
example is Jean-Jacques Rousseau's novel Julie.

 Utopian Novel:   
          A utopia is a community or society possessing highly desirable or perfect qualities. It is a
common literary theme, especially in speculative fiction and science fiction.

Examples: Utopia by Thomas Moore, Laws (360 BC) by Plato, New Atlantis (1627) by Sir Francis

Bacon, Robinson Crusoe (1719) by Daniel Defoe,  Gulliver's Travels (1726) by Jonathan Swift.

 Graphic Novel:
        Graphic novels are, simply defined, book-length comics. Sometimes they tell a single,
continuous narrative from first page to last; sometimes they are collections of shorter stories or
individual comic strips. Comics are sequential visual art, usually with text, that are often told in a
series of rectangular panels.1 Despite the name, not all comics are funny. Many comics and graphic
novels emphasize drama, adventure, character development, striking visuals, politics, or romance
over laugh-out-loud comedy.

Examples: Frank Miller’s Batman: The Dark Knight Returns, The Fantastic Four and X-Men etc.

 Science Fiction (Sci-Fi):

        Science fiction is a genre of speculative fiction dealing with imaginative concepts such as
futuristic settings, futuristic science and technology, space travel, time travel, faster than light travel,
parallel universes and extraterrestrial life. Science fiction often explores the potential consequences
of scientific and other innovations.

Examples: The War of the Worlds by H.G. Wells, The Time Machine.

 Cult or Coterie Novel:

              Cult novels often come from the fringes, they often represent countercultural perspectives,
they often experiment with form.

Examples: Speedboat  by Renata Adler, Sddhartha by Herman Hesse,

 Pulp Fiction:
         Term originated from the magazines of the first half of the 20th century which were printed on
cheap "pulp" paper and published fantastic, escapist fiction for the general entertainment of the
mass audiences. The pulp fiction era provided a breeding ground for creative talent which would
influence all forms of entertainment for decades to come. The hardboiled detective and science
fiction genres were created by the freedom that the pulp fiction magazines provided.

Examples: The Spider, Doc Savage, Blood N Thunder etc.

 Erotic Novel:
     Erotic romance novels have romance as the main focus of the plot line, and they are
characterized by strong, often explicit, sexual content. [2] The books can contain elements of any of
the other romance subgenres, such as paranormal elements, chick lit, hen lit, historical fiction, etc.
Erotic romance is classed as pornography.

Examples:    His To Possess by Opal Carew, On Dublin Street by Samantha Young.

 Roman fleuve:
         A novel sequence is a set or series of novels which share common themes, characters, or
settings, but where each novel has its own title and free-standing storyline, and can thus be read
independently or out of sequence.

Examples: Honoré de Balzac’s Comédie humaine and Émile Zola’s Rougon-Macquart,

 Anti-Novel:
      An antinovel is any experimental work of fiction that avoids the familiar conventions of the novel,
and instead establishes its own conventions.
Examples:  Laurence Sterne's Tristram Shandy.

 Interactive Novel:
     The interactive novel is a form of interactive web fiction. In an interactive novel, the reader chooses
where to go next in the novel by clicking on a piece of hyperlinked text, such as a page number, a
character, or a direction.

Examples: J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter  Series.

 Fantasy Novel:
  Stories involving paranormal magic and terrible monsters have existed in spoken forms before the
advent of printed literature.

Examples: J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Hobbit, C. S. Lewis’ The Chronicles of Narnia.

 Adventure Novel:
  Adventure fiction is a genre of fiction in which an adventure, an exciting undertaking involving risk
and physical danger, forms the main storyline.

Examples:  Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe.

 Children’s Novel: Children's novels are narrative fiction books written for children, distinct
from collections of stories and picture books.
Examples: The Christmas Mystery, Charlotte's Web by E.B. White, James and the Giant Peach by Roald
Dahl.

 Dystopian Novel:
  A dystopia is an unpleasant (typically repressive) society, often propagandized as being utopian.

Examples: Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, The Giver by Lois Lowry etc.

 Mystery Novel:
                                The mystery genre is a type of fiction in which a detective, or other professional,
solves a crime or series of crimes. It can take the form of a novel or short story. This genre may also
be called detective or crime novels.

CLASSIFICATION OF ESSAY
Effectively writing different types of essays has become critical to academic success.
Essay writing is a common school assignment, a part of standardized tests, and a
requirement on college applications. Often on tests, choosing the correct type of
essay to write in response to a writing prompt is key to getting the question right.
Clearly, students can’t afford to remain confused about types of essays.

There are over a dozen types of essays, so it’s easy to get confused. However, rest
assured, the number is actually more manageable. Essentially there are four major
types of essays, with the variations making up the remainder.
Four Major Types of Essays
Distinguishing between types of essays is simply a matter of determining the
writer’s goal. Does the writer want to tell about a personal experience, describe
something, explain an issue, or convince the reader to accept a certain viewpoint?
The four major types of essays address these purposes:

 1. Narrative Essays: Telling a Story

In a narrative essay, the writer tells a story about a real-life experience. While telling
a story may sound easy to do, the narrative essay challenges students to think and
write about themselves. When writing a narrative essay, writers should try to involve
the reader by making the story as vivid as possible. The fact that narrative essays
are usually written in the first person helps engage the reader. “I” sentences give
readers a feeling of being part of the story. A well-crafted narrative essay will also
build towards drawing a conclusion or making a personal statement.
 2. Descriptive Essays: Painting a Picture
A cousin of the narrative essay, a descriptive essay paints a picture with words. A
writer might describe a person, place, object, or even memory of special
significance. However, this type of essay is not description for description’s sake.
The descriptive essay strives to communicate a deeper meaning through the
description. In a descriptive essay, the writer should show, not tell, through the use
of colorful words and sensory details. The best descriptive essays appeal to the
reader’s emotions, with a result that is highly evocative.
 3. Expository Essays: Just the Facts
The expository essay is an informative piece of writing that presents a balanced
analysis of a topic. In an expository essay, the writer explains or defines a topic,
using facts, statistics, and examples. Expository writing encompasses a wide range
of essay variations, such as the comparison and contrast essay, the cause and effect
essay, and the “how to” or process essay. Because expository essays are based on
facts and not personal feelings, writers don’t reveal their emotions or write in the
first person.
 4. Persuasive Essays: Convince Me
While like an expository essay in its presentation of facts, the goal of the persuasive
essay is to convince the reader to accept the writer’s point of view or
recommendation. The writer must build a case using facts and logic, as well as
examples, expert opinion, and sound reasoning. The writer should present all sides
of the argument, but must be able to communicate clearly and without equivocation
why a certain position is correct.

Learn How to Write Different Types of Essays

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In the elementary years, young writers get an introduction to essay writing through
two courses designed to bring excitement and enjoyment to the writing
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CLASSIFICATION OF POEMS/RULES
THE FREE VERSE
No Rules to follow and have no rhyme or rhythm

Example:

COFFEE (Kelly Roper)

Beautiful brown liquid in y cup,

Becoming a muddy river as I stir in the cream
The aroma that gives me courage,
The flavor that taste like hope for a better day,
And the energy that renew my will to live.
Tomorrow morning we’ll do it all again my friend.

ACROSTIC POEM
It is poem where certain letters with lines spell out a word or phrase typically the first letter of each line
are used to spell the message.
 
OUR LOVE
(John Peter Read)
 
L- is for “laughter” that we had along the way.
O- is for the “optimism” you gave me every day.
V- is for the “value” of being my best friend.
E- is for the “eternity” that has no end.

TRIOLET POEM
It is an eight-lines verse with specific structure that gives it a tilting rhyme and pleasant meter.

TIOLET (William Ernest Henley)

Easy is the triolet. (A)

If you really learn to make it! (B)
Once a neat refrain you get, (a)
Easy is the triolet. (A)
As you see! Pay my dept. (a)
With another rhyme, Deuce take it, (b)
Easy is the triolet. (A)
If you really learn to make it. (B)

RHYME AND VERTICAL MEASURE

Rhyme- one or two words or phrase that ends in the same sounds.
Vertical measure – Number of lines per stanza

ANABEL LEE by: Edgar Allan Poe

 
It was many and many a year ago,
In the kingdom by the sea,
That a maiden there, lived whom you may know
By the name Anabel Lee
And this maiden she lived, with no other thought
Than to love and to be loved by me.
I was a child she was a child,
In the kingdom by the sea.
But we loved with a love that was more than love—
I and my love Anabel Lee
With a love that the winged seraphs of heaven
Coveted her and me.

Villanelle
Villanelle is a poem of nineteen lines, and which follow a strict form that consist of five tercets followed
by one quatrain.
Rules:
◦ Stanza: 5 tercets, 1 quatrain
◦ Rhyme Scheme: Tercets follows (ABA)
◦ Quatrain: follows (ABAA)
◦ Refrain: two refrains. The 1st and 3rd lines of the first tercets alternate as the last lines of
remaining tercets. In the last stanza, a quatrain these two lines appear again as the final two
lines of the poem.

RONDEAU POEM
Rules:
◦ 15 lines
◦ 3 stanzas
◦ Rhyme schemes (aabba, aabR, aabbaR)
◦ Lines 9 and 15 are short
◦ R, refrain consisting of a phrase taken from line 1
◦ The other lines are longer (but the stanzas metrical length)