FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS

GAUSS ELIMINATION METHOD:

Consider n simultaneous equations,
a11x1 + a12x2 + a13x3 .…… + a1nxn = b1
a21x1 + a22x2 + a23x3 ……. + a2nxn = b2
a31x1 + a32x2 + a33x3 .…… + a3nxn = b3
……………………………………………
an1x1 + an2x2 + an3x3 ………+ annxn = bn

Write the given set of equations in matrix form,

Gauss elimination method has basically two major steps i.e. Elimination Process and Back
substitution Process.

Elimination Process: - In the elimination process from the given ‘n’ equation the first step is to
eliminate unknown x from the remaining (n-1) equation, then considering (n-1) equation x is
1 2

eliminated from remaining (n-2) equation. The same steps is repeated till x is eliminated from n
n-1

equation. Then the last equation contains only one unknown i.e. xn. These equation when arranged
in the matrix form. It appears as an upper triangular matrix. This step is called forward elimination
process. Thus the given square matrix will be converted to into an upper triangular matrix.

Back substitution Process: - Since the last equation contains only one unknown xn. Then xn can
be easily determine. Then in (n-1)th equation xn which is determined is substituted to determined
xn-1. Similarly in (n-2)nd equation xn-2 can be determined by substituting xn and xn-1. The process
is continued up to first equation until all the unknowns are determined.

Now considering the example for three unknowns. Then there will be three simultaneous
equations for the three unknowns

Solution for x, y, z from the three simultaneous algebraic equations by Gauss Elimination
Method:

Consider three simultaneous equations

a11x + a12y + a13z = b1 …………….. (1)
a21x + a22y + a23z = b2 …………….. (2)
a31x + a32y + a33z = b3 …………….. (3)

1
Dr. Jagadish. T, Former Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, BIT, Bengaluru
Presently Director, Research and Development, DHIO Research and Engineering Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru
 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Rearranging the given system of equation such that aii will be coefficient having maximum value.
which is called as pivoting.

Consider three simultaneous equations

a11x + a12y + a13z = b1 …………….. (1)

a21x + a22y + a23z = b2 …………….. (2)
a31x + a32y + a33z = b3 …………….. (3)

Elimination Process
First divide equation (1) throughout by the coefficient of x i.e. a11 then we have
(a11/a11) x + (a12/a11) y + (a13/a11) z = (b1/ a11) this equation can also be written as
x + a′12y + a′13z = b′1 …………….. (4)
To eliminate x from equation (2) multiply equation (4) throughout by the coefficient of x of
equation (2) i.e. a21 and then subtract this equation from equation (2). Then we have
a21x + a22 y + a23 z = b2
a21x + a21a′12y + a21a′13z = a21b′1
-------------------------------------------------------------
0 + (a22 - a21a′12) y + (a23 - a21a′13) z = (b2 - a21b′1) this equation can also be written as

a′22y + a′23 z = b′2 ……….(5)

To eliminate x from equation (3) multiply equation (4) throughout by the coefficient of x of
equation (3) i.e. a31 and then subtract this equation from equation (3). Then we have
a31x + a32y + a33z = b3
a31x + a31a′12y + a31a′13z = a31b′1
-------------------------------------------------------------

0 + (a32 – a31a′12) y + (a33 – a31a′13) z = (b3 - a21b′1)

this equation can also be written as a′32y + a′33 z = b′3 ……….(6)

Now consider equation (5) and (6) and repeat the previous steps
a′22y + a′23z = b′2 …………….. (5)
a′32y + a′33z = b′3 …………….. (6)

2
Dr. Jagadish. T, Former Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, BIT, Bengaluru
Presently Director, Research and Development, DHIO Research and Engineering Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru
 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Elimination Process to eliminate y from equation (3)
Divide equation (5) throughout by the coefficient of y i.e. a′22 Then we have
(a′22/ a′22) y + (a′23 / a′22) z = (b′2/ a′22)
y + a′′23 z = b′′2 ………. (7)

To eliminate y from equation (6) multiply equation (7) throughout by the coefficient of y of
equation (6) i.e. a32 and then subtract this equation from equation (6). Then we have
a′32y + a′33z = b′3
a′32y + a′32a′′23 z = a′32b′′2
-------------------------------------------------------------

0 + (a’33 – a’32a’′23) z = (b’3 – a’32b′’2) this equation can also be written as

a′′33 z = b′′3 ………. (8)

From Equation (8) we have z = (b′′3 / a′′33)

Thus z = b′′′3 …… (9)

Thus, from equation (4), (7) and (9) we have

x + a′12y + a′13 z = b′1 …….. (4)
y + a′′23 z = b′′2 ……. (7)
z = b′′′3 ……. (9)

Back substitution Process.

From equation (9) we determine the unknown z. Then substituting these value into equation (7)
we can determine the unknown y. Thus knowing z and y and substituting them into equation (4)
unknown x is determine

z = b′′′3
y = b′′2 - a′′23 (b′′′3)
x = b′1 - a′12[b′′2 - a′′23 (b′′′3)] + a′13 (b′′′3)

3
Dr. Jagadish. T, Former Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, BIT, Bengaluru
Presently Director, Research and Development, DHIO Research and Engineering Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru
 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Example Problem-1
Solve by Gauss Elimination Method
10X + 2Y + Z = 13 ……. (1)
2X + 10Y + 2Z = 14 …... (2)
X + 2Y + 10Z = 13 …… (3)

Elimination Step

R X Y Z B
1 10.00 2.00 1.00 13.00 Equation 1
2 2.00 10.00 2.00 14.00 Equation 2
3 1.00 2.00 10.00 13.00 Equation 3

4 1.00 0.20 0.10 1.30 Divide throughout equation [1] by the coefficient of X i.e..
10
5 0.00 9.60 1.80 11.40 Multiply [4] by the coefficient of X of [2] and subtract it
from [2]
6 0.00 1.80 9.90 11.70 Multiply [4] by the coefficient of X of [3] and subtract it
from [3]
7 1.00 0.19 1.19 Divide equation [5] throughout by the coefficient of Y of
equation [5] i.e. 9.6
8 0.00 9.56 9.56 Multiply [7] by the coefficient of Y of [6] and subtract it
from [6]
9 1.00 1.00 Divide equation [8] throughout by the coefficient of Z of
equation [8] i.e. 9.56

Back Substitution Step

From [9] we have z = 1.000
From [7] we have y = 1.000
From [4] we have x = 1.000

4
Dr. Jagadish. T, Former Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, BIT, Bengaluru
Presently Director, Research and Development, DHIO Research and Engineering Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru
 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Example Problem-2
Solve by Gauss Elimination Method.
2X + Y – Z = 7 …… (1)
X - 2Y + 3Z = 12 …… (2)
2X + 4Y - 3Z = 10 …… (3)

Elimination Step
R X Y Z B
1 2.00 1.00 -1.00 7.00 Equation 1
2 1.00 -2.00 3.00 12.00 Equation 2
3 2.00 4.00 -3.00 10.00 Equation 3

4 1.00 0.50 -0.50 3.50

Divide throughout equation [1] by the coefficient of X i.e..
2
5 0.00 -2.50 3.50 8.50 Multiply [4] by the coefficient of X of [2] and subtract it
from [2]
6 0.00 3.00 -2.00 3.00 Multiply [4] by the coefficient of X of [3] and subtract it
from [3]
7 1.00 -1.40 -3.40 Divide equation [5] throughout by the coefficient of Y of
equation [5] i.e. -2.50
8 0.00 2.20 13.20 Multiply [7] by the coefficient of Y of [6] and subtract it
from [6]
9 1.00 6.00 Divide equation [8] through by the coefficient of Z of
equation [8] i.e. 2.20

Back Substitution Step

From [9] we have z = 6.000
From [7] we have y = 5.000
From [4] we have x = 4.000

5
Dr. Jagadish. T, Former Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, BIT, Bengaluru
Presently Director, Research and Development, DHIO Research and Engineering Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru
 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Example Problem-3

Solve by Gauss Elimination Method.

10X + 4Y + Z = 24 …… (1)
4X + 6Y + 3Z = 28 …… (2)
2X + 4Y + 8Z = 30 …… (3)

Elimination Step

R X Y Z B
1 10.00 4.00 1.00 24.00 Equation 1
2 4.00 6.00 3.00 28.00 Equation 2
3 2.00 4.00 8.00 30.00 Equation 3

4 1.00 0.40 0.10 2.40 Divide throughout equation [1] by the coefficient of X i.e..
10
5 0.00 4.40 2.60 18.40 Multiply [4] by the coefficient of X of [2] and subtract it
from [2]
6 0.00 3.20 7.80 25.20 Multiply [4] by the coefficient of X of [3] and subtract it
from [3]
7 1.00 0.59 4.18 Divide equation [5] throughout by the coefficient of Y of
equation [5] i.e..4.40
8 0.00 5.91 11.82 Multiply [7] by the coefficient of Y of [6] and subtract it
from [6]
9 1.00 2.00 Divide equation [8] through by the coefficient of Z of
equation [8] i.e. 5.91

Back Substitution Step

From [9] we have z = 2.000
From [7] we have y = 3.000
From [4] we have x = 1.000

6
Dr. Jagadish. T, Former Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, BIT, Bengaluru
Presently Director, Research and Development, DHIO Research and Engineering Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru
 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Example Problem-4

Solve by Gauss Elimination Method.

6X + 8Y + 5Z = 30 …… (1)
12X + 6Y + 2Z = 24 …… (2)
2X + 4Y + 6Z = 15 …… (3)

Elimination Step
R X Y Z B
1 6.00 8.00 5.00 30.00 Equation 1
2 12.00 6.00 2.00 24.00 Equation 2
3 2.00 4.00 6.00 15.00 Equation 3

4 1.00 1.33 0.83 5.00

Divide throughout equation [1] by the coefficient of X i.e..
6
5 0.00 -10.00 -8.00 -36.00 Multiply [4] by the coefficient of X of [2] and subtract it
from [2]
6 0.00 1.33 4.33 5.00 Multiply [4] by the coefficient of X of [3] and subtract it
from [3]
7 1.00 0.80 3.60 Divide equation [5] throughout by the coefficient of Y of
equation [5] i.e. -10.00
8 0.00 3.27 0.20 Multiply [7] by the coefficient of Y of [6] and subtract it
from [6]
9 1.00 0.06 Divide equation [8] through by the coefficient of Z of
equation [8] i.e. 3.27

Back Substitution Step

From [9] we have z = 0.061
From [7] we have y = 3.551
From [4] we have x = 0.214

7
Dr. Jagadish. T, Former Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, BIT, Bengaluru
Presently Director, Research and Development, DHIO Research and Engineering Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru
 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Example Problem-5
Solve by Gauss Elimination Method.
4X + Y -2Z = 0 …… (1)
2X + 4Y + 2Z = 15 …… (2)
2X + Y + 2Z = -5 …… (3)

Elimination Step
R X Y Z B
1 4.00 1.00 -2.00 0.00 Equation 1
2 2.00 4.00 2.00 15.00 Equation 2
3 2.00 1.00 2.00 -5.00 Equation 3

4 1.00 0.25 -0.50 0.00 Divide throughout equation [1] by the coefficient of X i.e..
4
5 0.00 3.50 3.00 15.00 Multiply [4] by the coefficient of X of [2] and subtract it
from [2]
6 0.00 0.50 3.00 -5.00 Multiply [4] by the coefficient of X of [3] and subtract it
from [3]
7 1.00 0.86 4.29 Divide equation [5] throughout by the coefficient of Y of
equation [5] i.e..0.35
8 0.00 2.57 -7.14 Multiply [7] by the coefficient of Y of [6] and subtract it
from [6]
9 1.00 -2.78 Divide equation [8] through by the coefficient of Z of
equation [8] i.e. 2.57

Back Substitution Step

From [9] we have z = -2.778
From [7] we have y = 6.667
From [4] we have x = -3.056

8
Dr. Jagadish. T, Former Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, BIT, Bengaluru
Presently Director, Research and Development, DHIO Research and Engineering Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru
 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Example Problem-6

Solve by Gauss Elimination Method.

30X + 12Y + 3Z = 72 …… (1)
12X + 18Y + 9Z = 84 …… (2)
5X + 10Y + 20Z = 75 …… (3)

Elimination Step
R X Y Z B
1 30.00 12.00 3.00 72.00 Equation 1
2 12.00 18.00 9.00 84.00 Equation 2
3 5.00 10.00 20.00 75.00 Equation 3

4 1.00 0.40 0.10 2.40

Divide throughout equation [1] by the coefficient of X i.e..
30
5 0.00 13.20 7.80 55.20 Multiply [4] by the coefficient of X of [2] and subtract it
from [2]
6 0.00 8.00 19.50 63.00 Multiply [4] by the coefficient of X of [3] and subtract it
from [3]
7 1.00 0.59 4.18 Divide equation [5] throughout by the coefficient of Y of
equation [5] i.e. 13.20
8 0.00 14.77 29.55 Multiply [7] by the coefficient of Y of [6] and subtract it
from [6]
9 1.00 2.00 Divide equation [8] through by the coefficient of Z of
equation [8] i.e. 14.77

Back Substitution Step

From [9] we have z = 2.000
From [7] we have y = 3.000
From [4] we have x = 1.000

9
Dr. Jagadish. T, Former Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, BIT, Bengaluru
Presently Director, Research and Development, DHIO Research and Engineering Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru
 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Example Problem-7

Solve by Gauss Elimination Method.

14X + 18Y + 42Z = 26 …… (1)
8X + 10Y + 7Z = 32 …… (2)
4X + 6Y + 8Z = 17 …… (3)

Elimination Step
R X Y Z B
1 14.00 18.00 42.00 26.00 Equation 1
2 8.00 10.00 7.00 32.00 Equation 2
3 4.00 6.00 8.00 17.00 Equation 3

4 1.00 1.29 3.00 1.86 Divide throughout equation [1] by the coefficient of X i.e..
14
5 0.00 -0.29 -17.00 17.14 Multiply [4] by the coefficient of X of [2] and subtract it
from [2]
6 0.00 0.86 -4.00 9.57 Multiply [4] by the coefficient of X of [3] and subtract it
from [3]
7 1.00 59.50 -60.00 Divide equation [5] throughout by the coefficient of Y of
equation [5] i.e. -0.29
8 0.00 -55.00 61.00 Multiply [7] by the coefficient of Y of [6] and subtract it
from [6]
9 1.00 -1.11 Divide equation [8] through by the coefficient of Z of
equation [8] i.e. -55.00

Back Substitution Step

From [9] we have z = -1.109
From [7] we have y = 5.991
From [4] we have x = -2.518

10
Dr. Jagadish. T, Former Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, BIT, Bengaluru
Presently Director, Research and Development, DHIO Research and Engineering Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru
 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Example Problem-8

Solve by Gauss Elimination Method.

4X + Y + Z = 5 …… (1)
3X + 2Y + Z = 3 …… (2)
2X + Y + 3Z = 10 …… (3)

ELIMINATION STEP
R X Y Z B
1 4.00 1.00 1.00 5.00 Equation 1
2 3.00 2.00 1.00 3.00 Equation 2
3 2.00 1.00 3.00 10.00 Equation 3

4 1.00 0.25 0.25 1.25 Divide throughout equation [1] by the coefficient of X i.e..
4
5 0.00 1.25 0.25 -0.75 Multiply [4] by the coefficient of X of [2] and subtract it
from [2]
6 0.00 0.50 2.50 7.50 Multiply [4] by the coefficient of X of [3] and subtract it
from [3]
7 1.00 0.20 -0.60 Divide equation [5] throughout by the coefficient of Y of
equation [5] i.e. 1.25
8 0.00 2.40 7.80 Multiply [7] by the coefficient of Y of [6] and subtract it
from [6]
9 1.00 3.25 Divide equation [8] throughout by the coefficient of Z of
equation [8] i.e. 2.40
Back Substitution Step
From [9] we have z = 3.250
From [7] we have y = -1.250
From [4] we have x = 0.750

11
Dr. Jagadish. T, Former Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, BIT, Bengaluru
Presently Director, Research and Development, DHIO Research and Engineering Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru