SECTION2

• SAND CONTROL
- INDEX ................................ .................................... 4
- Suriace Equipment .............................................. 12
- Sub Surface Gravel Pack
Equipment and Systems .....................................25
- Mechanical and Chemical
Systems and Materials ........................................ 59
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 Otis Engineering Corporation brings you the most reli- Control Services provide advanced fluid technology, surface
able equipment and services available for sand control pumping and filtration equipment, downhole equipment,
operations, both land and offshore. From gravel pack screens, completion services and professional personnel
completions to sand consolidations and more, Otis Sand from a single source.

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EXCELLENCE. THE BYWORD AND COMMITMENT IN EVERY AREA OF OTIS.

From comprehensive training programs to ongoing research and quality improvement programs (QIP) and highly skilled
personnel in every department - - from engineering and marketing to corporate law and sales - Otis Engineering Corporation
adheres to the value of excellence. Because of this , Otis enjoys a long-held reputation as a world leader in the oil and gas
industry. To further enhance our ongoing commitment to technology leadership, several trademarks and service marks for
sand control products and services have been established. Listed below are those marks that may be identified with Otis Sand
Control Services.

Otis®(as a word) *EPR 8 M Sand Control Service

Otis (square logo)® *Hal Tank TM CONTAINERS
Otis (flying logo) 5 M *HARVEST 8 M ANALYSIS
PERMA-SERIES®Permanent Packers *HT-400™ PUMPING UNIT
PERMA-TRIEVE®Permanent-Retrievable Packers *HYDROFIX 5 M Service (Sand Consolidation Service)
VERSA-TRIEVE®Permanent-Retrievable Packers *HYDROCON 5 M Sand Consolidation Service
INTER-LOCK®Packer *HYDROCON-E 5 M Sand Control Service
BI-O-PAC 8 M Sand Control Service *HYDROPAC 8 M Sand Control Service
SINTER-PAK™ Screen *SANFIX®Sand Consolidation Service or Resin
*CENTRA-FLO™ Centralizers *TEMBLOK® 120 Fluid
*CLAM™ Mixing System *THERM AP AC™ Material or Steam Resistant Gravel
*CLA YFIX™ Material *UNI-PRO™ Digital Panel Meter
*CLA-ST A® II Compound or Additive *WG-21™ Agent
*CLA-STA® FS Compound or Additive *W-24™ Agent
*CLA YSOL ™ Acidizing Process
*CONPAC® Sand Control Service
*CONPAC® II Sand Control Service *Marks of Halliburton Company
*COMPUPAC™ System

2
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

INDEX 4
PREFACE
SINGLE SOURCE CAPABILITY 5
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 6
DATA ACQUISITION 8
NUMERIC MODELING 10
SURFACE EQUIPMENT SECTION
FILTRATION SERVICES
Diatomaceous Earth Systems 12
Plate and Frame Filter Press Equipment 14
Vertical Pressure Leaf Equipment 15
DMS-16D Mi xing Unit 15
Cartridge Filter Unit 16
High Pressure Filtration Unit 17
MIXING AND PUMPING EQUIPMENT
Pump Trucks 18
Pumping Equipment 19
Slurry Blenders 20
CLAM ™ Mixing Systems 22
Centrifugal Pumping Low-Pressure Skids 23
ACID HANDLING EQUIPMENT
Storage Tanks
Transport Trailers
SUBSURFACE GRAVEL PACK EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS
GRAVEL PACK SYSTEMS
Multi -Position Single Zone Completions 26
VERSA-TRI EVE · Multi-Position Multizone Completions 27
VERSA -TRIEVE " Multi-Position Horizontal Completions 28
VERSA -TRIEVE " Multi-Position Open Hole Systems 30
VERSA-TRIEVE " Multi -Position Floater Systems 31
VERSA-TRIEVE " Multi-Position Wash-Down Systems 32
PERMA-TRIEVE " Mechanical -Set Crossover Systems 34
PERMA-TRIEVE " Hydraulic-Set Crossover Systems 35
Mechanical Release Retrievable Systems 36
Hydraulic Release System 37
One-Trip Systems 38
Through -Tubing Systems 39
Thermal Systems
GRAVEL PACK EQUIPMENT
VERSA -TRIEVE " Packer and Multi -Position Tool
Auxiliary Equipment for Multi-Position No Rotation System 44
Equipment Specifications for Multi -Position No Rotation System 47
PERMA-TRIEVE " Mechanical -Set Crossover Equipment 48
PERMA -TRIEVE " Hydraulic-Set Crossover Equipment 49
Equipment Specification s for PERMA -TRIEVE " Crossover System 50
Seal Assemblies 51
PERMA-SERIES " Packers 52
Au xiliary Equipment for Gravel Pack Systems 54
Screens 55
Screen Specifications 57
MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL SYSTEMS AND MATERIALS
RESEARCH AND FORMATION EVALUATIONS 60
PRETREATMENT FLUIDS 61
MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL SYSTEMS APPLICATION GUIDE 62
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
Introduction to Mechanica l Systems 63
Enhanced HYDROPAC 5 M Service 64
Bl-O-PAC 5 M Service 65
Fluid Loss System 66
Water Pack System 66
CHEMICAL SYSTEMS
Chemical Consolidation Systems 67
Combination Systems 68
ENGINEERING TABLES 69
TERMS AND CONDITIONS 79

3
 INDEX

A M
ACID HANDLING EQU IPMENT ........ .. .... .. .. .. .... ......... ... .. .. 21.! MCS CLOSING SLEEVE .. .... ... .. ... .. .. ... ..... ..... ................... 44
ALL WELDED WIRE-WRAPPED SCREENS ................... 5~ MCP POSITIONING TOOL ...................... ....... ........ .......... 45
AUXILIARY EQUIP. FOR GRAVEL PACK SYST . .. ... .. 52-54 MECHANICAL MATERIAL SYSTEMS .. ....... .. .... .. ....... 63-66
MECHANICAL RELEASE RETRIEVABLE SYSTEM ... .... 36
B
BACK PRESSURE VALVE 54
MSF PORTED FLOW SUB ..... ........ ................ .-.... .... .... ..... 44
Bl -O-PACSM SERVICE 65
MIXING AND PUMPING EQUIP. AND SYSTEMS ... ... 18-23
MPC COLLET INDICATOR ...... .. ......... ..... ... .. ............. ...... 45
C MPT SERVICE TOOL .. .......... .... .. ........... ..... ..... .. ............ .. 42
CARTRIDGE FILTER SKID UNITS ...... ... ......... ..... .......... .. 16 MST SH EAR SUB .... ...................... ......... ....... .. .... .. ..... ... .. . 44
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPING LOW-PRESSURE SKIDS ..... 23 MUD CL EANOUT AGENT (MCA) ... .... .... ...... .... ......... .. .... 61
CHEMICAL SYSTEMS ... .... ... ... ... ....... ...... ........... ... .. ... 67-68 MULTl-POSITION SYSTEMS ..... ........... ..... ... .... .. ... .... 26-31
CHEMICAL CONSOLIDATION SYSTEMS .................... ... 67 MULTI -POSITION TOOL .. .............. ......... ................. ... ..... 44
CLAM™ MIXING SYSTEMS ...... ..... ... ... ..... ..... .. .. .. ... ... ...... 22
CLA-STA " ADDITIVES ... .. ...... ... .... ... ... ... ......... ...... ... .... .... 61 N
CLAYFIX™ MATERIAL ..... ... ..... ........ ..... .. ..... ... .......... ... ... . 61 NUMERIC MODELING 10
CLAYSOL™ ACIDIZING PROCESS .... .. .. ..... .. .... ....... ....... 61 0
CLOSING SLEEVES (MCS) ...... ............ ..... .. ......... ...... ..... 44 ONE-TRIP SYSTEMS 38
COLLET INDICATOR .... ..................... .... .... ... .. .. .. .... ..... ..... 45 VERSA-TRIEVE'• MPT OPEN HOLE SYSTEM 30
COMBINATION SYSTEMS .......... ... .... ... ..... ..... ... .... .... .... .. 68 O-RING SUBS 52
COMPUPAC™ SYSTEM ... .. ..... .... .. ... ... ..... ...... ... .... .... ..... 8-9 p
CONPAC · SERVICES ... ........................ ...... .. ....... ........... . 68 PERMA-SERIES"' WIRELINE-SET PACKER ................. .. 52
CPS-MS HT-400™ PUMPING UNIT ... ........ .. ...... ........ ... ... 19 PERMA-TRIEVE~ CROSSOVER EQUIPMENT .... ..... . 48-50
CROSSOVER EQUIPMENT ....... ....... .. .. ...... ..... .. .... ..... 48-49 PERMA-TRIEVE "' CROSSOVER SYSTEMS ........ ...... 34-35
CROSSOVER SYSTEMS ........ ... .... .... ....... ..... .......... ... 34-35 PLATE AND FRAME FILTER PRESS UNITS ...... ... ..... .... 14
D POSITION INDICATOR .. .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ... ....... ......... 45
DATA ACQUISITION .... ... ..... ....... ..... ....... ...... .. ... ..... .... .... 8-9 PREPACK SCREENS ...... ............ .. ...... ..... .. ....... ..... ..... .. .. 56
DE PRESS UNITS ... .. .... ... .... .. ..... ..... ..... .. ... ......... .... ........ . 14 PRETREATMENT FLUIDS ... .... ...... .. .... ....... .. .. ...... ..... ...... 61
DIATOMACEOUS EARTH SYSTEMS ........... .... ..... .... 14-15 PUMPING SKID .............. ... .......... ............ .. ... .. .... ... ..... ...... 19
DMS-16D MIXING SKID .. ..... ... ........ .......... .... ......... .... ... ... 15 PUMP TRUCK ....... ... ... ... .. .... ..... .. ... ... .... .... .. ...... .. .... ... ..... . 18
E R
ENHANCED SANFIX " SERVICE .. ..... ... .... ..... ... .. ... ....... .. .. 67 RETRIEVING TOOLS 46
EPOSAND SERVICE .... ..... ..... ... ..... .... ... ... ..... .. ......... .. .... .. 67 RPIC POSITION INDICATOR COLLET 45
EPR 5 MSAND CONTROL SERVICE .......... .... ... ............... . 67 s
F SAN FIX" SERVICE ........... ......... .... .. ....... ........ .... ... .. .... ... .. 67
FILTRATION SERVICES .............. ... ...... .... ..... .... .... .. .. . 12-17 SCREENS ..... .... ...... ......... ..... ........... .... ... .. ........ .. .. ... ... 55-58
FLOATER SYSTEM ..... .... .... ... ........ ......... ... .... .... ....... ... .... 31 SC-50 SLURRY BLENDERS .... ... ...... .. ............................. 21
FLOW SUB (PORTED) ... ..... ... ....... ........ ......... .... .... ... ..... .. 44 SEAL ASSEMBLIES ..... ............... ....... ....... .......... ...... .. ..... 51
FLUID LOSS SYSTEM ......... ... .. ....... .. ... .... ... .. .. ..... ..... ....... 66 SEALING PLUGS (EXPENDABLE) .. .. .............................. 54
FORMATION EVALUATION ... .. .... .... .. .. ... .. ........ ...... .... 60-61 SEALING PLUGS (RETRIEVABLE ) .. ... ... .... ..... ... ..... ........ 54
SEAL UNITS ..... ... ..... ... .... .. .... ........ ....... ... ........ .. ....... :.... .. . 51
· G
GP MECHANICAL-SET PACKER ............ .. .............. ......... 48 SHEAR SUB (MSJ) ... ............. ........................ ...... ..... .... .... 44
GRAVEL PACK EQUIPMENT ..... ....... .... .. .. ... ..... ... ..... . 41-57 SIMULATOR (GRAVEL PACK) ............ ... ..... ... ... ..... ... .. ... . 10
GRAVEL PACK SIMULATOR .. .. .... .... ........ ........... .... ... ..... 10 SINTER-PAK™ SCREENS ... ...... ......... ......... ....... ·...... ... .... 55
GRAVEL PACK SYSTEMS .......... ..... ...... .... .. .... .. ... ..... 26-40 SLURRY BLENDERS ...... ............................... ..... ... .... . 20-21
STORAGE TANKS ................ .... ... .. .... ........ ...... .... .. .......... 24
H SUBSURFACE GRAVEL PACK EQUIPMENT ..... ... ... 45-58
HF ACID ... ..... ..... .... ...... ......... ..... ... ............. ... ... ..... ..... .... ... 61 SUBSURFACE GRAVEL PACK SYSTEMS ... .... ... .. .. .. 25-40
HGP HYDRAULIC-SET PACKER .......... ... ... ....... .... .......... 49 SURFACE EQUIPMENT. .. ... ..... ...... ... .... .. .... ..... . 11-24
HIGH PRESSURE FILTRATION UNIT .......... ... .............. . 17 SYSTEM II MECHANICAL RL ,SE SYSTEM ..... ... .. .... 36
HORIZONTAL SYSTEMS ..... ..... .... ........... ... .............. ..... .. 28 SYSTEM Ill HYDRAULIC RELEASE SYSTEM ... .. ... .. .. .... 37
HT-400™ PUMPING UNIT .. ... .......... .. .... .. ............ ..... ........ 18
HYDRAULIC RELEASE SYSTEM .... ....... .... ... ..... .. .... ... .. .. 37 T
HYDROCON 5 MSERVICE ......... ...... .. ..... ........ .. ......... ...... .. 67 TANKS (STORAGE) 24
HYDROFIX 5MSERVICE ...... :.... ............. ... ....... .... ..... .. ...... . 67 TEMBLOK·· 120 FLUID SERVICE 66
HYDROPAC 5 MSERVICE ... .. ... ....... ......... ... .. ... ..... ... ........ .. 64 THERMAL SYSTEMS 40
THERMAPAC™ MATERIAL GRAVEL 63
I THROUGH-TUBING SYSTEMS ...... ..... 39
INFLATABLE PACKER ASSEMBLY ...... .... ... .. ....... .......... 33 TRANSPORT TRAILERS 24
INTER-LOCK · PACKERS ...... ..... ....... .... .. ..... .. ... ..... .... .. ... . 40
ISOLATION DART ASSEMBLY .... .... ... .. .... ........ .... ..... ...... 33 V
ISOLATION SLEEVE ASSEMBLY ... ....... ..... .... .... ..... ....... . 33 VERSA-TRIEVE'" MULTI -POSITION SYSTEMS ........ 26-32
VERSA-TRIEVE · PACKER .. ...... ...... .. ..... .. .. ............ ......... 41
L VERTICAL PRESSURE LEAF UNITS ............... .... .. ..... .... 15
LABORATORY RESOURCES ... ..... .. ....... .... .... ...... ............. 7 VRT RELEASING TOOL .. ..... .... ........ ... ..... ... .... ................ 46
LOW-PROFILE™ SCREENS ..... .............. ..... ....... .. ... ... ... .. 55
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WASH-DOWN SYSTEMS 32
WATER PACK SYSTEMS .... 66
4
 Preface

SAND CONTROL SERVICES - A CONVENIENT SINGLE SOURCE

Sand can present a major obstacle

to well production. Today, the petro-
leum industry spends millions of
dollars each year to prevent and re-
pair problems such as ( 1) reduced
production rates (2) sand bridging in
the tubing 'a nd casing (3) erosion of
downhole and surface equipment (4)
disposal and removal of produced c:..%·-;-s;.:.
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sand and (5) casing damage caused
by compressive loading due to sub- -~ ,,/'/:,:;
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Halliburton company, provides a "c-:.:::.~:;;p-
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single source to solve these and other _, '~---• , ., --I /j •/;~
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sand control problems - providing
dedicated equipment and total ser- (I
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vices for gravel pack and sand con- • • _, .• "/!(_

solidation operations, supported by ·- ~;,,- -~f7, ---/

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computer simulations. Headquarters . ·- .../ fl 0

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Otis Sand Control provides the "

analysis, pre-treatments, gravel pack
services, and experienced personnel
vital to a successful procedure. In
addition, Otis provides specialized
surface and downhole equipment that
includes gravel pack packers, screens
manufactured by Howard Smith
Screen Company to inhibit the
movement of formation sand into the
well bore, surface pumping equipment
and filtration systems.
Services are customized to uniquely
suit individual requirements. From
program design to the latest equip-
ment and treatment products to onsite
supervision, Otis takes pride in of-
fering the best.
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QUALIFIED PERSONNEL SAFETY-ALWAYS THE PRIORITY
Otis Sand Control personnel have An outstanding company-wide
the expertise and experience to under- safety commitment has made Otis an
stand the special concerns of operators industry leader in safety for years. A
with sand production problems. Safety Training Observation Program
Dedicated, highly qualified Otis en- (STOP) fully implemented at all Otis
gineers and technicians conduct de- locations worldwide trains supervi-
velopmental projects with a variety sors and employees to work together
of downhole completion tools and to prevent accidents. The Otis manu-
systems. Professional personnel facturing facility in Dallas, Texas,
provide expertise with fluids research has been honored as one of only two
in developing fluids , chemical addi- United States oilfield service com-
tives , gelling agents, formation sta- panies to receive the prestigious Star
bilizers, and processes that enhance A ward from the Occupational Health
productivity of gravel-packed wells. And Safety Administration in recog-
Service specialists and field per- nition of outstanding safety practices.
sonnel are among the most experi-
enced in the industry in average length
of service - and receive extensive
training, both on the job and in the
classroom, in expert procedures from
knowledgeable veterans. Otis also
provides special training seminars for
customers to familiarize them with
Otis equipment and operations.

5
 Preface

A LEADER IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Backed by the full resources of environmental testing capability for

Halliburton Energy Services Group,
and over 30 years of experience with
sand control problems , Otis Sand
Control provides customers with ad-
vanced technology and outstanding
personnel to solve problems effi-
ciently and effectively.
Otis® Research and Development
features a 11 ,000 ft 2 (310 m2) labo-
ratory and testing complex at Sand
Control headquarters in Dallas. The
complex provides the latest advanced
technological equipment available,
_giving Otis comprehensive in-house
Otis CAD/CAM Systems Allow Highly
Efficient Tool Designs With Full Compat-
ibility.
downhole tools. A dedicated engi-
neering department translates inno-
vative concepts developed in Research
and Development into successful
products that work for the customer.
A superior expertise in fluids re-
search is provided with the Comple-
tions Research and Engineering and
Stimulation Research departments at
Duncan, Oklahoma. Here, techniques
and systems are developed to solve
sand control problems with methods
that prevent damage to the formation
and regain permeability.
DEEP WELL SIMULATOR TESTS
DOWNHOLE TOOLS
A unique Deep Well Simulator at
Otis facilities in Dallas tests full-size
downhole tools in hostile environ-
ments. For example, high-tempera-

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ture, high-pressure Otis packers can
be successfully tested in simulated
conditions up to 1000 degrees Fahr-
enheit and 20,000 psi hydrostatic
. pressure. Other testing utilizes two
rig-equipped test wells to confirm
tool compatibility , operating se-
quences and service techniques.

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Technicians Utilize Scanning Electron Otis Deep Well Simulator Tests Downhole
Microscope In Metallurgical Lab. Tools In High-pressure, High-temperature
Conditions.

Specialized Departments Within The Duncan Research Center Develop Fluids, Chemical
Additives, Gelling Agents, Formation Stabilizers And Processes To Enhance Productivity Of
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Chemists Conduct Extensive Laboratory
Evaluations On Gelling Agents And Other
Gravel Packed Wells. Materials .

6

EXTENSIVE LABORATORY RESOURCES
A number of specialized laborato-
ries support Otis Sand Control in
both fluids and downhole tool re-
search and testing.
Rheology research includes sev-
eral laboratory-scale flow loops used
in various applications, including pre-
conditionip.g of fluid for proppant
conductivity studies and high pres-
sure testing of foams as carrier flu-
ids . Medium-scale loops test fluids
developed in the Research Center
and support pure research conducted
without a specific project in mind.
Large scale flow loops obtain full
characterization of the rheology of
fluids for gravel packing.
Other rheology laboratory analy-
sis studies the effects of high pres-
sure gases and liquids on materials at
elevated pressures and temperatures.
A slow-strain-rate tester is used to
test the cracking resistance of high-
alloy metals such as Inconels ,
Incoloys, and others .
A polymer laboratory tests and
evaluates the latest polymeric mate-
rials for both surface and downhole
applications. Equipment includes six
hot oil test cells, capable of testing
seal materials up to 450° F and pres-
sures up to 20,000 psi. Extensive
studies have been conducted on the
effects of organic amine corrosion
inhibitors on elastomers.
Otis® research in seal materials
has yielded elastomer compounds
unrivaled in the industry. The metal-
lurgical laboratory provides analysis
and daily support to manufacturing
with mechanical testing and certifi-
cation. An important function of this
lab is materials recommendations for
customers, based on individual well
data. Heat treatment tests determine
if alloys will function downhole as
needed. A scanning electron micro-
scope examines the surface of a fail-
ure to determine the cause: environ-
mental embrittlement , incorrect
chemistry, or overstress.
Extensive tests on fluids , materi-
als and techniques include a number
of unique procedures. In addition to
evaluation of heavy brines and sand
consolidation materials and tech-
niques , there are tests for regained
Preface
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Instrumentations In Polymer Laboratory Laboratory-Scale Flow Loops Study The
Test Materials For Surface And Downhole Characterization Of The Rheology Of
Applications. Fluids.
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permeability, fluid loss, and capil-
lary suction time; and studies for
filterability , sieve analysis , gel break
time, sand transport efficiency , and
gel hydration time. Quality control ·t
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of chemicals and viscosity measure-
ments are also conducted. ·--•.
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Examples of analytical instrumen-
tation_for materials research are:
Atomic Absorption Spectrometer-
analyzes elements in a solution.
X-Ray Diffraction - identifies
crystalline compounds.
Scanning Elec_tron Microscope -
Provides intensely magnified view Heat Treatment Tests In Metallurgical Lab
Provides Information On Oownhole
of solid materials.
Applications For Alloy Material.
Particle Size Analyzer-determines
particle size distribution of finely
divided powders.
Mass Spectrometer - detects and
characterizes each component of
complex mixtures after separation
by gas chromatography .
Gas Chromatographs - separates
volatile substances.
Fourier Transform Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance Spectrometer -
elucidates structures of organic
molecules.
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The Slow-Strain-Tester Is Used To Study
The Cracking Resistance Of High-Alloy
Metals.
7
 Data Acquisition

COMPUPAC™ PORTABLE SYSTEM

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The COMPUPAC™ System is used
by Otis Sand Control for data acqui-
sition. The heart of the COMPUPAC
system is an IBM-PC compatible
computer which records and processes
data from proprietary data acquisi-
tion hardware. The computer has a
high speed 386 type microprocessor
and a 387 math coprocessor, that
allow it to perform complex analy-
sis. Full IBM compatibility provides
~~
data to customers on IBM compat-
ible 3 1/2-inch disks at the wellsite in
a Lotus 123®* comp;itible ASCII
format. The system also contains a
printer capable of producing high
quality data printouts or photos during
or after the job.
The basic COMPUPAC system can
monitor transducer inputs for: 3
pressures, 1 temperature, 3 flow rates ,
DIGITAL
DENSOMETER
and 1 density. While monitoring, the
system can simultaneously acquire
pressure, flow and density data from
multiple remote UNI-PRO™ control
stands. Data can be sampled and re-
corded once per second.
Additional technology includes an
exclusive UNI-PRO™ 75TC4 Qual-
ity Control digital panel meter that
monitors all engines, and pumping
and blending operations.
COMPUPAC Systems can be
powered from a 12-volt car battery,
or any available 110 or 220 VAC
power source.
In its base configuration , the

LAN CABLE
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;•G COMPUPAC System is well suited
for monitoring typical sand control
RATE 1 jobs. Optional hardware and software
allow the COMPUPAC system to be

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used in a variety of applications in-
cluding: job design using programs
previousl y run on a mainframe
computer; and DST data analysis
using the popular HARVEST 8 M
RATE2 analysis software.
PRESSURE 2
12VDC
PRESSURE 1
2.5 AMPS * Lotus 123 is a registered trademark
of Lotus Software Development
Corporation.
COMPUPAC System W! Optional Display Unit - Basic Pressure, Rate and Density

8
 Data Acquisition

Stimulation jobs are easily handled SAND CONTROL DATA

by the COMPUPAC™ System in the
base configuration . Pumping pre s- Upper Packer De pt.h: .._l.._l~·~0.._1£9_ _ _ _ __ Surop Packer De pt. h: .._1.._1......_1,,6..,Sc__ _ _ __
Scr-een Dep th: 11. !35 • - ~ - Scre oe n S12e: 2 7 18" .Q OS GAUGE
sure , flow rate s and slurry density
are recorded once per second. Gravel FL UID TYPE CONCENTRATI ON VOLUME
pack, acidizing , and combination Pad: XYLENE REPEAT 1 TIME 200 GALLONS
Acid: 10% FE H1":L REPEAT 1 Tl ME 450 GALLONS
treatments are full y supported. Data Ac 1d : 7 1/ 2%- 1 1/ 2% FE HFREPEAT 1 TIME 45n GALLONS
can be presented in either English or Fi•Js h : 6% NH4CL REPEAT 1 TIME 600 GALLnNs
metric units. An optional overhead Ma x A.: 1d1 z1n9 Pressure: Fi nal Ac1d 1z1 ng Pre- s sure- :
di splay can be added to further en-
FL UID TYPE CONCENTRATI ON DENSITY VOLUME
hance the real time display. Pre Psd: ~V~A~NwPA~C._'____ ~ 5..JmL.S
Sand 81•,rry : ~
VA~N,. PwA ..r.._,_ _ __ ~ Ull.l&.
Post.. Ped : ~VA'-"-"NPwA
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".-____ ~ a..JmL.S
BENEFITS OF DESIGN PRINCIPLE D 1 sp le c e men t.: -6~R...IuNE.._____ ll.....l!!m,

• Approximately 50 measured and 10000

5000
0
computed job parameters for !

gravel pack/stimulation servi ces: 0.0

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-Tubing, casing , annulu s, N2 and
CO, pre ss ures
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0.
9 : 02:0
-Bottomhole treating pre ss ure -o.
o.
0.0
calculation 9:04:0
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o.
-N 2 and CO 2 rates and volumes in o~Octt" SET PACKER
standard units o.
9 : 06 : 0
0.
-Sand slurry and return flo w o.
o.o
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rate s 9 : 01:0
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-Foam quality at surface
-Slurry return, foam , N 2 and CO 2 ool:
0.
9:1~~~ E6

den sities o. ----------------- ..

-Sand total s for both slurry ',?n- - -; "7

12:48:0
2.
placement and reverse out 0.0
o.
stages o.
1 2 : SO:O
2.
-Surface foam rate and volume 0.0
o.
o.
12:52 : 0
• One second update and recording 2.
0. ; 3
rate 0. 0
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• Full featured playback capability

12 :54 : 0
2.
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,. SAND OUT
-~ ~ -----
- --~·- ·--~-" -----,.,___,
12 : 56:0
• HARVEST 5 M analy sis s upport
og6(S;SHIFT TOOL
• Supports popular stimulation and 12,sai~ SQUEEZE POSITION /.=
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cementing design programs 0 o? m RE-STRESS SLURRY RATE .
13 :oo~o PACK
• LANMARC System support 0.
0.0
o.
• Autom atic Proppant Control Sys- 13 :02 : 0
o.
0.
tem (APCS ) support 0.0
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13 : 04 : 0
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• Engli sh and metric units available o. RE-STRESS
0. 0
o. PACK SLURRY RATE .,,-/· ....
in any combination 13 : 06 : 0
0.
o.
• External communications capabil - 0. 0
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13:08 : 0
ity for data transfer following a job 0.
0.
o. o RE-STRESS
• Data download in ASCII format o.
13 : 10:0 PACK
::~£26 SLURRY RATE/ · ·
• Self-contained printer/plotter 0.0
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13 : 12 : 0
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• Event and stage notation s for de- 0.
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13: 14 : 0
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• Comprehensive job summary and 0. 0
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13 : 16:0 ....- REVERSE CIRCULATE
·---- --_--~•{-
title pages ,.
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13: 18:0 RETURN ; - SLURRY
~: iiL__.. I _. __,J

Printout of COMPUPAC Plot

9
 Numerical Modeling Software

GRAVEL PACK JOB SIMULATION SYSTEMS

Well Schematic Shows Calculated Sand

Position and Depths of Equipment and
Perforations

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f"::RAV::..L ,..._._,, .,SIMULATOR
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Sand Deposition Profile Shows Total Gravel Pack Profile Shows Position of
Volume of Sand Packed Into Perforations Sand Pack Against The Formation And
and Against Formation and Screen. Screen At Five Selected Time Steps

Otis®Gravel Pack Job Simulator, and space, which are: (1) rate/vol- into perforations and against
GJOBSIM, is a powerful software ume of pad and/or slurry (2) rate/ formation and screen
package developed for gravel pack volume of return fluid (3) rate/vol- • Cumulative volume of sand
treatment design and engineering ume of fluid loss to the formation entering perforations for five
studies that is capable of simulating and (4) surface and downhole pres- selected time steps
the gravel placement process from sures. Results are presented in both
start of job to screenout. This two- graphic and tabulated forms with the • Circulating pressure at zone of
dimensional model can simulate lower following plots: interest as treatment progresses
and upper circulating and squeeze • Calculated sand position and • Pump rate , return rate and for-
mode packing, individually or in depths of equipment and per- mation leak off rate
combination. The software can cal- forations • Wellhead pressure as treatment
culate fluid rates in and out, surface
• Position of sand pack against progresses
and bottomhole pressure, and fluid
loss to the formation, as well as gravel formation and screen at five • Cumulative volume of fluid
placement and packing efficiency with selected time steps that has leaked off to the for-
respect to time and interval length. • Final percent of annular area mation at five selected time
packed with sand steps
In addition to evaluating packing
efficiency and total amount of gravel Otis models and simulators increase
packed downhole, the simulator also • Sand accumulation as treat- the reliability of gravel packing
determines other important variables ment progresses techniques by helping operators
that are monitored according to time • Total volume of sand packed identify and then avoid numerous
problems.
10
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Surface Equipment
Otis Sand Control provides the quality filtration services and reliable
mixing and pumping equipment vital to successful sand control operations.
Filtration of completion and gravel pack fluids is as important to success-
ful sand control as selecting the proper pack sand size, carrier fluid , or
placement technique. Otis Sand Control offers a wide range of fluid
filtration systems for removal of suspended solids in completion fluids,
perforating fluids, and gravel packing fluids .
Foreign solids such as cement, scale, rust, etc. , in mixing and pumping
equipment can do irreparable damage to both the reservoir and pack
permeability. Otis Sand Control has dedicated mixing and pumping
equipment to ensure a safe, reliable, clean operation.
Otis Sand Control Surface Equipment is backed by the experience and skill
of Otis Sand Control Specialists and Research Groups to provide the technology
and service today's industry demands.

11
 Fi ltration Services

DIATOMACEOUS EARTH (DE) SYSTEMS

--------------7
I
VERTICAL
11 jt 1- 1 1 1 1-t1-; I~
I I , , , , I I , , I , ,,
I
PRESSURE I I , , , , , , 11 I 1 1 1 I
LEAF ,.,
1 1 11 1 1 11 11 1111
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PRESS 11
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I
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L.. - - - - - - - - - - - - - _I
PRE-COAT GUARD
TANK FILTERS

BODY FEED
TANK

BODY FEED
PUMP ~
l
(,)

"'"'"'
N

CENTRIFUGAL zu.
PUMP
DIRTY FLUID
·EITHER VPL FILTER
OR FILTER PRESS
MAY BE USED
DE Filtration System Schematic

Otis~) Diatomaceous Filtration Systems are ideal BENEFITS OF DESIGN PRINCIPLE

for solids removal when filtering relatively dirty fluid or • High filtrate clarity
very large volumes of fluid . The Plate and Frame Filter
Press and Vertical Pressure Leaf (VPL) Filter Units are • High specific through-put
designed to be used with a filter media, such as diatoma- • Effective filter medium regeneration
ceous earth . The filter cloths on the press and the screen
on the filter leaf retain a bed of the DE filter media, called • Totally enclosed operation
the precoat, which performs the actual filtering. To pre- • No filter medium changes required
vent the filter media from blinding off with a cake of
removed solid contaminants , a slurry of DE Material , the • No manual work (for cake discharge) required (VPL only)
body feed , is metered into the dirty fluid. This filter cake, • Automatic cake discharge (VPL only)
made of the suspended solids contaminating the fluid and
the added body feed , remains porous, allowing continued • Simple, reliable design
filtration .
• Compact construction
Filtration continues until the flow rate decreases or an • Requires very little maintenance if any
increased pressure differential indicates the solids holding
• Filter leaf construction prevents cake ruptures
capacity of the filter unit has been reached. The filter cake
is removed, and the filter unit prepared for another cycle. • No completion fluid loss during cake discharge
12
 Filtration Services

DIATOMACEOUS EARTH (DE) SYSTEMS - Continued

Otis DMS-16D Auxiliary Mixing Units include

o O""
a 4 x 4 centrifugal pump, to pump contaminated fluid
o
<:::,
through the DE filter. The units also include a 200 cfm
rotary screw air compressor for air to pump the precoat and

do oC3
0 0
·~ o body feed slurries, and to air purge the filter units. Two
FIGURE 1 l~a
stainless steel or crosslinked polyethylene mixing tanks ,

0 each with an eight barrel capacity for mixing the body feed
DIRTY FLUID

~
ONLY 0 0

0 0 0 ~ 0 and precoat slurries and two air-operated diaphragm pumps,

CJ~ 0~~
0 0 are also mounted on the DMS- l 6D Auxiliary Unit. The M-4
~ pump meters the body feed slurry into the completion
0
brine filtering stream. The M-15 pump provides backup

c::::::)
00
I'\ C)
I_.,,--. for both the M-4 and/or 4 x 4 centrifugal pump.
Otis DMS-16D Auxiliary Mixing Units also contain a
DOV Q I~
two pod low-pressure Guard Filter. The engine is a Cater-
FIGURE 2
CLEAN PRECOAT 0 \J () 0 0
:{) _.,.--... pillar 3114 TA Diesel for powering the centrifugal pump,
air compress or, and hydraulically driven turbine agitators.
ONLY/NO
BODY FEED c::::J O C) Used with one of the DE filter units , the DMS-16D
otiCJ o Auxiliary Mixing Unit provides a totally self-sufficient
0
O 0 0
0 .•.. ,,.~ filtering operation unit.

0
□ □
□

FIGURE 3
□
0
Q
□
□
Qo D□
CLEAN PRECOAT □ □ 0 (J
WITH BODYFEED
PARTICLES
□o □ □ □ □

□ ~O□ 0□ □oQ □□ ~ ~· - -- Jiz

0
I ;o~Oo
00 u..

DE System Showing Contaminants,

Precoat and Body Feed

Pl ate and Frame DE Filter Systems and Vertical Pres-

sure Leaf Systems are available in a wide range of sizes to
meet a variety of need s.

Otis ® Plate and Frame Filter Press Systems are

prepared fo r the nex t cycle by purging with air to remove
all fluid in the press. Thi s can result in considerable
sav ings in filtration costs by reducing the waste and dis-
posal volumes when filterin g expensive heav y weight
brines. The contaminated DE is removed as a dry filter
cake and pl aced in drum s for proper di sposal. .,
0

~\.
Otis Vertical Pressure Leaf Systems are cleaned
by washing the leave s with water from a spray bar that
directs water across each leaf. The slurry is pumped from
'
~ Typical Gravel Pack Mixing Operation
the bottom of the tank into di sposal tanks.

Otis Guard Filters help safeguard again st DE

bl eedthrough and accidental contamination of the filtered
brine that is directed through it. Guard Filter cartridges are
des igned to remove all remaining solids larger than the
mi cron rating of the specified filter cartridge .
13
 Filtration Services

PLATE AND FRAME FILTER PRESS EQUIPMENT

Otis®Plate and Frame Filter Press Units are available in
Single Press, Double Press and Mini Double Press Units.
Otis Diatomaceous Earth Single Press Units are
Otis Sand Control 's largest filter system: 800 ft. 2 , 15 BPM,
Plate and Frame DE Filter Press. The JWI press is air-
over-hydraulic-cylinder operated with 4-inch center feed
and four 2 1/2-inch comer discharge outlets. The air-over-
hydraulic-cylinder operation is provided with a hand op-
erated backup. The plates are O-ring sealed to prevent
fluid leakage during operation. Standard equipment can
be skid or truck-mounted, and has 38.3ft. 3 total solids
holding capacity. Used to filter large volumes of fluid, the
primary application for this press is completion fluid
filtration . Skid units include a protective frame and four-
point lift.
Otis Diatomaceous Earth Double Press Units
(480-600 ft2) feature a double-ended press concept that
allows continuous filtration. This translates into saved rig
time, and no shutting down is needed to cycle the press
during critical operations. The DE Double Press units are
rated at 10 BPM, and have 325 ft 2 for the primary filter area
and 205 ft2 secondary filter area. The polypropylene plates
feature O-ring gaskets and are operated by an air-over-
hydraulic ram system. A manually operated hydraulic
system is provided as a backup.
Otis Diatomaceous Earth Mini Double Press
Units are small filter units which also employ the double-
ended press concept. Each unit has a 230 ft 2 filtration area
and is rated at 4 BPM capability. These units are totally
self-contained and ideally suited for small volume, low
rate filtration jobs .

<O
~ ""r--....
..,
r--
zu.. zu.

Otis DE Single Press Unit Otis DE Mini Press Unit

Otis DE Double Press Unit

PLATE AND FRAME FILTER PRESS UNIT SPECIFICATIONS

LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT WEIGHT

UNIT
FT/IN m FT/IN m FT/IN m LBS kg
SINGLE PRESS 13' 6" 4.12 7' O" 2.13 8' O" 2.44 13,500 6,124

DOUBLE PRESS 13' 6" 4.12 7' O" 2.13 8' O" 2.44 13,500 6,124

MINI PRESS 13' O" 3.96 8' O" 2.44 8' 6" 2.59 15,000 6,804

14
 Filtration Services

VERTICAL PRESSURE LEAF AND DMS-16D MIXING UNITS

Otis®Diatomaceous Earth Vertical Pressure Leaf
(VPL) Units are the newest addition to Otis Sand Control
filtration services. The units provide a simple reliable
design requiring little maintenance. The two tank design
provides one tank for the Vertical Pressure Leaves and one
tank for the precoat and body feed mix tank. The VPL
units are constructed of stainless steel, and have an oper-
ating press ure of 100 psig and a filtration rate of 5.5 to 12
BPM.
Otis DMS-16D Mixing Units are used with the DE Plate
and Frame Filter Press or the Vertical Pressure Leaf Filter
Units. Either DE filter system is totally self-supporting
when used with the DMS-16D Mixing Unit.
The Otis DMS-16D Mixing Unit features two eight
barrel mixing tanks for mixing the precoat and body feed
stages, an air compressor for pneumatic stirrers in the
precoat and body feed tanks , and two double diaphragm
pumps for body feed. One of the diaphragm pumps is large
enough to provide backup to the centrifugal and/or body
feed pumps. The unit also contains a twin pod cartridge
Guard Filter to protect against accidental DE contamina-
tion. This can be fitted with absolute filter cartridges to
assure completion fluid is filtered to the highest filtration
specifications.

<O
<O
""
c
Otis DMS-16O Mixing Unit

Otis Vertical Pressure Leaf Unit

VERTICAL PRESSURE LEAF UNIT SPECIFICATIONS DMS-16D MIXING UNIT SPECIFICATIONS

LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT WEIGHT LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT WEIGHT

FT/IN m FT/IN m FT/IN m LBS kg FT/IN m FT/IN m FT/IN m LBS kg

7' 1" 2.2 5 4"
1
1.6 8 3"
1
2.5 3,200 1,450 14' 6" 4.42 8' 0" 2.44 9' 11.5" 3.03 13,700 6,213

15
 Filtration Services

CARTRIDGE FILTER UNITS

Otis"' Cartridge Filter Units provide filtration for a wide
variety of fluids and needs - from small volume filtration,
to Otis Guard Filters installed downstream of the DE Filters
to guard against DE bleedthrough. The number of cartridges-
varies from unit to unit. Maximum flow per vessel is 5 BPM
of water, and maximum pressure rating is 150 PSI. Most
cartridge filters are constructed of stainless steel with stainless
steel manifolding.
Otis Low Pressure Two And Four Pod 30-lnch
Cartridge Filter Units have a maximum flow per pod of
5 BPM of water, with an ASME coded working pressure
rating of 150 psi at 250°F. Each pod contains 20 cartridge
filters. The units feature stainless steel manifolding with
4-inch inlet and outlet ports, ]-inch drain , 1/2-inch sam-
pling ports and 1/4-inch gauge connections. A 4-inch
bypass line allows isolation of each pod of the parallel
operation .

Otis Low Pressure Two-Pod 40-lnch Cartridge

Filter Units provide a large stainles s steel 15 BPM per
filter unit. The standard unit consists of two Amafilter
FILTERED cartridge filters model 24 VW-208/4-4F-3 l 6. There are 52
FLUID ~ - - - - ,
cartridges per filter , each sized 2 1/2-inch diameter x 40-
inch length . Tank diameter is 24 inches , and cylindrical
height is 48 inches. Design pressure/temperature is 100
psig (7 bar g), 70°C (l 58°F). Design code: Dutch Stoomwezen
and ASME VIII Div. 1. Four-inch interconnecting piping
is provided for parallel and series filtration, and I 1/2 -inch
tubing for drain. Units feature 4- inch butterfly valves, and
l/2, l and l 1/2-inch ball valves. Standard instrumenta-
FEED tion , inlet and outlet pressure gauges, 0-150 psig.
PUMP ..., ~

I~ 11 .--; I, I, .--;1-!
t 1lr I I 1 1 1 11111
11 1 1 t111111111
l ilt l t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
~ I ~ I ~ • ~ I ~ I ~I ~I

CARTRIDGE
FILTERS
(Special)

Otis Cartridge System Schematic <(

<D
0
...
OJ

...
z

Otis Two-Pod 40-lnch Cartridge-unit

CARTRIDGE UNIT SPECIFICATIONS

LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT WEIGHT

UNIT
I
FT/IN
'
m FT/IN I m FT/IN I m LBS ! kg

TWO POD 30" 6' 6" 1.98 2' O" .6/ 5' 6" 1.68 2,300 I 1,043

FOUR POD 30" 6 1 6 11 1.98 4' 6" 1.37 5' 6" 1.68 4,500 ! 2,041
!
TWO POD 40" 7' O" 2.13 3' 4" ! 1.0 6' 6"
I 1.98 2,640
I 1,200

16
 Filtration Services

HIGH PRESSURE FILTRATION UNITS

......,..,
"'
zLL

Otis High Pressure Cartridge Filtration Unit

Otis® High Pressure Filtration Units are designed to
accommodate today' s trend of filtering practically all
fluids injected into the reservoir. Otis High Pressure
Filtration Units are ideally designed forthese fluids , including
filtering stimulation acids during injection of the acid.
The unit provides a maximum flow rate of 2 BPM and a
maximum working pressure of I 0 ,000 psi. Each pod of the
unit contains one 2 1/2-inch OD x I-inch ID x 40-inch long
cartridge with a sealed cap and 222 O-ring double seal.
The pods are machined from solid steel and connected
with 4-inch 1002 unions. There are no welds.on any of the
pressure vessels . The inlet and outlet connections are 2-
inch 1502 unions. Special manifolding allows isolation of
each side or the operation of both sides simultaneously. A
2-inch bypass line is included when filtration is not re-
quired .

HIGH PRESSURE FILTRATION UNIT SPECIFICATIONS

LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT WEIGHT (TOTAL)

FT/IN m FT/IN m FT/IN m LBS kg

8' O" 2.44 3' 6" 1.07 S' 6" 1.67 5,000 2,268

17
 Mixing and Pumping Equipment

PUMP TRUCKS

...
...z,.._
0,

"-

Sand Control Pump Truck

Otis®Pump Trucks provide mobile pumping and blend- each tank. A 20 bbl measuring tank of polyethylene/steel is
ing capabilities for gravel pack systems, acid stimulation provided for displacement and other fluids. Pressure gauge is
treatments and"plastic con_solidation systems. The tru-cks Martin-Decker vernier.
are designed specifically for sand control problems on
land and inland marine barge operations.
Otis Pump Trucks feature a single HT-400™ pump used for BATCH MIXING PROPERTIES
sand control only. The HT-400 pump has an 8.6 to 1 ratio,
hard surface plungers and 3-inch (76 mm) discharge flange. BATCH SIZE DENSITY

It is powered by the chassis engine through a Spicer 784 bbl m lbs/gal S.G.
transfer case. An auxiliary engine powers two centrifugal
pumps for boosting and recirculating the sand slurry. There's 0 · 30 0 - 4.74 11 · 22 1.32 - 2.64

a hydraulically-driven vertical turbine agitator system for

PUMPING CAPABILITIES*

PUMP PLUNGER SIZE MAXIMUMPRESSURE MAXIMUM VOLUME PER PUMP

(IN) cm PSI mPa BBL/MIN m3 / min

3.38 8.58 20,000 137.9 5.4 0.86
4.0 10.16 14,000 96.5 7.6 1.21

4.5 ll.43 11,200 77.2 9.6 1.53

5.0 12.70 9,000 62.0 11.8 1.88

6.0 15.24 6,250 43.J 17.0 2.70

*Pumping capabilities may vary after engine and transmission are determined.

18
 Mixing and Pumping Equipment

PUMPING UNITS

CPS-MS Pumping Unit

Otis® CPS-MS Single HT-400™ Pumping Units

are mounted on a 17-ft., 6-inch skid base which can be
di smantled into an engine section and a pump section for
eas ier lifting on offshore platforms . Each section is fitted
with a li ft frame. The unit is powered by a GM-8V-71
engin e, is radiator cooled, and has an Allison HT-750
Transmi ss ion. The HT-400 Pump has an 8.6 to l ratio with
hard-surfaced plungers and 3-inch di scharge flanges. Fuel
capac ity is 40 gallons. Thi s unit can be built to Lloyds or CPS-MS PUMPING UNITS SPECIFICATIONS
DNV specifications.
LENGTH WIDTH ENG. WEIGHT PUMP WEIGHT TOTAL WEIGHT
If a 20-barrel di splacement tank is desired, a side-
mounted unit is required. Side mounted hi gh density FT/IN m FT/IN m LBS Kg LBS kg LBS kg
cross linked polyethylene steel 20 bbl measuring tanks are 17' 6" 5.33 8 ' O" 2.44 8,900 4,036 8,300 3,764 17,200 7,800
sump-type with butterfl y valves to control fluid flo w.

PUMPING CAPABILITIES*

PUMP PLUNGER SIZE MAXIMUM PRESSURE MAXIMUM VOLUME PER PUMP

(IN) cm PSI m Pa BBUMIN m 3 / m in

3.38 8.58 20,000 137.9 5.4 0.86

4.0 10. 16 14,000 96.5 7.6 1.21

4.5 11.43 11,200 77.2 9.6 1.53

5.0 12.70 9,000 62.0 11.8 1.88

I

6.0 15.24 6,250 43.I 17.0 2.70

*Pumping capabilities may vary after engine and 1ransm ission are determined.

19
 Mixing and Pumping Equipment

SLURRY BLENDERS

Otis SMS-30O Slurry Blender

Otis®SMS-30D Slurry Blenders are designed to mix
gelled fluids and sand laden slurries for gravel packing. The
unit consists of twin 15 bbl vertical tanks of crosslinked
polyethylene or stainless steel construction with hydrauli-
cally-driven turbine agitators. For flexibility , the SMS-30D
is fitted with two 6x5 centrifugal pumps. There is one pump
for each tank. Stainless steel manifolding between the tanks
and pumps allows maximum versatility in m1xmg and
pumping procedures. The Caterpillar 3116T diesel engine
provides the power for the hydraulically-driven turbine
agitators and centrifugal pumps. Three and four-inch hoses
are available for varying lengths as required. SMS-40D
forty bbl units are also available with twin 20 bbl vertical
tanks.

SMS-30D BLENDER SPECIFICATIONS

LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT WEIGHT

UNITS
FT/IN m FT/IN m FT/IN m LBS kg
SMS-30D 14' 6" 4.42 8' O" 2.44 10' 0" 3.05 14,700 6,666

40D 14' 6" 4.42 8'0" 2.44 12' 0" 3.67 15,300 6,940

20
 Mixing and Pumping Equipment

SLURRY BLENDERS - Continued

Otis S.C.-50 bbl Blender

Otis® S.C.-50 Blenders are portable m1xmg units

specifically designed for sand control slurry preparations. ,,Q_ ,, Q,
~ ~ , .
~
' Clllii. • 0a.
• 'W on11
These blenders are intended for larger sand control jobs, -· . -·
such as gravel packing. and are built to DNV specifications. • ' CUIICD

The S.C.- 50 Blender consists of two 25-bbl, 316 stain- "

less steel mixing tanks, two Halliburton 6 x 5-inch centrifugal
pumps, driven by hydraulic motors which can be indepen-
dently run at speeds from Oto 1500 RPM.
.
Each 25-bbl tank has a vertical mixing shaft with two
rows of four mixing turbine blades manufactured from 316
stainless steel. These turbine mixers are connected to the
output shaft of a right angle , speed-reducing gear box, and
driven by hydraulic motors at controllable speeds between
0 to 90 RPM .
""'....
The pumps are manifolded in a manner that allows fluids "z
u.
to be drawn off either tank by either pump and discharged
to either tank or drawn from and pumped to an external
Otis S.C.-50 Control Panel. All controls and valves are
location. Suction lines have a 5-inch diameter and the
air-activated from the operator control panel.
recirculating lines have a 4-inch diameter.

OTIS SC-50 BLENDER SPECIFICATIONS

LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT WEIGHT

FT/IN m FT/IN m FT/IN m LBS kg

14' 6 11 4.42 8' O" 2.44 12' 0" 3.66 15,000 6,803

21
 Mixing and Pumping Equipment

CLAM™ MIXING SYSTEM

Otis CLAM-Acid /Gravel Pack Mixing System

The CLAM™ (Constant Level Additive Mixer)-Acid/
Gravel Pack Mixing Systems are ideal for conventional
water packs and low sand concentration high viscosity
gravel packs where continuous mixing based on changing
conditions is preferable. This eliminates the necessity of
batch mixing large volumes of low sand concentration
slurries. The unit's liquid additive system and automatic
tub leveling system make it ideal for large volume matrix
stimulation treatments that are run ahead of sand control
treatments. CLAM blenders are ideal for acid jobs, gravel
packing, and chemical mixing.
Combined with the 8 ft 3 sand holding tank and calibrated
sand gate, excellent uniformity of sand concentration is
accomplished when running the acid prepacks or the low
sand concentration slurry packs.
Instrumentation is the UNI-PRO™ digital panel meter
with a 4 or 6-inch Flowmeter used to monitor sand slurry
flow or discharge flow rate, and tub recirculation rate . The
unit has a sand handling capacity of 21 sacks per minute,
I 0-BPM discharge rate with I 0-BPM recirculation into
the I 1/2-bbl polyethylene mixing tub . Sand handling
capabilities are up to 15 lbs of sand/gal of fluid at 3 BPM,
IO lbs of sand/gal of fluid at 5 BPM, and 5 lbs of sand/gal
of fluid at IO BPM.

CLAM-ACID/GRAVEL PACK MIXING SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS

LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT WEIGHT (EMPTY)

FT/IN m FT/IN m FT/IN m LBS kg

13' O" 3.96 8' O" 2.44 9' O" 2.74 13,000 5,896

22
 Mixing and Pumping Equipment

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPING LOW-PRESSURE UNIT

"',,.
0
"'
z
u..

Otis Centrifugal Pump Low Pressure Mixing Unit

Otis®Centrifugal Pumping Low-Pressure Units consist
of a 4 x 4 x 12-inch centrifugal pump powered by a
Caterpillar 3114 TA diesel engine. The unit is also available
with a 60 Hp (45kW ) electric motor. The pump operates
with 12-inch impeller pumping water at 62.4 lb/ft 3 with a
speed of 2600 RPM. It has a maximum head of 340 ft .,
maximum flow of 800 GPM , maximum power input of 80
BHP, and operates at 75 % maximum efficiency.
Otis Centrifugal Pumping Units are ideal for fluid trans-
fer, low pressure mixing , and pressurizing the suction on
the HT-400'" positive displacement pumps used to pump
fluids downhole. Centrifugal pump units are also available
in several other pump sizes, such as 6 x 5 x I I-inch and 6
x 8 x 12-inch.

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPING LOW PRESSURE UNIT SPECIFICATIONS

LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT WEIGHT

UNIT
FT/IN m FT/IN m FT/IN m LBS kg

DIESEL 7' 8.5" 3.35 3 ' O" 0.91 6' 7.5" 2.02 2,500 1,134

ELECTRIC 5' O" 1.52 3' 2" 0.97 3' 1" 0.9 1,500 703

23
 Acid Handling Equipment

STORAGE TANKS AND TRAILERS

1 n~
,.~

" \
"" '
~ ~ . ;:.:
z '
~ I

Otis Transport Trailer

Otis Acid Transport Trailers are applicable for in-

land and barge operations. These 4200 gallon capacity
. flt"' tanks have a high-density crosslinked polyeth ylene tank
within a steel outer tank.

,,, aw
~LTANK ·75 75 HalTank™ Chemical Containers store and transport
acid additives. These DOT-approved tanks are stainless
steel , stackable, and available in various capacities.
<
:\·
Otis® Marine Portable Tanks store flammable s,
corrosives and combustibles. Tanks are available in 500,
I 000, 2500 and 4500 gallon capacities. The skid-mounted
tanks are applicable for offshore oil well service wotk
N
only. Construction features include a remolded high-density
...
"'
r--
z crosslinked polyethylene tank within a steel tank shell.
~
Polyethylene tanks provide excellent damage tolerance
due to thickness, and excellent resistance to most chemi-
cals transported in acid and sand control services . Tanks
Ha/Tank Container may be used at temperatures up to 150°F (66°C).
24
0
Q
;:;;
ci
""z

Subsurface Gravel Pack Equipment

and Systems
Otis Sand Control offers a complete line of retrievable and permanent
gravel pack completion equipment. Gravel pack systems are available for
the shallow land we ll to the multizone high angled offshore well; and with
the latest technology for extended reach , horizontal cased and open hole
completions.
There 's an Otis Gravel Pack System to suit yo ur well -whether the
requirement is to wash it down , two-trip it, or one-trip perforate/pack.
Combine the gravel pack packer system with Otis pumping, filtration and
fluids operation, and you have all the ingredients for a successful well
completion.
To determine the gravel pack system best suited for your well, contact
yo ur nearest Otis Sand Control representative.

25
 Gravel Pack Systems

MULTl-POSITION NO ROTATION SINGLE ZONE COMPLETION SYSTEMS

L
MULTl-POSITION
SERVICE TOOL

VERSA-TRIEVE
OR PERMA-SERIES
I PACKER

MFS
FLOW SUB

,1
i

PRODUCTION
SCREEN

LEGEND

0 PRODUCTION

O-RING SUB liJ SLURR Y

TELLTALE
0 CIRCULATION
FLUID
SCREEN
0 CLEANOUT
PERMA-SERIES FLUID
SUMP PACKER
■ SUMP

Schematic 1 Schematic 2 Schematic 3 Schematic 4 Schematic 5

Lower Circulating Upper Circulating Squeeze Reversing Out Production Seal Unit

Schematic 1 - Lower Circulating. The bottomhole
assembly is iso lated below with an optional Oti s
PERMA-SERIES"' Sump Packer, and the Otis YERSA-
TRIEVE® or Otis PERMA-SERIES"· PGP Permanent
Gravel Pack Packer. The Otis Multi-Position Tool (MPT)
is raised to allow circulation to occur. The washpipe
stinger is packed off in the O-ring sub above the telltale
screen. Gravel slurry enters the screen/casing annulus
below the packer. Return fluid must enter the telltale
screen, ensuring the slurry travels the entire length of the
screen.
Schematic 2 - Upper Circulating. With the screen/
casing annulus completely filled with slurry, the MPT is
raised an additional distance to remove the washpipe
stinger from the O-ring sub above the telltale screen.
Pressure is applied to the top of the slurry column to force
excess carrier fluid through the production screen and into
the washpipe . This helps to dehydrate the sl urry for a more
compact gravel pack.
Schematic 3 - Squeeze Slurry. With the MPT com-
pletel y down into the packer bore , return circulation is
26
prevented. All fluids pumped down the workstring are
forced into the formation. Thi s position is used to test the
packer, acidize or squeeze slurry into the perforations
prior to moving the MPT from the lower to the upper
circulation position.
Schematic 4 - Reversing Out. This position is ob-
tained by raising the MPT out of the packer until its lower
ports are above the packer. The reversing-out position is
used when pickling the workstring, or when excess slurry
is to be reversed out of the workstring upon completion of
the gravel pack operation. Seal s below the lower ports of
the MPT are maintained in the packer bore to isolate the
formation from the applied pump pres sure.
Schematic 5 - Production Seal Unit. The produc-
tion seal assembly is made up to and run in on the produc-
tion tubing. The production seal assembly is stung into the
VERSA-TRIEVE packer, isolating the gravel pack ports
by seali ng in the upper packer and lower extension bores.
The seal assembly isolates annular fluids, allowing forma-
tion fluids and gases to be produced through the seal
assembly up the tubing string.
 Gravel Pack Systems

VERSA-TRIEVP MULTI-POSITION NO ROTATION MULTIZONE COMPLETIONS

In multizone completions. the lowe r zone is packed the

same as a single zo ne installation. The lower zone gravel
pack packer can be used as a base for the upper zone pack :
if the upper zo ne is not immediatel y above the lower zone.
an iso lation packer can be used . RDH DUAL
:T HYDRAULIC -S ET
PACKER
For zo ne isolation. an iso lation packer plug is run prior to
perfo ratin g. After perforating and perforation cleanup. the
isolation packer plug is retrieved. and the gravel pack
assembly run . PRODUCTION
SEAL ASSEMBL Y
The upper zone gravel pack assembly consists of a seal
assembly. lowe r poli s hed nipple . telltale screen. upper VE RSA -TRIE VE
PACKER
polished nipple . screen. blank pipe. shear s ub. closing
sleeve and VERSA-TRIEVE Packer. Thi s assembly is run LOWER ZONE
in the well until the se al assembly locates the base packer. PRODUCTION STRING
Packe r setting. testing. and gravel placement operations are
MCS
performed. CLOSING SLEEVE

SHEAR SUB
Schematic 1 - Dual Zone Completions. For dual
zo ne indepe nde nt production. a seal assembly is run on the BLANK PIPE
bottom of th e long string below an Otis dual packer. The PRODUCTION
seal assembly locates in the sealbore located above or SCREEN
co ntained within the seal assembly. The lower zone is
produced up the long string. and the upper zone flows up
th e annulus to th e short string. TELLTALE
SCREEN
Schematic 2 - Selective Zone Completions. Seal LANDING
assemblies are run for the lower sea lbore and the upper NIPPLE
packer. Production tubing spaced in between the seal assem- LOWER
blies locates in the lower seal bore. The lower zone is produced POLISHED NIPPLE
WITH COLLET INDICATOR
through the iso lation string up the production tubing. SEAL ASSEMBLY

VERSA-TRI EVE
PACKER

COLLET
SEAL ASSEMBLY
SHEAR SUB

BLANK PIPE

PRODUCTION
SCREEN

TELLTALE
SCREEN

LEGEND SUMP PACKER

AND
0 PRODUCTION SEAL ASSEMBLY
UPPER ZONE

PRODUCTION SEAL
LOWER ZONE ASSEMBLY

■ SUMP

Schematic 1 Schematic 2
Dual Zone Completion Selective Zone Completion

'27
 Gravel Pack Systems

VERSA-TRIEVE® MULTI-POSITION HORIZONTAL SYSTEMS

CASED HOLE COMPLETION SYSTEM

Otis " YERSA-TRIEYE Multi-Position Horizontal Gravel th e packer and screen sect ion in the hole on a se t of heav y
Pack Systems For Cased Hole Completions use the Otis duty s upport lugs in stead of shear pins. Although th e
YERSA-TRIEYE'•, Packer a nd Multi-Position Service Tool packer is secured onto the service tool by a set of shear
(MPT). The system is designed to withstand high torque pins, no weight or drag forces a re applied to the pins in a
and drag forces, latera l loads. and metal-to-metal friction run-in operation - due to a set of tran sfe r lugs that carry
found in ex tended reach and horizontal completions. both the weight of the packer and han g weight of the
An anti-preset sett in g device provides the ability to run sc ree n.
RPI C
MPT SERVICE UPPER LOWER POSITIVE INDICATOR
SEAL UNIT PORTS PORTS (OPTIONA L)
I
WORKSTRING WASHPIPE

,,\'·~ ••~W.ili~.-,_.. _,;:~

FN 4665
Schematic 1
Cased Hole Completion Squeeze Slurry

FN 4664
Schematic 2
Cased Hole Completion Lower Circulating

FN 4666
Schematic 3
Cased Hole Completion Upper Circulating

OPEN HOLE COMPLETION SYSTEM

A YERSA-TRIEYE'" Packer is used to run a prepack
sc ree n a nd inflatabl e packers in an uncon so lidated ope n
hole formation .
A was hpipe is run throug h the scree n assembly and seals
into a polished nipple ahove a float shoe.
This allows circulation ahead of the sc reen s hou ld low
side cu ttin gs become a problem in the bend or horizontal
sec tion . The YERSA-TRIEYE''; Packer and any number of
inflatable packers can be set and tested in one trip .

FN 4663
Schematic 4
Open Hole Completion

28
 Gravel Pack Systems

VERSA-TRIEVE(e; MULTI-POSITION HORIZONTAL SYSTEMS - Continued

CASED HOLE COMPLETION SYSTEM - Continued

Torque is a lso isolated from the s hear pin s by a se t of The ab ility to se t the packer and release th e serv ice tool
Iug s. During sett in g of the packer. stroke movement of the in one step is a patented Otis procedure. and a n adva nt age
p iston permits retraction of th e tra ns fer support lugs and over rotating or applying pres s ure to the annulus to di se n-
dise ngageme nt of the serv ice tool from the packer. The gage .
Iugs transmit tensile fo rces from the se rvice seal unit to the
packer and retract only after the se tting piston has begun
to stroke down.
OTIS OTIS
LOW-PROFJLE™ PREPACK ALL-WELDED OTIS
OR SINTER -PAK™ TELL TALE SCREEN PERMA-SERIES · RPIC POSITIVE
OTIS PRODUCTION SCREEN AWD SUMP PACKER INDICATOR
CENTRA-FLOW™ POLISHED (O PTIONAL)
CENTRALIZERS NIPPLE

Schematic 2 - Continued

Schematic 3 - Continued

LEGEND

0 PRODUCTION [iJ SLURR Y ~ CIRCULATION [:I CLEANOUT ■ SUMP

FLUID FLUID

Schematic 4 - Continued

29
 Gravel Pack Systems
VERSA-TRIEVE® MULTI-POSITION NO ROTATION OPEN HOLE SYSTEMS
MUL Tl-POSITION TOOL
VERSA-TR IE VE · PACK ER
I
Upper Circulating Position
30
Otis ts VERSA-TRIEVE"'- Packers and Multi-
Position Tools are used in open hole completions. Squeeze,
lower circulating, upper circulating, and reverse positions
are incorporated with the MPT tool. This sys tem can also
be designed with washdown capabilities if required . Th e
open hole grave l pack eliminates flow re striction s of cased
hole perforation s, plu s th e under-reamed sect ion of open
hole improves radial flo w into the wellbore .
BENEFITS OF DESIGN PRINCIPLE
• Lower fluid ve locitie s due to absence of perforations
• Higher productivity due to radial flow
• Larger annular area provides maximum packing space
between sc reen OD and formation face
• Sand does not have to be tran sported through the perfo-
ration tunnel s, but only deposited between the formation
face and screen OD
The Oti s VERSA-TRIEVE gravel pack assembly for
open hole completions is the same one used for cased ho le
completions. The system can be modified to a washdown
gravel pack sett ing by adding a washdown shoe to the
sc reen setting and by using a washdown MPT se rvice
assembly. This sys tem allows for removal of bridges and/
or hole sluffing as the assembly is lowered to TD. The
washdown system can aJso be used to remove hole_stab i-
lization material prior to gravel packin g. Prior to packer
setting , reverse circulation throu gh the tool assembly is
po ss ible . After packer se ttin g, the sq ueeze circulating,
upper circulating and reverse positions are the same as
other MPT tools .
 Gravel Pack Systems

VERSA-TRI EVE® MULTl-POSITION NO ROTATION FLOATER SYSTEM

FN 4761

Otis · YERSA-TRIEYE Multi-Position No-Rotation
Floater Systems .m ay vary from s ingle zone Otis YERSA-
TRIEYE Systems. Variations can include lengthening the
packer assembly to compensate for vessel heave and utili-
zation of co mpres sio n indicators for locatin g tool posi-
tions. All positions ma y be indicated.
Two types of position indicators are offered for Otis
Floater Systems. The standard MPC Compressive lndica-
tor provides consistent 8-10,000 snap through indication.
The Rec iprocating Positive Indi cator ( RPIC ) utilize s com-
pres s iv e loadin g for position indication. A unique locking
feature of the RPIC allows pos itive loading against the
indicato r s houlder. The locking mechani sm is repos i-
tion ed by rai si ng and slacking off the RPIC assembly,
allowing the tool to pass through the indicator collar to
locate the ne xt position.

MUL Tl-POSITION
SERVICE TOOL

VERSA -T RIEVE
PACKER

MFS
FLOW SUB

INDICATOR
NIPPLE

POSITIVE
INDICATOR

PRODUCTION
SCREEN

O-RING LEGEND
SUB

TELLTALE
fm SLURRY
SCR EEN LE) CIRCULATION
FLUID

PERMA-SERIES 0 CLEANOUT
SUMP PACK ER FLUID

■ SUMP

Schematic 1 Schematic 2 Schematic 3 Schematic 4

Lower Circulating Upper Circulating Squeeze Slurry Reversing Out

31
 Gravel Pack Systems

OTIS VERSA-TRIEVE®CASED AND OPEN HOLE WASH-DOWN SYSTEMS

FOR VERTICAL OR HORIZONTAL COMPLETIONS
The Oti s VER SA -TRIEVE W as h-Dow n Comple ti on Sys-
te m is idea ll y s uited for hori zonta l open hole a nd cased ho le
appli cations. The hi g h hang we ig ht carryi ng capa bility of the
VERSA-TRIEV E pac ke r system lends itse lf to runnin g long
pre-pac k sc reen settin g fo r ho ri zo nta l open ho le comple ti o ns.
Infl atabl e pac ke rs may a lso be spaced ac ross the interva l fo r
prod ucti on contro l.

The VERS A-TRI EV E W as h-Dow n Packer System ut ili zes

a ll sta ndard pac ke r com pone nts. A ll modifi cati o ns a re m ade
to the Multi -Pos iti o n Se rvice Tool (MPT). The was h dow n
syste m can prO\ 1ue the capability fo r reversing or c irc ulating
o ut low s ide c utti ngs in the o pe n ho le inte rval. sand bri dges .
excess fill. and fo r spo tting o r rem ov ing pil l m ate ri a l pri o r to
pac ke r setting. A fte r pac ke r setting . the screen may be j etted
clean o r pill materi a l spo tted ac ross the sc reen inte rva l.

By droppin g a spec ia l da rt . the ve rsa til e MPT se rvice

too l is co nve rted fr o m a was h-dow n mo de to t he s ta nda rd
fo ur pos iti o n g rave l pack confi g ura ti o n.

(§ WAS HIN G

I]! PACKING

C')
,._
r-

z"
u..

Schematic 1 Schematic 2
Wash- Down Circulating

32
 Gravel Pack Systems

OTIS VERSA-TRIEVEr~ WASH-DOWN TOOL COMPONENTS

ISOLATION SLEEVE ASSEMBLY - The s tandard INFLATABLE PACKER ASSEMBLY - Inflatable

se rvice tool is modified by the addition of a isolation sleeve
to block the gravel pack ports. Blocking the ports allows fluid
to be circulated down or reversed through the MPT se rvice
tool assembly .
ISOLATION DART ASSEMBLY - The iso lation dart
assembly opens th e iso lation s lee ve assembly. The iso la-
tion dart then provides a plug for g ravel packing and acts
as a fluid check to prevent annular fluid loss during gravel
pack reve rsi ng.
packer o r packers may be utilized to isolate open hole
interval s. The inflatable packer m ay be se t after se tting tne
VERSA-TRIEYE packer. If more than one inflatable packer
is utilize d, each packer can be set and te sted individuall y.
SIDE PORT DOWN JET SHOE - A s ingle or double
valve s ide port down jet s hoe may be utilized for washing
operations . If reverse ci rculation is required an open s hoe
with iso lation flapper valve or isolation sleeve can be
utilized .

Otis Isolation Sleeve Otis Isolation Dart Otis Side Port

Assembly Assembly Down Jet Shoe

33
 Gravel Pack Systems

PERMA-TRIEVE''' MECHANICAL-SET CROSSOVER SYSTEM

'◄ ~ ; I ~

,filf~I 1
!l1
i
i,,I 1

.,
~,j.j:
·1 1 ::.
I Ii
,,1
iIi
CROSSOV ER
(CLOSED)
Iii I
Ii: I!
SER VICE SEAL
UN IT

PERM A-T RIE VE

GP PACK ER
PROD UCTION
SEAL UNIT

SWIV EL
SA FE TY JOINT

BLAN K
PIPE

PRODUCTI ON
SC REE N

LEGEND

POLI SHE D
NIPPLE
D PR OD UCTION

TELLTALE (;] SLURRY

SC REEN
fij CIRCULATION
FLUI D

PER MA -SER IES

SUMP PAC KER
D CL EANOUT
FLUID

■ SUM P

Schematic 1 Schematic 2 Schematic 3 Schematic 4

Circulating Slurry Squeeze Slurry Reversing Out Pro duction Seal Unit

Schematic 1 - Circulating S lurry. A n Oti s
PER MA- SER IE S " Pac ke r (o pti o na l) is used as th e pe rm a-
ne nt s ump pac ke r. A sa nd co ntrol wo rks trin g is m ade up
w ith a n Oti s se rvice sea l unit. te llta le sc ree n (o pti o nal).
produc ti o n scree n. O ti s sw ive l sa fe ty joint and a n O tis
mec ha ni ca l- set pac ke r. Thi s st rin g is run until the sea l un it
sea ls in th e s ump pac ke r. The Oti s GP Packe r is se t. Th e
se rv ice sea l unit" s crossove r ca n be ope ne d o r close d to tes t
th e pac ke r. ac id ize. a nd pe rfo rm o ther we ll m a in te na nce
fun c ti ons. Slurry is pum ped dow n th e se rv ice sea l un it. a nd
we ll fl uid is c irc ulate d o ut.
Schematic 2- Squeeze Slurry. A ca lc ul a te d a m o un t
of s lurry is spotted in the we llbo re. The crossove r in the
ser v ice sea l unit is des ig ned to c lose by lowe rin g th e
34
tub ing. S lurry is th e n squ eezed into th e fo rm a ti o n by
a p pl y in g s urface pump press ure .
Schematic 3 - Reversing Out. T o reve rse o ut excess
sl urry. th e works trin g is rotated o ne-third turn at th e
pac ke r to di se ngage the J-La tc h a nd the seal unit is ra ised
a bove th e pac ker. T o reve rse o ut excess s lurry up th e
tubin g and o ut the we llbore . p ress ure is a ppli e d by th e
s urface p ump dow n th e a nnu lus.
Schematic 4 - Production Seal Unit. After excess
s lu rry is reversed o ut. th e serv ice sea l unit is pull e d. Th en
an Ot is Pro du c ti o n Sea l Unit is m ade up o n th e produ c ti o n
string a nd run in th e well unti l it sea ls into the bore o f th e
PERMA-TRIE V E G P Packer. Th e we ll is no w ready fo r
prod uc ti o n.
 Gravel Pack Systems

PERMA-TRIEVE{R1 HYDRAULIC-SET CROSSOVER SYSTEM

1t

11:
:I
,,,1
'I
11

i
HGP HYDRAULIC
SERVICE SEAL UNIT q
1111

I
!
PERMA-TRIEVE
HGP PACKER
PRODUCTION
SEAL UNIT

SAFETY JOINT

PRODUCTION
SCREEN

LEGEND

POLISHED 0 PRODUCTION
NIPPLE
l::ffl SLURRY
TELL TALE SCREEN
bl CIRCULATION
FLUID

PERMA-SERIES 0 CLEANOUT
SUMP PACKER FLUID

■ SUMP

Schematic 1 Schematic 2 Schematic 3 Schematic 4

Circulating Slurry Squeeze Slurry Reversing Out Production Seal Unit

Schematic 1 - Circulating Slurry. An Otis
PERMA-SERIES ''' Packer (optional) is used as the
permanent s ump packer. A sand control workstring is
made up with the Otis'"' hydrauli c service seal unit. telltale
screen (optional). production screen, Otis safety joint and
Otis packer. This string is run until the seal units are in the
sump packer. The packer is designed to set by dropping a
ball and applying pressure down the tubing string. The
se rvi ce seal unit· s crossover can be opened or closed to test
the pack er. acidize. spot slurry. and perform other well
maintenance functions.
;chematic 2- Squeeze Slurry. A calculated amount
of s lurry is spotted in the wellbore. The crossover in the
service sea l unit is designed to close by lowerin g th e
tubing. Slurry is then squeezed into the formation by
applying surface pump pressure.
35
Schematic 3 - Reversing Out. To reverse out excess
slurry. the workstring is rotated one-third turn at the
packer to disengage the J-Latch. and the seal unit is raised
above the packer to reverse out excess s lurry up the tubing
and out the wellbore . The surface pump is used to apply
pressure down the annulus to reverse out.
Schematic 4 - Production Seal Unit. After excess
slurry is reve rsed out, the service seal unit is pulled . For
added economy, the Otis packer is designed to remain in
the well as the production packer. Then an Otis production
seal unit is made up on the production string and run in the
well, where it is designed to seal in the polished bore of the
packer. The well is now ready for production.
 Gravel P Systems

SYSTEM II - MECHANICAL RELEASE RETRIEVABLE

_/

MHS 11
PACK ER I'

PORT ED
SUB

LA NDING
JOI NT

STU FFING
BOX

HOOK- UP
NIP PLE

CLUTCH JOINT

~1')

BLANK PIP E

PRODU CTION
SC REE N

BULL PLUG

~ BRI DGE PL UG

Schematic 1 Schematic 2 Schematic 3 Schematic 4 Schematic 5

Run In Hole Set Packer Release Packer Pull Out Of Hole Production Mode
Establish Injection Re verse Out
Gravel Pack

O ti s . Sys te m II Mec ha ni ca l Re lease Re tri ev ab le Sys - A ft e r th e g ra ve l pack is in p lace . th e packe r is re le ased.

te m s are ava il a bl e fo r squ eeze an d c irc ulatin g g ra vel pack Th e c lutc h j o int th e n e ngages the stuffin g box to pe rmit
syste m s. T he Sys te m II is best s uited fo r s ha ll ow. no n- bac kin g off th e left -hand thread a nd di se ngag in g the sc ree n
d evia ted we ll bo res. T hi s sys te m pro vi des a cos t-effect ive asse m bly. Th e we ll m ay th e n be com p le ted by re runni ng
a lte rnati ve to a sea lbo re g ra ve l pack syste m . th e pac ke r w ith ove rs hot.

16
 Gravel Pack Systems

SYSTEM Ill - HYDRAULIC RELEASE

MHS
PACKER

HYDRAULIC
RELEASE TOOL

HOOK UP
NIPPLE

BLANK PIPE

PRODUCTION
SCR EEN

O-RI NG SUB

TELLTALE
SC REEN

BULL PLUG

BRIDGE PLUG

Schematic 1 Schematic 2 Schematic 3 Schematic 4 Schematic 5

Run In Hole Set Packer. Establish Injection.
Drop Ball And Gravel Pack
Otis ' System III Hyd raulic Rele ase Systems. avai labl e
for squeeze and circulating gravel pack systems. allow the
scree n a nd liner to be re leased from the pac ker w ithout any
ups train or ri g ht hand rotat ion of th e pipe . Beca use of thi s
feature. th e to o l requires no shut-down time while gravel
e rtl es in th e annulus prior to relea se.
Squeeze Acid - Prior to re lea s in g th e screen and liner.
ac id ca n be s potted and th e n squeezed into the formation.
Squeeze Acid and Slurry - Acid and slurry ca n be
spotted by opening th e bypass in the packer. Once th e acid .
Release Packer Pull Out of Hole Production Mode
Re verse Flow
o r s lurry. is spotted above the to ol. the bypass is c losed .
The treating fluid is then squeezed into the formation.
Circulating Gravel Pack - After the screen and liner
are relea sed from the hydra ulic releasing tool. th e s lurry
ca n be c irc ulated to the telltale (or screen) while taking
re turn s at the surface. Circulation c an be co ntinued until a
sandout pressure is achieved. Squeezing with the circulat-
ing system requires clos ing re turns off the surface.
37
 Gravel Pack Systems

ONE-TRIP SYSTEMS

TUBING ~ Otis ' One-Trip Gravel Pack Systems are designed to perforate and gravel
RADIOACTI VE .1 1. 1,
pack in one trip. The system includes running a tubing-conveyed perforating
MARKER '.~ I' assembly below a packer. which allows the well to be perforated und e rbalance d
~ii ONE JOINT
OF TUBING
_:.--1_ I ·' and flow-tested. After testing. the well is killed . The packer is then release d and
set again below the perforated interval. The bottom packer now becomes the
OTIS sump packer. With the screen properly aligned across the perforations . the
MUL Tl -POSITION

d TOOL
OTIS
VERSA-TRIEVE " Gravel Pack Packer is now hydraulically-set. Standard
procedures are followed to complete the gravel pack operation. After the well

jld jl i VER SA-TRI EVE

PACKER
is reversed clean the washpipe is pulled. allow in g a ceramic flapper to close.
This isolates the formation from any pressure or fluid loss whi le pulling the
I f 'I workstring out of the hole. or running the production tubing while tripping pipe
in and out of the hole. Once the production string has been run and the tree
1
Ii I
i· te sted. the ceramic flapper is broken by using wireline or reeled tubing .
: ,I CLOSING
BENEFITS OF DESIGN PRINCIPLE

I i•.]
SLEEVE

• Saves time by limiting the number of workstring trips

I , • Limits fluid exposure and loss to the formation

,l I 1

i■
'1 :
11 FLAPPER iWJ : 1

VALVE OPEN -----ltilII

1~11~11 ~IC ~ii

I( .IH
-- SCAN< PH :
1

1· 11 !i

I! ,
I
,! ·.
!.

11
.

:-
. t
.!. -

I
PRODUCTION
SCREEN -1 ,d
1

,,.
!1
• ,jIi
•..···,

I
1

~ FLA PPER
CLOSED

:1 i~' ' 0-;~~G

~ !·;·.c· ·jl:1~.1.I·
:l ,
1
--lrll
~
,\ :1 •, TELLTALE
SCREEN 1
•.

1 j ,i
I

II O-RING SUB
:~

I .-
bJ ~ i j

I,
:j
It

r■I
1t-
i i OTIS i
I~!.
,~I
GO PA CK ER

II I
1
:1
;! 11
:·
I ·
I:
j, . H i I
I' ) : ,t-- PUP JOINT : : I LEGEND

1:. r. i-.
:ol Ii
GUN RELEASE~ U B
.• \ ( '
II '°I\ ·
[ill
[j
SLURRY

i \ f ' '. PORTED SUB . CIRCULATION

I
•. , ·
Iii ~1 ,1
'""
1 ;

II
WITH GLASS DISC

PERFORATING
l --
0
FLUID

CLEANOUT
FLUID
GUNS
■ SUMP
111 5 JI! .,.
~ r
~?J
Schematic 1
~
z
u..
11
I '---.,,

Schematic 2
11: ~
.,.
z
u..
Schematic 3 Schematic 4 Schematic 5
IZ) PERFORATING

Circulating Perforating Lower Circulating Squeeze Formation/ Isolation

38
 Gravel Pack Systems

THROUGH-TUBING SYSTEMS

Ot is '· Through-Tubing Sys tems are designed to be run
on braided lin e. reeled tubin g. or jointed pipe. They can be
se t on bottom. or located in landing nipples or tubing
stri ng. Through tubing syste m s are app li cab le for short
perforated intervals.
A sq ueeze pack is performed by pumping through reeled
tubin g or jointed pipe. Existing production tubing m ay be
utili zed. o r a co nce ntri c string may be run. Systems a re
avai lable for 2 3/8-inc h through 4-inch tubin g sizes.

GO PACKER

G SLIP TOP

G PACKOFF OVERSHOT
LOCATOR
ASSEMBLY
FLUTE D
HANGER

BOW SPR ING BOW SPRING BOW SPR ING

CENTRALIZER CENTRALIZER CENTRALIZER

Otis Double Screen Otis Fluted Hanger Otis Locator Hanger Otis Concentric Screen

39
 Gravel Pack Systems

THERMAL SYSTEMS

Otis®Thermal Systems include equipment for thermal

l:5iJ STEAM INJECTION huff and puff wells. In these applications a retrievable
service system performs the gravel pack operations. Upon
completion of the gravel pack, the service packer is pulled
and replaced with a high temperature Otis NLS Packer
with an Otis integral travel joint. The travel joint is
designed to handle the high temperatures and thermal
cycling of these wells. Otis also provicles THERM AP AC™
Sand, a thermal steam-resistant gravel required for these
completions.
Otis GP Gravel Pack Packers are fitted with a spe-
_,_,__ _ INTERLOCK
THERMAL PACKER
cial high temperature element stack in gravel pack opera-
tions for thermal huff and puff wells. The packer is set and
gravel pack operations carried out as usual. A high tem-
- - - COMPOSITE perature production seal assembly and travel joint are then
HIGH TEMP installed to handle the thermal cycling of these wells.
ELEMENT SYSTEM
Otis INTER-LOCK®Packers are retrievable packers
incorporating many of the characteristics of Otis
INTEGRAL PERMA-LACH® Packers, with a setting procedure of
TRAVEL JOINT tension rather than compression. This procedure permits
';;;f.JI SEALBORE the packer to be used shallow in the well bore, regardless of
' EXTENSION tubing weight above. Short, compact corrosion-resistant
packers are used for injection, steam injection , production
and disposal applications. Once packers are set, the inter-
locking segments are designed to trap the setting force
placed on the elements and slips . This allows the packers
to be left in tension - or placed in compression or neutral.
A number of high temperature element packages are
HIGH TEMPERATURE available to use with the new Otis INTER-LOCK®Packer,
SEAL ASSEMBLY for individual well temperatures , pressures , and other
+---- OVERSHOT special conditions. The element package shown here is
specifically designed for steam injection wells. An inte-
..___ _ POLISHED
NIPPLE
gral travel joint with high temperature premium seals
accommodates the tubing movement in steam injection.

SCREEN

PO LI SHE D
BORE
EXTENSION

THERMAL
ELEMENT
PACKAGE
O-RING SUB

_ _ _ TELLTALE EMERGENCY
SCREEN SHEAR
RELEASE

---SUMP PACKER

_ _ _ SUMP PACKER
SEAL ASSEMBLY
MULESHOE
< GUIDE
"'
~
z
u.
z
w..

Otis EOR Thermal Otis INTER-LOCK"' Tension-Set

Single String Gravel Pack Thermal System Travel Joint Seal Packer (Lower End)
Assembly
40
 Gravel Pack Equipment and Accessories

VERSA-TRIEVE® PACKERS FOR MULTI-POSITION NO ROTATION SYSTEMS

Otis®VERSA-TRIEVE Packers are production packers APPLICATION

designed for intermediate pressure wells. These compact,
VERSA-TRIEVE ' Packers may be used in a variety of
millable packers incorporate the production features of
applications . including ( I) production ( 2 ) tubing conveyed
permanent packers with the added feature of retriev ability.
perforating (3) gravel or slurry pack with reciprocating
External components are easily millable should conven-
tool or Otis Multi- Position Tool and (4) stim ulat ion.
tional release not be possible. VERSA-TRIEVE Packers
may be either hydraulic- or wireline- set. They are de-
signed to be retrievec_l by a straight pull of the tubing. When SCOOP
, HEAD ~ SCOOP
hydraulically set, VERSA-TRIEVE Packers are ideal for HEAD
deviated or directional wells, where it is difficult to rotate
tubing or set mechanical-set packers.
VERSA-TRIEVE® Packers are available with the fol-
lowing top s ub configuration: J-lug (YTL), RATCH-
LATCH®assembly (VTR), and uppersealbore withRATCH-
LACH Assembly (VSR).
- RATCH-LATCH
ASSEMBLY
BENEFITS OF DESIGN PRINCIPLE
• Can be run , set and retrieved without any tubing rotation.
• The hydraulic setting mechanism is contained in the
it~ : INTERNAL
0

~
z

; t~l~~ING
setting tool , reducing the number of potential leak paths Otis VERSA-TR/EVE Packer
downhole. With RA TCH·LA TCH Top Sub
j.
~ ELEMENT
• Scoop head design saves time landing seal units and J MAN DREL
accessories.
,,..
• Spring-loaded, case-carburized internal locking slips
maintain maximum element compression. SCOOP
HEAD
• Triple-seal multidurometer element package designed to
seal against high and low pressures and against casing
irregularities. Allows for full setting force applied to
element and slips during setting operation. No pressure
differential or element shifting is required to effect a
seal. _; Bl -DI RECT IONAL UPPER
II CASE - SEALBORE
• Element mandrel design provides positive means of CARBURIZED WITH
locking upper components to slips. Should milling oper- SLIPS RATCH-LATCH
ASSEMBLY
ations be required , upper components will not spin.
._ ANTI-ROTATION
• Lower anchor lug allows torque to be transmitted through LUG
the packer. Lug is rated@ 5000 ft/lbs for 4 1/2-5 1/2",
7000 ft/lbs for 6 5/8-7 5/8" , and 10,000 ft/lbs for 9 5/8-
13 3/8" packer sizes.
• Bi-directional case-carburized slips hold packer securely
C-RING
against well pressures in all casing grades , (including RELEASE
P 110 and harder) from above and below. MECHANISM Otis VERSA -TR/EVE Packer
With RA TCH-LA TCH Profile
• Location of slips beneath elements simplifies releasing
And Upper Seal Bore
and retrieval.
• C-ring release mechanism for use with sealbore exten-
sions and heavy hangweights below packer. Pushing
through tight spots is safer than with traditional collet
release mechanisms .
RELEASE
SLEEVE
~
• Threaded bottom sub is available for running sealbore
extensions or tubing tailpipe.
)
• With addition of ported flow sub or closing sleeve, the )
VERSA-TRIEVE®Packer is ideal for gravel pack oper-
ations . Otis VERSA-TR/EVE
Otis Threaded
Bottom Sub
Packer With Lug Top Sub

41
 Gravel Pack Equipment and Accessories

EQUIPMENT FOR MUL Tl-POSITION NO ROTATION SYSTEMS

Otis®Multi-Position Gravel Pack Systems are designed

to provide a variety of operating positions to suit the
characteristics of different wells. By raising and lowering
the multi-position service seal unit in and out of the
packer, different .flow paths are obtained and circulation
through the upper screen or lower telltale can be accom-
plished.
Otis Multi-Position Tools allow the VERSA-TRIEVE®
gravel pack assembly to be run and set hydraulically to
perform single trip gravel pack operations. The Otis Multi-
Position Service Tool (MPT) is used to carry the gravel
pack assembly downhole. Once the screen assembly is
positioned across the perforated interval, a ball is dropped
down the work string. Pump pressure is applied to set the
VERSA-TRIEVE® Packer and release the MPT Service

I
,j
,,
Tool. Increased pump pressure expends the ball and seat,
opening the flow path below the packer. The four gravel
pack positions: squeeze, lower circulating, circulating
above the telltale. and reversing or circulating above the
packer, are obtained by reciprocating the work string. No
rotation is required throughout the entire operation.
F
i~
I' Otis MPT Service Tools consist of a hydraulic set-
·I'
ting piston and service seal assembly . The Otis MSR
Positive Indicator may be attached to the service seal
ii assembly for positive indication of the reversing or circu-
1,
lation above the packer position . The Otis MCP Closing
lI, Sleeve Shifter. MPC Collet Indicator, and ROS O-Ring
Stinger may be attached to the washpipe that is run below
the MPT service tool.
I
BENEFITS OF DESIGN PRINCIPLE
• No rotation required
• Anti-preset lock mechanism to avoid pressure sets
• Multi-exit ported flow sub with large port areas for more
even distribution of pack material. less gravel crushing
and low pump pressure
• Large piston area for lower setting pressures
lI • Non-shearing secondary ball seat
• Easily modified to the washdown or one-trip perforated

I.
pack configuration
..

"- ii;
"'~ ,;?
z z
lL
"-

Otis VERSA- TR/EVE Otis VERSA-TR/EVE Otis

Packer With Packer With Multi-Position Tool
Ported Flow Sub Closing Sleeve
42
 Gravel Pack Equipment and Accessories

EQUIPMENT FOR MUL Tl-POSITION NO ROTATION SYSTEMS - Continued

MPT GRAVEL MPT GRAVEL

Schematic 1 - Otis<!!) VERSA-TRIEYE® PACK TOOL
PACK TOOL
Packers are set with the hydraulic setting
mechanism contained in the Otis Multi-Po-
s ition Tool (service seal unit). When the
service seal unit is attached to the packer,
lugs engage the packer guide tube to prevent
premature setting caused by deviations or
obstructions in the wellbore. These lugs
tran smit ten s ile forces from the packerto the
PiSTON
service seal unit. and retract only after the
setting piston has begun to stroke down. The
shear pins between the packer and service
PISTON
seal unit are never stressed during the run-
ning in of the packer, screen. and blank
bottomhole assembly.
Schematic 2 - The packer is set by drop- FIRST
ping a ball in the workstring after the packer SHEAR P!NS

assembly has been run to the proper depth. SETTING

After the ball has gravitated to the ball seat. SLEEVE
FIRST SHEAR
pump pre ss ure is applied to the workstring. COLLET PINS SHEARED
Pre ss ure enters the cylinder of the service ANT I- PRESET SETTING
sea l unit and forces the piston down , shear- LUGS SLEEVE

ing the first set of shear pins . Once these GUIDE TUBE
COLLET
pins are sheared. the piston moves down. ANT I- PRESET
SECOND
allowing the lu·gs tO retract. Further move- SHEAR PINS
LUGS
ment forces the guide tube of the packer SECOND SHEAR
down. causing the packer slips to expand PINS (LOADED)
out, engaging the casing wall and com-
GU IDE TUBE
pre ss ing the packer elements. This setting II nlll l
force is maintained with the internal slips of VERSA-TRI EVE
the packer. Because of the large pi ston area ,
adequate setting force is achieved at low
PACKER

INTERNAL SUP ,, __ ...... .. ..

~

VERSA -TRI EVE

setting pressures. The second set of shear

I PACKER

■
pin s holding the service seal unit to the ELEMENT
packer is hydraulically sheared at a slightly PACKAGE mERNAc SL,e
higher pressure. At this point. the service
seal unit is free from the packer, and only the ELEMENT
ANTI -ROT A TION 1- 111 111!!1 1 PACKAGE
expending of the ball seat must be com- LUG
pleted to be ready to pack. A non-shearing
secondary ball seat is provided to catch a 1• 1 1 11~1 ,0,NTI-ROTATiON
larger. low-den sity ball and permit the set- LUG
ting procedure to be comp leted in the un-
likel y event that the primary seat shears
TOP WEDGE
prematurely. The ball may then be reverse-
circulated out. SUPS TOP WEDGE

SLIPS

BOTTOM WEDGE
BOTTOM WEDGE
ANT I-ROTATION
ANTI-ROTATION
LUG
LUG

Schematic 1 Schematic 2
Run-In Lugs Supporting Setting Lugs Disengaged.
Bottom-Hole Assembly. Setting Force Acting
No Loading Of Shear Pins On Shear Pins

43
 Gravel Pack Equipment and Accessories

AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT FOR NO ROTATION GRAVEL PACK SYSTEMS

~
Otis~1 MCS Closing Sleeves provide additional iso-
. lation for gravel pack completions. The design allows a
. short di stance between the ports and lower hone bore for
minimal dead space while packing . A collet arrangement
is designed to hold the sleeve open during packing opera-
tions when the serv ice seal unit is installed , and hold the
sleeve closed when the service seal unit is removed . These
positioning collets do not drag the polished bore , so there
is no damage to the sealing surface while sh ifting the
sleeve. The sleeve is shifted by a self-releasing positive
positioning tool in stalled on the washpipe below the ser-
vice seal unit. This shi fti ng tool has large. open flow areas
around the OD and under the fingers of the tool s. Its
positive shift mechanism leaves no doubt about whether or
not the sleeve is shifted while packing. If necessary . the
closing sleeve may be re-opened and re-closed again by
simply lowering or raising the shifting tool through the
sleeve.

Otis MSJ Shear Subs are used between the packer

assembly and screen/blank assembly. The MSJ shear sub
allows retrieval of the packer assembly prior to washing
over and retrieving the screen/blank assembly. MSJ Shear
Subs are available with a stroke of 12 inches after shearing.
Otis MSJ
Shear Sub Otis Indicator Collars are made up as part of the
gravel pack blank assembly . Indicator collars are spaced
so each po sition may be indicated with the MPC Collet.

Otis MFS Ported Flow Subs made up on the

VERSA-TRIEVE'' Packer. allow a short distance from
ports to hone bore for minimal dead space while packing.

ru
Otis MCS
Closing Sleeve
''

!] -
'
The Mult.i-Position tool packs off in the honed tube section
of the flow sub below the ports to allow the gravel to be
directed through the ports. below the packer. and aro und
the outside of the screen. The ports are packed off when the
production seal assembl y is in stalled.

..

Otis Otis MFS

Indicator Collar Ported Flow Sub

44
 Gravel Pack Equipment and Accessories

AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT FOR NO ROTATION GRAVEL PACK SYSTEMS- Continued

Otis Position Indicators are assembled to the lower

end of the MPT. An MSR Positive Indicator con sists of a
snap ring held in place with a shear ring. Once the packer
is set. the MPT is raised a predetermined distance until the
MSR Position Indicator engages the bottom end of the i'
I]'
honed bore below the packer. Th is normally occurs at the
upper circulating position. but may be arranged to indicate
other positions. To move the MPT to an upper position. an
:1 )1
up s train on the workstring shears screws to cause the shear
ring and snap ring to move down . The snap ring col lapses
into a recess to allow the MPT to be pulled up through the
honed bore.
Otis MPC Collet Indicators are assembled as part of
the washpipe as sembly below the MPT Tool. Collet indi-
cator hou sings are made up as part of the gravel pack
J
t·

Ir
assemb ly at predetermined locations to indicate various
circulation positions when MPT is raised and lowered. ~ r;
A
, . :J
t{
Otis MCP Self-Releasing Positioning Tool is in- Otis
stalled below the service seal unit. The shifting tool has Position Otis
Indicator MPG Collet Indicator
large. open flow areas around the OD and under the fingers
of the tool. The positioning tool utilizes 90 degree shoul-
ders to positively engage the inner sleeve. The fluted
release ring or the lower honed bore causes the positioning
tool to release the inner sleeve, ensuring the sleeve is fully
shifted. If necessary, the closing sleeve may be re-opened
and re-closed by simply lowering or raising the position-
ing tool through the sleeve.
Otis RPIC Reciprocating Positive Indicator Collets
have an internal J-profile. The profile allows the collet to
be propped on alternate reciprocations. allowing positive
indications of position. Slacking off and picking up unprops
the col let. allowing snap through. The RPIC design allow s
indication with tension or compression .

Otis
MCP
Self-Releasing
Positioning
Tool

Otis
Reciprocating Positive
Indicator Collet

45
 Gravel Pack Equipment and Accessories

AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT FOR NO ROTATION SYSTEMS - Continued

Otis®VRT Retrieving Tools are used to retrieve Otis VERSA-TRIEVE •· Packers.

The VRT Retrieving Tool is run on a workstring and latched into the VERSA-
TRIEVE®Packer if it becomes necessary to rc:triev e the packer. Once latched . the rool
locates the packer 's release sleeve and moves it upward. allowing rhe packer to be
released. Additional upward movement of the workstring releases rhe sleeve and
moves the packer mandrel up, permitt ing the packer slips ro retract and the packer to
be retrieved. No rotation is necessary in the pulling operation unless it is necessary to
release the pulling tool from the packer. Then. only one -third turn to the right is needed.
BENEFITS OF DESIGN PRINCIPLE
• No rotation required to operate
SHEAR PIN • Straight through ID allows washing down to the packer
• Easy to release, 1/3 turn to right rel eases tool from packer
Schematic 1 - Releasing. After the tubing and seal assembly have been removed.
an Otis VRT Retrieving Tool is run on tubing. The retrieving. tool is lowered into the
packer until the J-latch locator no-go's on the packer I.Op sub. (A ) An upstrain on the
workstring verifies that the retrieving tool is !arched into the packer and shears the J-
J-LATCH
LOCATOR latch to mandrel shear pin (D).
Schematic 2 - Retrieving. With the retrieving tool properly latched to the packer.
the workstring is slacked off until the retrieving tool begins to take weight. An ups train
is applied to the VRT Retrieving Tool. This allows the lugs of the retrieving tool ( 4)
to engage the packer release sleeve.
Schematic 3 - Retrieving. Continued upstrain will shear the shear pins (E) in the
release sleeve, allowing the release sleeve (5) to move upward and unprop the release
ROTATION LUG ring (6). Additional upstrain shears pins (F), causing the lugs of the retrieving tool (4)
to retract. Upward movement of the packer's mandrel causes the shoulder (G) to raise
the element mandrel (7) and top wedge (8). The top wedge is pulled out from under the
slips and pulls on the slip carrier, which pull s the slips off the lower wedge (9) . The
shoulder (H) catches the lower wedge and supports the tailpipe below the packer.

MOLDED SEAL

VRT ~
RETRIEVING
TOOL

7
) G
8
--SHEAR SCREW 9
F
H

11 4
rr---- 5
4
6
Nil Id>'
LUG 5
- E
"-
"'
"'
"z I,
"-- '-_,,,,..,.---...

Otis VRT Schematic 1 Schematic 2 Schematic 3

Retrieving Tool Releasing Retrieving Retrieving

46
 Gravel Pack Equipment and Accessories

VERSA-TRIEVE'"' PACKER EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS

OTIS VERSA-TRIEVE PACKER

CASING CASING PACKER PACKER PRODUCTION

SIZE WEIGHT OD BORE ID SEAL ASSEMBLY ID
(IN) (mm) (LB/FT) (IN) ·(mm) (IN) (mm) (IN) (mm)
4.500 114,30 9.5 -11.6 3.82 97,30 2.380 60,45 1.735 44,07
15-18 4.09 103,89 2.55 64,77 1.927 48,95
5.000 127,00
23.2-24.1 3.82 97,03 2.380 60,45 1.735 44,07
14-17 4.67 118,62
5.500 139,70 2.750 69,85 1.927 48,95
20-23 4.50 114 ,30
6.625 168,28 20-24 5.73 145,54 3.250 82,55 2.350 59,69

3.250 82,55 2.350 59,69

17-23 6.17 156,72
3.880 89,55 3.050 77,47
3.250 82,55 2.350 59,69
7.000 177,80 23-29 6.00 152,40
3.880 98,55 3.050 77,47
32-38 5.73 145,54 3.250 82,55 2.350 59,69
32-35 5.82 147,83 3.880 98,55 3.050 77,47

24 -29.7 6.88 769,67 3.250 82,55 2.350 59,69

3.880 98,55 3.050 77,47

7.625 6.44 3.250 82,55 2.350 59,69

193,68 29.7 - 39 163,58
3.880 98,55 3.050 77,47

39-47.1 6.17 156,72

3.250 82,55 2.350 59.69
3.880 98,55 3.050 77,47

7.750 196,85 48.1-48.6 8.17 156,72

3.250 82,55 2.350 59,69
3.880 98.55 3.050 77,47

38-43.5 8.52 216,41 3.880 98,55 2.350 59,69

244,48
5.000 127,00 3.850 97,79
9.825
43.5-53.5 8.30 210,82 3.880 98,55 2.350 59,69
5.000 127,00 3.850 97,79
Other sizes available on request.

OTIS MCS CLOSING SLEEVES OTIS MSJ SHEAR SUBS

PACKER BORE OD ID TOP THREAD BOTTOM THREAD OD ID

(IN) (mm) (IN) (mm) (IN) (mm) (IN) (IN) (IN) (mm) (IN) (mm)
-
2.550 64,77 4.10 104,14 2.80 66,04
3 1/2 NU 2 3/8 EU 4.02 102,11 1.98 50,29
2.750 69,85 4.37 111 ,00 2.80 71,12 2 318 NU
3.250 82,55 5.53 140,46 3.37 85,60
4 NU 2 318 EU 4.27 108,46 1.98 50,29
3.880 98,55 5.92 150,37 4.00 101,60 2 318 NU
5.000 127,00 7.28 184,91 5.12 130,05 2 318 NU
1.98 50,29
Other sizes available on request .
2 318 EU

4 112 LTC
2 718 NU 4.92 124,97
2.38 59,94
3 112 NU 2.97 75,44

4 NU 3.48 88,39
2 718 NU 2.36 59,94
OTIS MFS FLOW SUB
3 1/2 NU 5.28 134,11
2.97 75,44
5 LTC
PACKER BORE OD ID 4 NU 3.48 88,39

(IN) (mm) (IN) (mm) (IN) (mm) 4 1/2 STC 3.86 98,56

2.550 64,77 3.89 98,81 2.55 64,77 4 NU 3.48 88,39

2.750 69,85 4.27 108,46 2.75 69,85 4 1/2 STC 184,91

3.88 98,56
6 5/6 LTC 7.28
3.250 82,55 5.03 127,76 3.25 82,55 5 STC 4.28 108,71

5.28 134,11 3.88 98,55 5 1/2 STC 4.97 126,24

3.880 98,55
5.92 150,37 3.88 98,55 Shear subs available with collet shoulder, 12 inches stroke after shear, and other
127,00 7.28 184,91 5.00 127,00
thread sizes and types.
5.000
Other sizes ava ilable on request.

47
 Gravel Pack Equipment and Accessories

PERMA-TRIEVE® RECIPROCATING CROSSOVER EQUIPMENT

Otis®Mechanical-Set, Reciprocating Crossover

Gravel Pack Systems provide a dependable means of
gravel packing wells with a single trip. An Otis GP Cross-
over Tool is used to run the Otis GP Packer.

OPERATING PRINCIPLE
( if Once the packer slips and elements have been set, tubing
., weight may be slacked off to close the crossover tool.
-r INTERNAL
[!-'-LOCKI NG
Pressure is applied to the casing to test the packer and
service seal unit. For operating, correct crossover tool
IT SLIPS
positioning is determined by pulling tension against the
packer to open the crossover port, and slacking weight off
on the packer to close the crossover port. The reversing
r.L CAS E- position is obtained by releasing the crossover service seal
l; CARBURIZED
assembly and picking it up nine feet. After testing and
· UPPER SLIPS
establishing correct operating positions for the seal unit ,
gravel packing operations may be performed by pumping
gravel down the tubing string, around the screen with fluid
returning through the screen, and up the casing by means
of the crossover weldment above the packer. After gravel
packing, the service seal unit is designed to be released
TRIPU:-SEAL from the packer by a one-third turn to the right.
MULTI -
DUROMETER
ELEMENT
PACKAGE
Otis GP Mechanical-Set, Gravel Pack Packers
combine many of the features found in a permanent/
drillable packer for fracturing , acidizing, and other well
CASE stimulation operations where reversals in differential may
·· CARBURIZED t
LOWER SLIPS f
be encountered.
BENEFITS OF DESIGN PRINCIPLE
• Basic PERMA-TRIEVE®Packer design principles in-
cluded
• Functions as a production packer after gravel packing.
Large flow ports in flow sub allow slurry to flow with
less restriction
• Safety joint available to allow packer to be retrieved
without gravel pack screen

Otis GP Service Seal Units have been designed to be

used with the Otis GP Packer. The service seal unit is shear
pinned to the packer prior to running in. The seal unit is
designed to provide a means of circulating below the set
gravel pack packer.
BENEFITS OF DESIGN PRINCIPLE
• No rotation required after packer is set to open and close
crossover service tool , minimizing operational prob-
........ FLOW lems in deviated wells
PORT
• Positive surface indication of position of crossover tool
• Fast and easy to run - no special wireline tools or equip-
ment required
• One-trip operation to set and test the packer and to per-
~
form gravel pack operations, saving rig time
.______,
Otis GP Otis Gravel Pack, Otis Gravel Pack,
Gravel Pack Service Seal Unit Service Seal Unit
Packer "Crossover Open " "Crossover Closed"

48
 Gravel Pack Equipment and Accessories

PERMA-TRIEVE® RECIPROCATING CROSSOVER GRAVEL PACK EQUIPMENT- Continued

Otis Hydraulic-Set, Reciprocating Crossover

Gravel Pack Systems provide a dependable mean s of
gravel packing wells with a single trip. An Otis HGP
Crossover Tool or special MPT service tool is used to run
the Oti s HGP Packer.

OPERATING PRINCIPLE
When the workstring and sand control equipment reach
setting depth. a setting ball is dropped and pump pres sure
applied down the tubing string . This pressure acts against
the seal unit' s setting pi ston to set the packer. The setting
pre ss ure shears a set of screws , allowing the anti-preset
1ugs on the sea l unit to retract. (Packer and seal unit remain
connected at the lower J-latch assembly. ) After packer is
se t, continued tubing pressure shears a set of screw s
designed to release the packer and service seal unit. Addi-
tional pre ss ure applied against the setting ball and seat
shears a se t of pin s and permits the ball and seat to move
do wn. Thi s allows ports to open in the lower end of the seal
unit for packing operations.
Once the packer is set and lo we r flow ports opened,
circulation is established through the seal unit. The seal
unit 's reciprocating J-Latch housing above the packer is
designed to lock the return flow ports open when the
tubing is rai sed and to lock the ports closed when tubing is
lowered.
With the Oti s design , slurry is pumped down the tubing
in stead of down the casing. This prev ents the possibility of .., ·1 -,
scale , rust. mud , and pipe dope in the casing being washed
down by the slurry and pluggin g the sand screen and
casing perforations.
I
Otis HGP Hydraulic-Set, Gravel Pack Packers
combine many of the features fo und in a permanent/
drillable packer for frac turing. acidizing, and other well
stimulation operations where reversal s in diffe renti al
press ure s may be encountered. Since they are hydraul i-
call y se t, HGP Packers are ideal for highl y deviated or
directional we ll s that make it diffi cult to rotate tubing or
set mechani cal- set packers. Yet they are designed to be
retrieved by a strai ght pull.

BENEFITS OF DESIGN PRINCIPLE

• Basic PERMA-TRIEVE® Packer de sign principles in-
cluded
• Packe rs ca n be run , set. and tested and /o r relea se d
r
e!ll:

without excessive tubing manipulation

• Function as a production packer after gravel packin g
• Large flo w ports in flow sub allow s lurry to flo w with
le ss re striction

<
< "'MM
"'g M
lf) z
u.
::;
Otis HGP Hydraulic-Set Otis Crossover Tool/
Gravel Pack Packer Service Seal Unit

49
 Gravel Pack Equipment and Accessories

CAPABILITY CHARTS FOR RECIPROCATING CROSSOVER GRAVEL PACK EQUIPMENT

OTIS HGP GRAVEL PACK PACKERS

BOTTOM
CASING CASING UPPER LOWER THREAD
OD
SIZE WEIGHT MANDREL ID MANDREL ID OF PACKER
-- ·- . . . - - - -- ,_ -- --
(IN) I /mm) (LB/FT) (IN) I /mm) (IN) /mm ) (IN) I /mm)
6.625 I 168,28 24-32 5.50 I 139,70 3.255 82,68 3.255 I 82,68 3 13116-10 UNS
I

20-26
5.88 I 149.35
-- ·- - 3.255
- -- - - . --
82,68
-·- - L 3.255 _...!!_2.68 ___ 3 13116-10 UNS

7.000 I 177.80 - - - --
6.09 j 154.69 3.880 98,55
~ 3.255 --j 98.55 4 7116-10 UNS
-
3.255 82,68 82.68 3 13116-10 UNS
26-32 5.90
I 149.86
-
3.880
t 98,55
--- --
3.650 92,71 4 7116·10 UNS

I ' I 3.880 I 98,55 4 7116-10 UNS

24-29.7
---· -
6.62 j 168,15 3.255 82,68
-~ -i - 82,68 3 13116-10 UNS
7.625
I 193,68
29.7-39
- _6:~~- -f 162,05
--
3.255
l 82.68
--
3.255
___ __j __
82.68
------
3 13116-10 UNS
- - - -- -
6.44 163.58 3.880 98,55 -
3.880
- - I 98.55 4 7116-10 UNS

I I i 3.650 I 92,71 4 7116-10 UNS

9.625
I
244, 48 -
36-43.5
----
43.5-53.5
8.47
8.28 t
! 215,14
- --
210,31
~
5.000
5.000 I
127,00
12 7, 00
- -
~~---t
5.000
120,65
127,00
6" LCT
6" LCT

OTIS GP GRAVEL PACK PACKERS

SEAL BOTTOM
CASING CASING PACKER PACKER
ASSEMBLY THREAD
SIZE WEIGHT OD BORE
ID OF PACKER
(IN ) /mm) - T- (LB/FT) I (IN) - ) /mm/ I (IN) /mm/ I (IN) /mm/
4.500 114,30 9.5-11.6 I 3.80 96.52 2.38 60,45 I 1.73 I 43,94 I 2 718 EU
I I
I
5.000 127,00 15-18 I 4.06 103,12 2.55 64, 77 1.92 48, 77 2 718-12 UN

5.500 139.70
13~ 7-
20-23
I 4.63
4.50
~
I

11 7, 60
114,30
2.75
--
2.75
--l - - - -
69,85
69.85
1.92
- -+-- -- -
1.92
--+
48,77
48, 77
2 718-12 UN
- 1--- -~
2 7/8-12 UN
20-24 I 5.77 146,56 3.25 82,55 I 2.35 : 59,69 3 13116-10 UNS

t
6.625 168.28
24-32 - --, 5.52 140,21 3.25 82,55 2.35 I 59.69 3 13116-10 UNS
20-26 5.90 _ j 149,86 _ __ 3.25 - -~ - -82.55 2.35 I 59,69 3 13116-10 UNS
23-29 6.00 152,40 3.88 98,55 3.05 I 77,47 4 7116-10 UNS
7.000 177.80 26-32 5.77 146,56 3.25 _ --- - - 82,55 2.35 I 59,69 3 13116-10 UNS

~
32

38-41
5.90
5.77
5.52
149,86
146,56
140 ,21
3.88
~ ----+ _ _82,55
3.25 I 82,55
98.55 3.05
2. 35 - --
2.35
r·
1
77.47
59,69
59,69
4 7116-10 UNS
3 13116-10 UNS
3 13116-10 UNS

I 767
H73 l
7.625
I
193,68 1- - -
24-29.7
6.58
~ t 168,15
3.88
-~ ~
_-
- I
98,55
82.55
_ _ ~- 0~ -
2.35
77,4 7
59,69
4 7116-10 UNS
3 13116-10 UNS

29.7-39
6.44 163,58 ~-~ _ l !!.:.~-- 2.35 59,69 3 13116-10 UNS
I 6.44 163,58 3.88 ' 98.55 3.05 77,47 4 7116-10 UNS
8.49 215 ,65 ..:_-00___ L__ 127.00 _ 3.85 -- 97,79 6 LCT
36-43.5
8.49 215, 65 6.00 , 152,40 4.86 123,44 7 LCT
9.625 244 ,48
8.30 210,82 5.00 12 7,00 3.85 97,79 6 LCT
43.5-53.5
8.31 211 ,07 6.00 152,40 4.86 I 123.44 7 LCT

OTIS GP SWIVEL SHEAR SUBS OTIS GP CLOSING SLEEVES

PACKER BORE MAXIMUM OD MINIMUM ID

OD ID
TOP THREAD - ---- - - - . (IN) (mm) (IN) /mm ) (IN) /mm)
(IN) /mm) ( IN) l / m ,;,/ - I
2.555 64 ,90 4.06 I 103,12 2.30 58,42
2 718 " EU 3.75 95.25 1.94 49.28
I 140,21
2 718 " -12 UN 3.94 100,08 1.93 3.250 82,55 5.52 2.91 73,91
49.02
2.38 60.45 3.880 98,55 5.90 149,86 3.65 92,71
2 718" -12 UN 3.88 98,55 -
2.32 58.93 5.000 127,00 7.62 193,55 4.74 120,40
4.38 111.25 2.37 60.20 6.000 152.40 8.25 209,55 5.73 145.54
3 13116"-10 UNS - -

4.53 115,06 2.80 71, 12

5.38 136,65 3.55 90.17
~--- - -- - - -- --
4 7116"-10 UNS 5.62
I--------- - -
142,75 3.50
---
,__
88,90
5.77 146,56 3.83 I 97,28
6.69
--
169,93
---- 4.25
--- -
I10 7.95
- -
6" LCT 7.52 191,01 3.94 __ J _ 100,08
- - -
7.40 18 7.96 5.00 I
127,00
7" ' LCT 7.73 196.34 5.63 143,00
i 50
 Gravel Pack Equipment and Accessories

SEAL ASSEMBLIES

Otis 0 Seal Assemblies are designed to be used as a seal Straight-Slot J-Slot RA TCH-LA TCH
Locator Body Locator Body Locator Body
between the tubing string and packer. Seal assemblies
consist of three major components: (I) locator (2) molded
or premium seal units and (3) muleshoe guide, collet or
production tube .
Otis J-Slot Seal Assemblies are de signed to anchor
the tubing string and place tubing in tension or to reduce
upward movement of tubing due to contraction. The J-Slot
allows automatic latching by slacking off tubing. This
engages the J-Slot lugs in the packer. The latch is designed
to be released by lowering the tubing and rotating approxi-
mately one-third turn to the right at the packer. then
pulling upward on the tubing.
Otis Straight-Slot Seal Assemblies are designed I'-
(') "'
to permit the locator slots to engage the lugs in the packer. ...
I'-

z
(')

...
I'-

u. zu.
The seal assembly may be spaced across the packer and
sealbore with the locator above the packer to allow for
tubing elongation. The seal assembly is designed to be
removed from the packer by a straight upward pull of the
tubing. 1
Molded Seal Unit Premium Seal Unit
Otis RATCH-LATCH"· Seal Assemblies require no I I
tubing rotation for installation. This is a positive latch
sys tem that allows a minimum amount of seal movement
during the life to the well. The sys tem allows increased
tensile integrity at the latch and packer connection. Disen-
gagement is accomplished with right-hand rotation of the
tubing. The seal assembly may be relatched or pulled with
the tubing for redress operations . An alternate shear pinned
RATCH-LATCH version allows straight pull to release
from the packer.
Otis Seal Units are available in a variety of seal types
to meet the diverse and ever-increasing demands of the oil
and gas industry . These internal sealing units , designed to (')
(')

obtain a seal between the tubing string and packer, are ...
I'-

z
u.
designed to fit your specific needs.
Oti s offers both molded and premium seals. Molded
seals are more effective in going in and out of the sealbore.
Premium seals are ideally suited for applications requiring
the seal units to remain in the sealbore.
Otis MSN or MSF Molded Seal Units are standard
seal units designed with two basic parts - a high modulus "'~
...
z
rubber compound (nitrile or Fluorel ) bonded to two metal u.
backup shoes that are designed to cause the seals to be Muleshoe Guide
pressure - energized. Increased differential causes the
element to effect a tighter seal. These seal units have
proven effective in wells with highly abrasive fluids and/
or when the unit must be set and released many times. Muleshoe
Collet
Otis Premium Seal Units are Vee-Packing seal sys-
tems of either elastomeric or plastic materials with a
backup plastic and/or metal system. The lips of the V-Ring "'
...
(')
I'-

are designed to have an initial interference fit with the zu.

sealbore. The lips respond to pressure increases by fle xing
Muleshoe
outward. Various backup material combinations can be
Production Tube
used with each Vee-Packing seal to adjust the temperature
and pressure range over which the seal system function s.
Self Aligning
Muleshoe

51
 Gravel Pack Equipment and Accessories

AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT FOR GRAVEL PACK SYSTEMS

Otis® O-Ring Subs are usually located between the

production screen and a lower telltale screen in gravel
pack assemblies. They are used in conjunction with gravel
pack service tools, washpipes , and stingers to direct return
fluids through the lower tellta!f:' screen during gravel
replacement. Optional polished n,µ ples are available.

BENEFITS OF DESIGN PRINCIPLE

GRAVEL PAC K
SERVICE SEAL • Short length provides minimum blank space in the
UN IT packed zone to minimize risk of voids caused by in-
sufficient dehydration of the pack
1:

~
ii
• Economical - the purchased tubular item (0-ring sub) is
short and compact, making it more economical than long
t
i
GRAVEL PACK
PACKER sealbores or polished nipples
i' Single-piece polished OD stinger requires no redres s
parts
Otis Wireline-Set PERMA-SERIES® Packers are
~
designed to serve as effective, differential production
"'z
<1 packers. These permanent packers may be electric wireline
u. or hydraulic-set on the workstring. They are also designed
Otis O-Ring Sub to leave the packer free of all setting devices and maintain
a large fluid bypass area through the packer.
The PERMA-SERIES Packer may be used as the pro-
duction sump packer, or assembled with the MCS or MFS
flow sub and used as the gravel pack production packer.
MSR POSIT IVE Otis Collet Seal Assemblies are normally run below a
INDIC,, TOR
gravel pack screen assembly. They are designed to provide
a positive snap indication at the surface when removing
the seal assembly from the Otis PERMA-SERIES sump
WASHPIPE packer. The seal assembly will normally consist of a
-~-·-r11
!! ; i
i. PR ODUCTION straight-slot locator or locator crossover, seal units, exten-
/ SCREEN sion, and collet muleshoe.
·J
. :_ ;_ i
·-·, .("
I '0 As the seal assembly is landed in the PERMA-SERIES
I ·I
0 Packer, the straight-slot locator no-goes in the top sub of
[1J the packer. As the seal assembly is withdrawn, the collet
i:r
1d i
guide engages the lower end of the packer, providing a
positive snap indication at the surface.
An extension between the seal units and collet guide

~
permits the seal units to be free from the packer bore prior
to engaging the bottom of the packer. This enhances the
snap indication by removing the effects of seal drag while
!_ •! 0 -RING
I :
SUB
the workstring is raised. The extension also assists the
operator in distinguishing between the collet snap indica-
11 - TELLTALE
SCR EEN
tion and the erratic weight indicator readings associated
with the workstring breaking static friction.
:fl I M
l,Jhl -~-,-·. BENEFITS OF DESIGN PRINCIPLE
!i i µ :, ·1
• Simple design provides dependability
~-~_t; ! H SUMP
PACKER • Seals are available in a wide assortment of elastomers

Otis A WO ~fiJIIl~
l • Full bore ID. The collet guide and associated seal assem-
bly normally provide an ID greater than the drift of the
PERMA -SERIES § _ivI '
Sump Packer ::: production tubing
I
Straight-slot locator design prevents rotation of gravel
Otis Collet Typical
pack screen assembly during washover
Seal Assembly Gravel Pack

52
 Gravel Pack Equipment and Accessories

AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT FOR GRAVEL PACK SYSTEMS - Continued

OTIS WIRELINE-SET OR TUBING-SET HYDRAULIC PERMA-SERIES® PRODUCTION PACKERS

CASING CASING PACKER SEAL OPTIONAL SEAL
SIZE WEIGHT OD BORE ID UNIT ID"
(IN ) (mm/ (LB/FT) (IN) /mm/ (IN) /mm/ (IN ) /mm) (IN) /mm/ (IN) (mm/ (IN) (mm/
9.5 - 12.6 3.790 96,27 2.555 64 ,90 1.677 42,60 1.810 45,97 1.910 48 ,51 1.920 48,77
9.5 -1 3.5 3.720 94,49 2.375 60,33 1.530 38,86 1.735 44,07
4.500 114,30
13.5-15.1 3.600 91,44 2.375 60,33 1.530 38, 86 1.735 44,07
13.5 -15.1 3.640 92,46 2.555 64,90 1.677 42,60 1.810 45,97 1.910 48,51 1.920 48,77
15 - 21 3.960 100,58 2.555 64,90 1.677 42,60 1.810 45,97 1.910 48 ,51 1.920 48,77

5.000 12 7,00 ·•15 - 21 3.960 100,58 3.120 79,25 2.390 60, 71

23.2 - 24.2 3.790 96,27 2.555 64,90 1.677 42, 60 1.810 45 ,97 1.910 48,51 1.920 48,77
13 - 20 4.540 115,32 2.750 69,85 1.830 46, 48 1.920 48,77 1.927 48,95
13-20 4.540 115,32 3.000 76,20 1.927 48,95 2.240 56,90 2.330 59.18
5.500 139,70 20 - 26 4.360 110,74 2.750 69,85 1.830 46, 48 1.920 48.77 1.927 48,95
20- 26 4.360 110,74 3.000 76,20 1.927 48,95 2.240 56,90 2.330 59,18
· · 20 - 26 4.360 110,74 3.500 88,90 2.510 63, 75
17 - 32 5.468 138, 89 2.750 69,85 1.830 46, 48 1.920 48.77 1.927 48,95

6.625 168,28 17 - 32 5.468 138,89 3.250 82,55 2.350 59,69

20 - 24 5.687 144,45 4.000 101.60 2.970 75, 44

17 - 20 6.250 158,75 4.000 101,60 2.970 75,44 1.920 48.77 1.927 48,95

17 - 23 6.180 156, 9 7 3.250 82,55 2.350 59,69 1.920 48, 77 1.927 48,95

20-26 6.000 152,40 4.000 101,60 2.970 75,44

23 - 38 5.687 144,45 2.750 69,85 1.830 46,48

23 - 38 5.687 144,45 3.250 82,55 2.350 59,69
7.000 177,80 ·• 23 - 38 5.687 144,45 4.250 107,95 3.250 82,55

26 - 32 5.875 149,23 4.000 101,60 2.970 75,44

""26 - 32 5.875 149,23 5.000 127,00 3.938 100, 03

32 - 38 5.687 144,45 4.000 101,60 2.970 75,44

32 - 44 5.468 138, 89 2.750 69,85 1.830 46,48

32 - 44 5.468 138,89 3.250 82,55 2.350 59,69

26.4 - 33.7 6.375 161,93 2.750 69,85 1.830 46,48 1.920 48,77 1.927 48,95

26.4 - 33.7 6.375 161 ,93 3.250 82,55 2.350 59,69

7.625 193,68 26.4 - 33.7 6.375 161,93 4.000 101,60 2.970 75, 44

33.7 - 39 6.180 156,97 3.250 82,55 2.350 59,69

33.7 - 39 6.250 158,75 4.000 101,60 2.970 75,44

36 - 47 8.420 213,87 6.000 152,40 4.400 111,76 4.860 123,44

36 - 59.4 8.120 206,25 3.250 82,55 2.350 59,69

-
9.625 244,48 36 - 59.4 8.120 206.25 4.000 101,60 2.970 75,44

36 - 59.4 8.120 206,25 5.000 12 7,00 3.850 97,79

""36 - 59.4 8.120 206,25 6.500 165,10 5.000 12 7,00

.
40 - 53.5 8.220 208, 79 6.000 152.40 4.400 111,76 4.860 123,44

"Thread type and size control Seal Unit ID.

" "Available in RATCH·LATCH"' St yle Only.

53
 Gravel Pack Equipment and Accessories

AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT FOR GRAVEL PACK SYSTEMS - Continued

Otis"" Retrievable Sealing Plugs are designed to

latc h into lugs in the packe r. (]-Slot des ign) or latch into a
recess in the pac ke r top s ub or bore (s traight shear lug lock
design). Both plugs are designed to provide a seal aga in st
pre ss ure from above or below the packer. A third design
(not shown) is the locator plug that is designed to provide
a seal agai nst pressu re from above the packer only .
Retrievable plugs may be set by running on workstring
or on electric w ire line. Plug s are des igned to be retrie ved
by workstrin g .
Otis Frangible Ceramic Flappers are de signed to
control fluid loss after gravel packin g. The flapper is held
open by a s leeve that is removed by a no-go tool run on the
bottom of th e gravel pack washp ipe. The flapper is opened
by breaking by slickline , by reeled tubing in horizontal
we lls. or by the production tube on the bottom of the
production sea l assembl y.
Otis Back Pressure Valves are des igned to shut off
flo w from belo w when the gravel pack se rvi ce seal unit
a,
and was hpipe are removed . The flapper is held open by a
<D
(') sleeve that is removed by a no-go tool run on the bottom of
C/J
:::;; the gravel pack washpipe.
Otis J-Slot Otis Expendable Sealing Plugs may be assembled
Overshot in the bottom of a sea lbore type packer. T he seal in g plugs
are constructed of drillable materi al and de signed to be
expended out the bottom of the packer by applying tubing
we ight as the stin ger or the sealing unit enters the packer.
The plug's re le asi ng mechani sm is pre ss ure bal anced , and
th e plug is designed to hold any press ure within the limits
of the packer.

«r--
~
<f
z
"-

Otis J-Slot Otis Frangible Otis Straight Otis Expendable Otis Back Pressure
Sealing Plug Ceramic Flapper Shear Plug Sealing Plug Valve

54
 Gravel Pack Equipment and Accessories
OTIS SCREENS MANUFACTURED BY HOWARD SMITH SCREEN COMPANY
Otis Sand Control provides a complete line of sand
control screens manufactured by Howard Smith Screen
Company, along with a complete line of accessories.
Otis SINTER-PAK™ Screens consist of an outer,
sintered stainless steel sleeve welded onto a perforated
base pipe. The unique design of the seamless, porous
sintered sleeve makes it as strong as the pipe, and allows
fluid to flow while preventing sand and other foreign
material from entering the wellbore. One size screen is
compatible to all gravel sizes used in gravel packing and is
available in different alloys. This screen design excels in
resistance to bending and compression stresses encoun-
tered in horizontal wellbores, as well as impact damage
that can induce erosion failure with other designs. SIN-
TER-PAK screens are more efficiently cleaned with acid
than other prepack designs .
BENEFITS OF DESIGN PRINCIPLE
• I 00% inflow area
• Rugged outer design
• Flexibility
• Allows formation to be acidized
Otis All Welded Wire-Wrapped Screens consist of
an outer wire-wrapped screen jacket welded onto a perfo-
rated base pipe. The screen jacket is wire-wrapped with a
keystone-shaped wire on ribs and welded onto a base pipe.
a,
0
...
a,
z
u..
Otis
SINTER-PAK
Screen
The keystone shaped wire is used to decrease the chances
of plugging the screen. Slot size of the screen is deter-
mined by the size of gravel used to pack around the screen.
Well conditions will determine metallurgy. The standard
metallurgy is stainless steel screen on a carbon steel pipe.
Otis LOW-PROFILE™ Screens are similar to dual-
screen prepacks but consist of an inner inicroscreen and
regular outer screen jacket. Otis LOW-PROFILE Screens
are recommended for gravel-packed wells. Gravel placed
in the space may or may not be resin-coated, and is very
thin compared to gravel used with regular prepack screens.
The thin layer of gravel between the jacket and pipe helps
to protect against voids in the gravel pack. The microscreen
is unique by allowing flow to travel through the prepack
gravel, then move laterally and radially unimpeded around
the base pipe to its nearest perforation .
BENEFITS OF DESIGN PRINCIPLE
• Prepack provides protection against voids in high-angle
wellbores where complete coverage of the screen is
questionable
• Large flow area
• Same OD and ID as regular non-prepack screens
• Also ideal for horizontal applications
• Unique microscreen allows flow to travel through prepack
gravel and move unimpeded to nearest perforation iri
base pipe
Otis All Welded Otis
Wire-Wrapped LOW-PROFILE
Screen Screen
55
 Gravel Pack Equipment and Accessories
OTIS SCREENS MANUFACTURED BY HOWARD SMITH SCREEN COMPANY - Continued
Otis CENTRA-FLOW™ Centralizers allow sufficient
dehydration of the slurry to produce a uniform, void-free pack
throughout the length of the screen. In comparison, -conven-
tional centralizers require a section of blank pipe, preventing
sufficient dehydration. Otis Centralizers maximize the flow
area by reducing the blank area, increasing chances of a
successful gravel pack. Ideal for horizontal gravel-packed
completions, Otis Centralizers are available in various alloys.
BENEFITS OF DESIGN PRINCIPLE
• Maximum flow across zone
• Reduces gravel bridging/voids during gravel pack
• Allows frequent centralization in deviated wellbores
without sacrificing flow
• Eliminates blank section exposure to perforations,
often resulting in erosive flow due to voids
Otis Perforated Prepack Screens consist of an inner
screen and outer perforated case. The resin-coated gravel
is poured into the space between the inner screen and outer
case. The primary application for this screen is open-hole
unconsolidated formations, where no gravel pack will be
pumped. The formation is simply allowed to slough in and
gravel pack itself. It is particularly a benefit when: (1) it is
questionable whether the unconsolidated formation will
allow a liner to be successfully set and (2) when intermix-
ing of the formation sand and gravel pack is probable,
should a gravel pack be done. This condition is most
prevalent in high-angle and horizontal wellbores.
\I •
Otis CENTRA-FLOW Otis Perforated
Centralizer Prepack Screen
BENEFITS OF DESIGN PRINCIPLE
(PERFORATED PREPACK SCREENS)
• No gravel pack required
• Prepack filters out formation sand
• Rugged perforated pipe case
• Smaller OD than other designs
Otis Dual-Screen Prepack Screens consist of an
inner screen similar to the perforated prepack screens, but
gravel is contained by an outer screen jacket. The gravel
may or not be resin-coated. The dual screen provides built-
in sand control when gravel packing is not feasible.
Applications for these screens are the same as perforated
prepack screens, plus use for short duration drill stem
testing and cased hole gravel packs. With cased hole
gravel packs, the prepack screen's function adds a degree
of protection where the possibility of voids and exposed
screen may exist. Examples of this are in high-angle
wellbores or wells where adequate blank pipe above the
screen is not available.
BENEFITS OF DESIGN PRINCIPLE
• No gravel pack required
• Prepack filters out formation sand
• Outer screen jacket ID more flexible than perforated
prepack screens - can be run through build rates up to 20
degrees/I 00 feet.
• Outer screen jacket provides more flow area than perfo-
rated prepack screen.
• Inner screen jacket available with standard wire
design; or new microscreen design to achieve greatest
radial placement of aggregate.
• e I I
o ~ I I
•
Otis Dual-Screen
Prepack Screen
56
 Gravel Pack Equipment and Accessories

OTIS SCREENS MANUFACTURED BY HOWARD SMITH SCREEN COMPANY - Continued

WIRE WRAPPED ALL-WELDED AND LOW-PROFILE™ SCREEN DATA

PIPE WT PIPE PIPE CPLG WIRE HOLES PERF PERF CYLINDER PIPE
OD ID OD OD OD SIZE AREA AREA X-AREA
IN. LBS/FT IN. IN . IN. IN. /FT IN. SQ. IN. SQ. IN. SQ. IN.

3/4 1.14 0.824 1.05U 1.313 1.66 78 3116 2.15 62.58 0.533
1 1.70 1.049 1.315 1.660 1.94 54 5116 4.14 73.14 0.864
1 1/4 2.30 1.380 1.660 2.054 2.26 66 5116 5.06 85.20 1.496
1 1/2 2.75 1.610 1.900 2.200 2.55 78 5116 5.98 96.13 2.036
2.063 3.25 1.751 2.063 IJ 2.63 78 5116 5.98 99.15 2.408

2 3/8 4.60 1.995 2.375 2.875 2.97 90 3/8 9.94 111.97 3.126
2 7/8 6.40 2.441 2.875 3.500 3.48 102 3/8 11 .26 131.19 4.680
3 1/2 9.20 2.922 3.500 4.250 4.13 126 3/8 13.91 155.70 6.706
4 9.50 3.548 4.000 4.500 4.64 138 3/8 15.24 169.65 9.229
4 1/2 11.60 4.000 4.500 5.000 5.12 150 3/8 16.56 193.02 12.566

5 15.00 4.408 5.000 5.563 5.64 162 3/8 17.88 212.62 15.261
5 1/2 15.50 4.950 5.500 6.050 6.19 174 3/8 19.21 233.36 19.244
6 5/8 24.00 5.921 6.625 7.390 7.23 186 3/8 20.53 272.56 27.535
7 23.00 6.366 7.000 7.656 7.61 222 3/8 24.51 286.89 31.829
9 5/8 32.30 9.001 9.625 10.625 10.23 294 3/8 32.46 385.66 63.631

Copyright 1990 Howard Smith Screen Company, Houston , Texas • All rights reserved .

DIAMETER SELECTION GUIDE FOR WIRE WRAPPED SCREENS

CASING 4 1/2 IN . 5 IN . 5 1/2 IN .

SIZE
MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN
CASING ID 4.090 3.826 4.560 4.000 5.044 4.548

BASE PIPE OD 1.660 1.315 1.900 1.660 2.375 1.900

WIRE WRAP OD 2.26 1.94 2.55 2.26 2.97 2.55

CLEARANCE (IN) 0.91 0.94 1.01 0.87 1.04 1.00

CASING 6 IN . 6 5/8 IN . 7 IN .
SIZE
MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN
CASING ID 5.524 5.132 6.135 5.675 6.538 5.920

BASE PIPE OD 2.875 2.375 3.500 2.875 4.000 3.500

WIRE WRAP OD 3.48 2.97 4.13 3.48 4.50 4.13

CLEARANCE (IN) 1.02 1.08 1.00 1.10 1.02 0.90

CASING 7 5/8 IN. 8 5/8 IN. 9 5/8 IN.

SIZE
MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN
CASING ID 7.125 6.435 8.097 7.511 9.063 8.125

BASE PIPE OD 4.500 4.000 5.500 5.000 6.625 5.500

Screen Running Table
WIRE WRAP OD 5.12 4.50 6.19 5.64 7.23 6.19

CLEARANCE (IN) 1.00 0.97 0.95 0.94 0.92 0.97

57
 Gravel Pack Equipment and Accessories

OTIS SCREENS MANUFACTURED BY HOWARD SMITH SCREEN COMPANY - Continued

PERFORATED PIPE BASE PREPACK

CASING SIZE (IN) 4 1/2 5 5 1/2 6 5/8 7 7 5/8 7 5/8 8 5/8 9 5/8 9 5/8

OUTER PIPE OD (IN) 2.375 2.875 3.500 4.000 4.500 5.000 5.500 6.625 7.000 7.625

INNER SCREEN OD (IN) 1.66 1.94 2.55 2.97 3.48 4.13 4.50 5.12 5.64 6.19

BASE PIPE OD (IN) 1.050 1.6 ~ 9 0 0 I 2.375 I 2.875 3.500 4.000 4.500 I 5.000 5.500
~ -

BASE PIPE ID (IN) 0.824 1.049 1.610 1.995 2.441 2.992 3.548 4.000 4.408 4.950

RADIAL PLACEMENT (IN) 0.36 0.47 0.48 0.52 0.51 0.44 0.50 0.75 0.68 0.72

MAXIMUM LENGTHS 20 It 20 ft 20 ft 20 ft 20 ft 20 ft 20 ft 20 ft 20 It 20 fl

COUPLING OD (IN) 1.313 2.054 2.200 2.875 3.500 4.250 4.750 5.000 5.563 6.050

THREAD CONNECTIONS 14 V 10 RD 10 RD 10 RD 8 RD 8 RD 8 RD 8 RD 8 RD 8 RD

NOTES: (1) Sizes are in inches. (2) These are genera l guidelines o nl y. Other sizes can be designed for individual application s. (3) Before choosing
a specific screen , actual drift of casing should be verified . (4) If a gravel pack is planned then extra clearance will be necessary.

DUAL SCREEN PIPE BASE PREPACK

CASING SIZE (IN) 4 1/2 5 5 1/2 6 5/8 7 7 5/8 7 5/8 8 5/8 9 5/8 9 5/8

OUTER SCREEN OD (IN) 2.55 3.48 4.13 4.50 5.12 5.50 6.19 7.23 7.23 8.23

INNER SCREEN OD (IN) 1.66 2.55 2.97 3.48 4.13 4.50 5.12 5.64 6.19 7.23

BASE PIPE OD (IN)

I 1.050 I 1.900 I 2.375 I 2.875 I 3.500 I 4.000 I 4.500 I 5.000 ~500 I 6.625
· -

BASE PIPE ID (IN) 0.824 1.610 1.995 2.441 2.992 3.548 4.000 4.950 4.950 6.065

*RADIAL PLACEMENT
(IN) 0.45 0.47 0.58 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.54 0.80 0.52 0.50

MAXIMUM LENGTHS 20 ft 20 ft 20 ft 20 ft 20 ft 20 ft 20 ft 20 ft 20 ft 20 ft

COUPLING OD (IN) 1.313 2.200 2.875 3.500 4.250 4.500 5.200 5.563 6.050 7.390

THREAD CONNECTIONS 14 V 10 RD 10 RD 10 RD 8 RD 8 RD 8 RD 8 RD 8 RD 8 RD
NOTES: (1) Sizes are in inches. (2) These are general guide li nes on ly. Other size s can be designed for individual application s. (3) Before choosing
a specific screen , actual drift of cas ing should be verified . (4) If a gravel pack is planned , extra clearance will be necessary.
·u se of inner microscreen increases radial placement by .120"

58
 ~ -----, .
....~~"
~ ·

""~~\
~~I
~
~
-d-/1"'-
.,, f"

......._ __._

Mechanical and Chemical

Systems and Materials
Otis Sand Control provides comprehensive fluids research and analysis
to solve sand control problems without causing formation damage. Exten-
sive full- scale testing has produced numerous fluids with the optimum sand
tran sport, fluid loss and clean-up properties that can adapt to highly varied
formation compositions and well geometries. Thorough knowledge of
pretreatments and gravel pack procedures assures that fluids will be com-
patible with each other and with the formation .
Expert assessment of the formation is provided with superior laboratory
facilities and profess ional personnel , from chemists to engineers. Whether
the techn iq ue is chemical consolidation , combination systems , mechanical
grave l pack ing , or running a wire-wrapped screen or slotted liner - every
Otis Sand Control design includes careful analysis of formation sand.

59
 Research and Formation Evaluation

EXTENSIVE RESEARCH AND EVALUATl0 1 CAPABILITIES

Otis® Sa j Control Research enhances the pro-

ductivity of wells with sand problems through the devel-
opment of fluids , chemical additives, gelling agents, for-
mation stabilizers, processes and related systems. Profes-
sional research personnel, sophisticated laboratories, and
specialized instruments provide the ultimate efficiency in
solving problems and developing new techniques and
materials. Petroleum and chemical engineers, chemists,
and technicians employ elaborate computerized techniques ,
such as molecular modeling of gel carrier fluids , and
numerical modeling of fluid flow through a porous me-
dium.
One tool used by Otis Sand Control to improve gravel
packing gels is a microscope with a specialized lens and
video camera. The microscope allows gels to be exam-
ined for particles causing formation damage. Under po-
larized light and magnification, the polymerization of
hydroxyethyl-cellulose, xanthan and other polymers can
be studied with great accuracy . Offending particles such
as "fisheyes " have been minimized with methods result-
ing from these studies .
A Rheometric Pressure Rheometer measures essential
properties of gravel pack gels that are destined for ex-
tremely high bottomhole temperatures . This versatile in-
strument provides information which accurately describes
a gel ' s sand transport properties, as well as the more
\,
common parameters of N ' and K ', if needed.

Otis Formation Evaluation is one of the first steps of

Exhaustive tests have been performed with numerous gelling
agent candidates
a successful sand control job. Since no two wells are
exactly alike , careful analysis of formation sand samples

tJ•- -
:. •==
---- ~ is critical to every Otis Sand Control design. This is true
whether the technique is chemical consolidation, combi-
nation .systems , mechanical gravel packing, or running a
==
J••• =s
= 0 wire-wrapped screen or slotted liner.

~
-·- .
Evaluation includes analysis of samples of formation
aea t 01; l ::-
sand, produced crude oil, and formation brine. Extensive
ig~~~ i knowledge of pretreatments and gravel pack procedures
, ~ assures that flu ids will be compatible with each other and

~
with the formation. Laboratory evaluation involves the
- ...
,,,
following analysis:
Sieve Analysi s - determines formation sand size ,
degree of uniformity, and amount of fines in the
formation. This in turn determines the pack sand size
and the screen gauge or slotted liner openin gs.
• X-Ray Diffraction Analysi s - determine s both the
qualitative and quantitative composition of the for-
mation , and fine s in the formation. Thi s analy sis
reveal s the presence of clays, and whether the y are
swelling or migrating. The data is used to select
compatible treating fluids ; determine if pretreatments
are required; determine if clay stabilization is needed ,
and if so , what type of stabilization material to use.

The Rheometrics Pressure Rheometer is used to analyze gravel

packing carrier fluids

60
 Evaluation and Pretreatment Fluids
EXPERTISE TO SOLVE YOUR PROBLEMS
c..- -
'1
....r1
~ 11-
Photo-Diode Particle Size Analyzer provides a method
of quickly and accurately determining formation particle sizes.
• Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis - determines
location of the clays and/or fines in the formation
matrix . This analysis also determines if these materials
are bonded to or imbedded in the sand grain or loose in
the pore space. The data is used to confirm and/or
support recommendations for formation pretreatments
and clay stabilization.
• Acid Solubility Tests - determine whether an acid pre-
treatment should be used; and if so, what type and
strength of acid treatment are best.
• Compatibility Studies - evaluate the effect of the treat-
ing fluids on the formation and their compatibility with
the reservoir fluids.
• Regained Permeability Studies - evaluate the effect of
treating fluids on formation permeability by treating
small core samples with the recommended treating
procedure, then measuring the samples' regained per-
meability.
Petrographic Analysis - performed on cuttings, sidewalls
or whole core samples . This analysis is often the
cornerstone of selecting an appropriate treatment pro-
gram for a particular formation or zone. Interpreta-
tion and examination of thin sections of the formation
by an experienced stimulation/completions petrogra-
pher is an integral part of the petrographic analysis
process .
• Matrix Injection Core Flow Tests - evaluate special
problems associated with completion, formation damage
removal, sand control fluids and additives .
61
Otis® Pretreatment Fluids help m1mm1ze many
problems affecting the success of a sand control job.
Extensive knowledge of pretreatments and gravel pack
techniques helps assure the recommended fluids will be
compatible with each other and with the formation.
Mud Cleanout Agent (MCA) - a blend of Morflo®II
surfactant and dilute HCl. Helps eliminate water and
emulsion blocks , cement filtrate damage, and shrink natu-
ral clay minerals.
HF Acid - Usually preceded by dilute HCl. Helps dis-
solve formation clays. An exclusive HF Acid Plan com-
puter program can prove invaluable in selecting treatment
procedures.
CLAYSOLTM Acidizing Process - This patented
process helps remove clays deep in the formation. The
materials used generate HF acid on clay particles deep in
the formation.
. Organic HF Acid - Available in various formulations.
These materials react at a slower rate than conventional
HF acids , making them ideal for high temperature forma-
tions .
CLA YFIX™ Material - Leaves clays in their least
swollen state when in contact with aqueous fluids. Ideal
for use ahead 9f or with gravel pack fluids.
Retarded HF Acid System - A patented one-step
system that gradually releases its acid as it moves through
the formation. Effective in removing deep formation dam-
age resulting from migration or swelling of silica, feldspars
and clays.
CLA-STA® FS Stabilizing Additive - Reduced per-
meability in gravel packs caused by migrating silica fines
and clays is particularly common in certain geographical
areas. This additive is the best choice for stabilizing such
mineral fines and clays in hydrocarbon producing forma-
tions. It effectively stabilizes a variety of mineral fines
which do not respond to conventional clay stabilizers:
Silica, Kaolinite, Carbonates, Hematite, Magnetite, Si-
derite. CLA-ST A FS additive may be applied via a brine
or even an acid solution. After application, gravel packing
can be performed immediate! y. Once treated, fines remain
stabilized in the presence of acids , brines, oils, and even
fresh water.
CLA-STA® II Stabilizing Additive - This material
tenaciously adsorbs to clay mineral surfaces and resists
removal by subsequent treatments. It helps prevent clay
swelling and migration. Proven in tests and in the field, the
material has provided excellent stabilization even with
fresh water present.
 Mechanical and Chemical Applications

SYSTEMS APPLICATION GUIDE

Otis can help select and design the service and materials best suited to the conditions in your well.
Specific systems and materials are discussed in detail in pages following this chart.

OTIS SAND CONTROL SERVICES

COMBINATIONS SYSTEMS
MECHANICAL PACK SYSTEMS CHEMICAL CONSOLIDATION SYSTEMS
(RESIN COATED SAND PACK)
APPLICATIONS
WATER CONPAC, HYDROCON
HYDROPAC 5 M EPR 5 M
SERVICE B~~:v~~:M I PACK
SANFIX"
SERVICE
HYDROFIX5 M
SERVICE
EPOSAND
SERVICE SERVICE
CONPAC"
SERVICE
ll•H
HYDROCON 5 M
SERVICE
ESM

: SERVICE SERVICE SERVICE

OPEN WrTH WITH WrTH WITH

HOLE
YES YES YES NO NO NO NO
LINER LINER

I
LINER
I LINER

DEVIATED
YES YES YES YES YES YES ! YES YES YES I YES YES
HOLE
i I
PERFORATED
YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES
CASING
I I
INJECTION
YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES
WELL
I

LENGTH OF
UNLIMrTED UNLIMrTED UNLIMITED 12 FT" 12 FT" 12 FT" 12 FT" 30 FT" 50 FT" 30 FT" 50 FT"
ZONE

BASE FLUID OIL OIL OIL VISCOUS

WATER WATER WATER OIL WATER WATER WATER
TYPE SOLVENT SOLVENT OIL

GELLING
AGENT
HEC XANTHAN - - - - - - - - HEC

RESIN
TYPE - - - FURAN FURAN EPOXY EPOXY FURAN FURAN FURAN EPOXY

NO
TEMPERATURE 80 • 300°F 70 • 225-F 40 • 400°F 80 • 240 ' F 85 • 220°F 100 • 200°F 80 • 300°F 80 • 300'F 80 • 240-F 70 • 220°F
LIMrT

CATALYST
METHOD - - - EXTERNAL EXTERNAL INTERNAL
OVERFLUSH OVERFLUSH (EXT. FLUSH)
EXTERNAL EXTERNAL INTERNAL EXTERNAL INTERNAL

WELL SHU'l'IN
TIME
2 ·8 HRS 2• 8 HRS - 1 • 16 HRS 1 • 16 HRS 4-8 HRS 12 HRS 1 • 16 HRS 8-30 HRS 1 -16 HRS 16 • 24 HRS

62
 Mechanical Gravel Pack Systems

INTRODUCTION TO MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Otis offers a variety of services, carrier fluids, and

techniques to accomodate practically all gravel packing
requirements. Extensive full-scale testing has led to the
development of numerous fluids with the optimum sand
transport , fluid loss, and clean-up properties necessary to
cope with highly varied well geometries, hole angles and
temperatures.
Research has provided a means to visco ~ify practically
all density brine formulations - from 8.6 ppg sea water
to 19.2 ppg ZnBr2. This allows the brines to be used both
as gravel pack carrier fluids and as fluid loss protection
pills .Chemical breaker systems have also been developed
for these fluids to provide a clean and accurate breakdown
of the viscosifying polymer after the gravel pack is in place.
A synopsis of services available for mechanical systems ~
N
is listed below. (!)
uJ
z
QUALITY SAND - Otis utilizes the highest quality sands
for gravel packing. Several sizes are available, each se- HYDROP AC Service is a two-step procedure that first
lected to produce packs with a lasting high-flow capacity shears then filters gels. This provides HEC gels with
and strength. Sands meet or exceed specifications adopted enhanced fluid loss properties, reduced potential for for-
by API for gravel pack sands. For wells that expose a mation damage, and a high level of sand transport efficiency.
gravel pack to extremely high temperatures, other packing HYDROPAC Service provides a fluid virtually free of
solids meeting API specifications but highly resistant to particulate material causing formation damage. Recovery
steam dissolution are available. of the original formation permeability after packing usu-
THERMAPAC™ MATERIAL STEAM RESISTANT ally occurs at a faster rate when the service is employed.
Other advantages include ease of application and estab-
GRAVEL - This cost-effective proppant is recommended
lishment of a highly permeable pack under a variety of
for cyclic steam flood wells. It provides superior resis-
downhole conditions. Fluids returned after the gravel pack
tance to steam dissolution, even at high pH, compared to
are degradable, and pose no disposal problem. (Additional
quartz sand or even intermediate or high-strength bauxite
information may be found on following page.)
material. Its other physical properties approach API stan-
dards. Unlike certain bauxitic minerals, THERMAPAC BI-O-PAC 5 M SERVICE - This service uses an aqueous
does not promote crystalline overgrowth during exposure fluid, viscosified with a low-residue biopolymer. It offers
to harsh conditions. a unique combination of total sand transport, lower appar-
ent viscosity, and excellent fluid leak-off to the formation.
CONVENTIONAL GRAVEL PACK SERVICE- Gravel
BI-O-PAC Service provides an ideal fluid for gravel pack-
pack sand is circulated into the annulus between the liner
ing long intervals in high angle holes where better sand
and the formation using brine or low viscosity carrier
transport is essential.Tests have shown this fluid to pro-
fluids. A Down Stream Sand Injector is often employed to
vide consistently high regained permeability after packing.
meter low concentrations of sand into the brine as it is
A gel breaker has been developed to cover both low and
pumped "Bullhead Squeeze" fashion into the well.
high temperature conditions. (Additional information may
In some applications, a slotted liner or wire-wrapped
be found on following pages.)
screen can be washed into place through a sand pack that
has already been placed. The economics of this procedure TEMBLOK® 120 FLUIDS - Used to aid gravel packing
make it applicable for low or marginal production wells. and completion work, this fluid utilizes a high viscosity,
low residue, cross-linked HEC gel that cari be prepared
HYDROPAC 8 M SERVICE - This service employs vari-
from almost any filtered brine completion fluid. Its pri-
ous brines viscosified with zero residue hydroxyethyl-
mary applications are hole stability prior to gravel packing
cellulose (HEC). The advantages of gravel packing with
and fluid loss control, particularly of heavy brine comple-
aqueous HEC gels include improved sand suspension,
tion fluids . The very elastic gel structure will support high
reductions in fluid loss to the formation during packing,
overbalance pressures with little or no reservoir penetra-
and less intermixing of pack and formation sand. Packing
tion. Internal breakers can be used to obtain controlled
slurries containing as much as 15 pounds of sand per
breakback of gel structure for easy removal from the
gallon are frequently employed. Reliable low-corrosion
wellbore. The primary feature is a delayed cross-link time
breaker systems which accomodate both low and high
which allows easy placement of the gel pill before full
temperature hole conditions are available. This assures a
crosslink structure develops, thus reducing friction pres-
quicker, more thorough removal of polymer after the pack
sure. (Additional information may be found on following
is established.
pages.)

63
 Mechanical Gravel Pack Systems
HYDROPAC8 M SERVICE
- ~~
)
.,"'
z"'
u.. ~ " - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -....
Gels can be prepared to meet a variety of needs by increasing or decreasing the polymer concentration.
Otis®HYDROP AC Service is a gravel pack technique
with high concentrations of packing solids carried in a
gelled aqueous fluid. The fluid is gelled with an extremely
low residue organic WG-17 gelling agent. This hydroxyethyl-
cellulose polymer (HEC) gelling agent provides maximum
gel clarity and viscosity per pound, ease of preparation,
and the best permeability after treatment. Low injection
rates used with the service minimize disturbance and
intermixing of pack sand with the formation sand during
Gel clarity is only one indicator of the maximum potential for a
good flowing well after a HYDROPAC Service gravel pack job.
64
-----------=-----------
the packing process. Up to fifteen pounds per gallon pack
sand ·can be carried in the water-based viscous gel.
This service provides a fluid virtually free of particulate
matter that causes formation damage. For a final gravel
pack carrier fluid as fines-free as possible, all mixing
waters and brines are filtered before the WG-17 gelling
agent is added. This helps provide gels that minimize
formation damage and maintain high sand transport effi-
ciency levels.
BENEFITS OF HYDROPAC SERVICE
Less Formation Damage - Improvement of 10-25 %
in regained permeability is obtained from most treat-
ments in laboratory tests, compared to HEC gels not
processed.
• Improved Gravel Packs - Provides a high fluid loss
potential , enabling tighter gravel packs in most cases.
• Fast Clean-Up - Recovery of original formation perme-
ability is fast , and returned fluids are disposed of
easily.
• Flexibility In Mixing Water Selected - Gels may be
prepared using a wide variety of filtered brines.
• Flexibility In Gel Break Times - The sand transport life
of gels can be tailored to well requirements by treating
them with breaker additives. These additives influence
the gels ' viscosity during a prescribed time.
• Flexibility In Initial Gel Texture And Strength - Gels
which meet a variety of needs can be prepared by in -
creasing or decreasing the polymer concentration .
 Mechanical Gravel Pack Systems

81-0-PACSM SERVICE

~ 41 :;,,
(')

N
(!)
LU
z
Bl-O- PAC Service offers biopolymers with a unique capability to suspend sand.

Otis· BI-O-PAC Service uses a biopolymer gel system
uniquely designed for gravel packing. The gelling agent
for the BI-O-PAC gel system is a premium quality , high
purity, clarified biopolymer. This WG-24™ biopolymermay
be easily and completely hydrated into specified brines.
The usage level of the WG-24 biopolymer may vary
according to the application intended for the resulting BI-
O-PAC gel. Three concentrations are currently offered to
optimize performance and efficiency:
I ) 60 lb/ 1000 gal Gels - recommended for deep , hot
holes with up to 90° angle wellbores and circulat-
ing temperatures up to 250°F.
2) 48 lb/ 1000 gal Gels - recommended for intermediate
depth holes with temperatures not exceeding 160°F.
Solids suspension is satisfactory to accommodate
either slight or extreme hole angles.
3) 36 lb/1000 gal Gels - recommended only for shallow
straight holes with temperatures not exceeding 130°F.
BI-O-PAC gel systems provide good perforation pack-
ing, predictable gel behavior, and high flow-rate comple-
tions.
BENEFITS OF 81-O-PAC SERVICE
• Ability To Suspend Sand - The highly branched struc-
ture of the WG-24 biopol ymer enhances a gel's capabil-
ity to keep sand in suspension.
• Allows Maximum Regained Permeability- The biopoly-
mer manufacturing process removes micro-organism
impurities which can damage permeability. Final filtra-
tion of the gel in the field before gravel packing further
promotes a debris and residue-free pack.
• Optimum Fluid Loss To The Formation - At high shear
rates, the BI-O-PAC gel formed with the WG-24
biopolymer thins very rapidly to a consistency permit-
ting easy injection into the formation. Achieving good
grain to grain contact usually means a long lasting pack
that is not prone to shift or settle with time.
• Fast Clean-up - Recovery of original formation perme-
ability is fast , and returned flui~s are disposed of easily.
• Flexibility In Gel Break Times - The sand transport life
of gels can be tailored to well requirements by treating
them with breaker or stabilizer additives. These addi-
tives influence the gels ' viscosity during a prescribed
time.
• Flexibility In Initial Gel Texture And Strength - Gels
which meet a variety of needs can be prepared by
increasing or decreasing the BI-O-PAC polymer con-
centration.

GEL PROPERTIES

Bl-O-PAC BIOPOLYMER AGENT CONC.

60 48 36
LBM000 GAL
GEL DENSITY (LB/GAL) 8.54 8.54 8.54
REC. SAND CONC. (LB/GAL OF GEL) UP TO 15 UP TO 15 UP TO 15
VISCOSITY (.07 SEC _, ) 80,000 57,000 25,000
VISCOSITY (511 SEC _, ) 30.00 26.5 23.0

FLUID LOSS (ML/MIN)' 23.1 35.0 44.0

SAND SETTING (CM/MIN)** 0.00 .036 .064

AVERAGE REGAINED PERMEABILITY(%) 95 96-98 98-100

·Acceptable limit, at least 12.0 ml/min

..Acceptable limit, 0.20 cm /min

65
 Mechanical Gravel Pack Systems

FLUID LOSS AND WATER PACK SYSTEMS

TEMBLOK® 120 FLUIDS
Otis® TEMBLOK 120 Fluid is a non-damaging (low
residue) temporary blocking material for fluid loss; forma-
tion support, and diverting. The fluid has a useful tempera-
ture range of 100° - 250° F, and is a cross-linked system.
The base gel is mixed and hydrated at the surface. A cross-
linker is added to yield an extremely viscous cross-linked
gel which can be pumped. The gelling agent is a special
hydroxyethyl-cellulose (HEC) polymer, WG-21 ™ agent.
The gel can be prepared with 2-4% KC! , high weight
completion brines formulated with combinations of cal-
cium chloride and calcium bromide, or zinc bromide
diluted with fresh water.
TEMBLOK 120 Fluid is primarily used as a fluid loss
control pill during workovers , especially in zones prone to
excessive fluid loss. The system is compatible with solid
calcium carbonate and other fluid loss additives to give
added fluid loss control.
This fluid is also used to maintain formation support
prior to performing a gravel pack. This process has been
used to obtain gravel pack completions across zones where
formation sloughing had previously prevented screen
placement. By utilizing internal breakers and positive
circulation pressure, the gravel pack can be performed
once the screen is placed. The gel is circulated out of the
well bore and the gravel slurry is circulated into the annulus
to a sandout.
WATER PACK SYSTEMS
The proven pack efficiency of water packs assists with
gravel packing horizontal wells , extended reach wells , and
highly deviated wells. A successful completion for these
types of wells can normally be assisted through combining
low density water packs with perforation prepacks.

a,
;;;
"0
w
z
TEMBLOK 120 Fluid

66
 Chemical Systems

CONSOLIDATION SYSTEMS

Chemical consolidation is a process that injects plastic
or plastic forming chemicals into an unconsolidated for-
mation to provide grain-to-grain cementation. The objec-
tive of formation sand conso lidation is to maintain maxi-
mum permeability by cementing sand grains together at
the contact points.
Otis(!!) Chemical Consolidation Systems control sand
without mechanical screening devices restricting the well-
bore or access to lower producing zones. Ideal for dual
zone completions, these systems permit access to a lower
zone without disturbing the upper zone. This is accom-
plished by consolidating the upper zone and gravel pack-
ing the lower zone.
HYDROFIX 5 M Service has the same applications and
uses a sim il ar furan resin as SANFIX Service. However,
HYDROFIX Service is different from SANFIX with its
use of placement fluid s that are aqueous, sodi um chloride
· brines. These placement fluids provide an economical
advantage and ease of cleanup that are inherent to water
based fluids . This overflushed catalyzed system is appli-
cable for temperatures from 80°F to 220°F.
EPR 5 M Epoxy II Service is used to create a high com-
pressive strength matrix , up to 5,000 psi. This service is
ideal for extremely high permeability zones requiring hi gh
compressive strengths.

,!,
Eposand Service is recommended for sand produc-
Several services and resin-type chemicals are available ing formations requiring a high degree of matrix strength.
for temperature applicatio ns from 235°F to 400°F. Eposand 112 resin is the special formulation used in clay
zones . This service provides a low viscosity, easily pumped
~,_-~ ., ,: :~~-:.:~·:;,t I.ti
. ----, -.',-~~'A,';
.:-:~~{ '>;,""
.;:,=. '".l.r . . ~~ -- -; · ,_~ .
~•i --
.;· . • ·
. ,::-~
. >{1
. fluid set by a surface added activator. Original permeabil-
ity is retained in the 70 to 80 percent range, and compres-
sive strength up to 3,000 psi is usual.
•(,1,l,t'.£.;,,,-; ., ._....., - .' ' •· -'j
~~-. :~· . _··-st.t/~t
..... ~.:-~ ~- ·-- ~ SAND GRAIN
.-:.-
·'.
.... ""." .. . ·,:,1
It·
IC- FORMATION FLUID
D~~9.,~
---::,"5'; CEME
":,J __· J;;--• :·,:t, PLASTIC ==1
·=oc:
%;□~~
JCJ§.C)
=-===-
c::=>c::=::;),C:::::::

==·
-~o

Chemical consolidation injects plastic or plastic forming chemicals

into an unconsolidated formation to provide grain-to-grain
cementation.

SANFIX@and ENRICHED SANFIX Services utilize

a resin available in several formulations to meet a variety
of well conditions. Treatments may be run on reeled
tubing due to the low viscosity of the resin.
Both services are hydrocarbon compatible, furan resin
consolidation systems that use an overflushed resin hard-
ener. The process involves placement of four low viscos-
ity solutions: ( 1) preflush (2) consolidating resin (3) spacer,
and (4) catalyst. The consolidating resin is a furan resin
combined with furfuryl alcohol as a reactive diluent, clay
stabilizers , demulsifiers , and resin-sand coupling agents.
The preflush , spacer and catalyst placement solutions are
hydrocarbon. Typical sequential injection of chemicals to produce consolidated
SANFIX Service is recommended for formation tem- permeable matrix.
peratures from 40°F to 235°F. ENRICHED SANFIX is
recommended for deeper, hotter wells ranging from 235°F
to 400°F.

67
 Combined Mechanical and Chemical Systems

COMBINATION SYSTEMS

Otis®Combination Systems combine chemical consoli-

dation and mechanical gravel pack systems into one metho_d.
.,
.
CEMENT In these systems. a gravel pack is performed with resin-
coated gravel , usually without a screening device in the
Q~
a::'.:JCH:::
hole. Several systems are available.
=:::;::,·c::::
C CONPAC®Service is a patented process using a slurry
i~~,...:_.., CASING composed of resin-coated sand and a low viscosity hydro-
carbon carrier fluid which is pumped until sandout occurs.
HIGHLY
Furan resin , diesel oil carrier, an d pack sand are continu-
PERMEABLE ously mixed in a small Conpac blender. The blender
HYDROCON-E permits the resin to coat the pack sand prior to leaving the
CONSOLIDATED
blender tub. CONPAC Service provides long life sand
PACK SAND
control , a pack with compressive strengths over 3,000 psi ,
and high permeabilities in the perforation tunnel and near
DRILL STRING the wellbore.
CONPAC® 11-H Service is a high viscosity version of
PRODUCING the basic Conpac Service. Extremely high sand concentra-
FORMATION tion s with low pump rates are applicable. This service
limits intermixing of pack and formation sands, reduces
PERFORATIONS volumes of carrier fluid lost to the formation , and consoli-
dates pack sand. The system is internally catalyzed and
effective in wellbore temperatures of 80°F to 300°F.
<r
0
0:,
<r
HYDROCON 5 MService controls sand movement into
z
u.. the wellbore by packing the formation with graded sand
while simultaneously consolidating the sand and part of
the formation with a tough high- strength resin . This pat-
Drilling out resin-coated sand prior to pro duction ented method uses a low viscosity aqueou s carrier fluid
which offers several advantages over oil-based fluid s.
Examples are not requiring large transport and storage
volumes , and the availability of water at most location s.
HYDROCON-E 5 MService is an epoxy resin sand pack
CEMENT
method that uses gelled brine as a carrier fluid to place
coated sand again st a sanding formation. A high concen-
tration of pack sand is added to gelled brine and epoxy to
TUBING
form a vi scous slurry. Thorough mixing causes the sand to
extract the resin from the gelled brine, causing the sand to
CASING become coated with resin. The sand is pumped in a concen-
tration of approximatel y 15 pounds per gallon of gelled
HIGHLY carrier. After curing (usuall y less than 24 hours ), the
PERMEABLE consolidated pack sand remaining in the casing is drilled
HYDROCON-E out acros s the interval. The well is then ready to produce.
CONSOLIDATED
PACK SAND

PERFORATIONS

PRODUCING
FORMATION

Production

68
 ENGINEERING TABLES
'

U)

-.c
Q)

~
C,

·-C:
~
Q)
Q)

·-C:
C,
C:
w 0\
\0

0l91l 'D3N
 RECOMMENDED SCREEN/WASHPIPE CLEARANCE

SCREEN WASHPIPE

PIPE BASE PIPE BASE SCREEN OD SIZE OD SCREEN ID WASHPIPE OD

RADIAL CLEARANCE
OD (IN) ID (IN) (IN) (INCH) RATIO
INCH

2 3/8 1.995 2.98 1 1/4 (1.660) 0.168 (.83)

2 7/8 2.441 3.485 1 1/2 (1.~00) _ 0.271 (.778)

3 1/2 2.992 4.11 2 3/812.375) 0.309 (.794)

4 3.548 4.61 2 7/8 (2.875) 0.337 (.810)

4 1/2 4.000 5.11 2 718, 3 1/2 (2.875-3.5) 0.562-0.250 (.733-.892)

5 1/2 4.950 6.11 3 1/2, 4 (3.5-4.0) 0.725-0.475 (.698-.798)

3 1/2 2.992 4.11 2 1f16 (2.0625) 0.465 (.689)

MAXIMUM RECOMMENDED SCREEN LINER SIZE

CASING SCREEN LINER

RADIAL
OD WEIGHT ID SIZE SCREEN OD COLLAR OD ANNULAR CLEARANCE
(INCH) (LB/FT) (INCH) (INCH) (INCH) (INCH) (INCH)

4 1/2 9.5-15.10 4.090- 3.826 1 1/4 2.26 2.054 0.97-0.94

5 1/2 13.00-26.00 5.044-4.548 2 3/8 2.97 2.875 1.04-1.00

7 17.00-38.00 6.538-5.920 3 1/2 4.13 4.250* 1.02-0.90

7 5/8 20.00-45.30 7.125-6.435 4 4.64 4.500* 1.00-0.97

9 5/8 29.30- 71.80 9.063-8.125 5 1/2 5.64 6.050 0.92-0.97

*For critical clearances, or to keep collar OD same as OD of screen, the collar OD can be turned down as long as tensile strength is not significantly
reduced .

SAND SLURRY VOLUME DATA

SAND CONCEN. PERCENT SAND PERCENT FILLUP POUNDS SAND BBLS. FLUID
LB/GAL FLUID VOL. IN SLURRY VOLUME ~39% PER BBL. SLURRY PER BBL. SLURRY

0.5 2.21 3.65 20.5 0.978

1 4.33 7.16 40.2 0.956
2 8.29 13.70 76.9 0.916
3 11.95 19.75 111.0 0.880
4 15.32 25.32 142.0 0.846
5 18.44 30.48 171 .0 0.814

6 21.34 35.27 198.0 0.785

-
7 24.04 39.74 . 223.0 0.758
8 26.56 43.90 246.0 0.733
9 28.92 47.80 268.0 0.709
10 31.14 51.47 289.0 0.687

.11 33.22 54.91 308.0 0.666

12 35.17 58.13 326.0 0.646
13 37 .02 61.19 343.0 0.628
14 38.76 64.07 356.0 0.610
15 40.41 66.79 374.0 0.594

16 41.98 69.39 388.0 0.578

17 43 .46 71.83 402.0 0.563
18 44.87 74 .17 415.0 0.549
19 46.21 76.38 428.0 0.536
20 47.49 78.50 439.0 0.523

70
 SAND AND GEL REQUIRED FOR 1 BBL OF SLURRY

SAND GEL SAND SLURRY VOLUME

CONCENTRATION REQUIRED GAL. REQUIRED LBS. GAL. (BBL)

1 40 40 41.82 0.99
2 38 76 41.47 0.99
3 37 111 42.06 1.00
4 36 144 42.57 1.01
5 34 170 41 .75 0.99
6 33 198 42.03 1.00
7 32 231 42.21 1.01
8 31 248 42 .31 1.01
9 30 270 42.31 1.01
10 29 290 42.22 1.01
11 28 308 42.05 1.00
12 27 324 41.77 0.99
13 26 338 41 .41 0.98
14 26 364 42.59 1.01
15 25 375 42.10 1.00
16 24 384 41 .51 0.99
17 24 408 42.60 1.01
18 23 414 41 .88 1.00
19 23 437 42 .93 1.02
20 22 440 42 .06 1.00
21 21 441 41 .11 0.98
22 21 462 42 .07 1.00

SAND AND GEL REQUIRED FOR 10 BBL OF SLURRY

SAND GEL SAND SLURRY VOLUME

CONCENTRATION REQUIRED GAL. REQUIRED LBS. GAL. (BBL.)

1 405 405 423 .47 10.08

2 385 770 420.11 10.00
3 373 1119 424.03 10.09
4 358 1432 423 .30 10.08
5 345 1725 423.66 10.09
6 332 1992 422.84 10.07
7 320 2240 422.14 10.05
8 310 2480 423 .09 10.07
9 300 2700 423.12 10.07
10 290 2900 422.24 10.05
11 281 3091 421.95 10.05
12 274 3288 423.93 10.09
13 266 3458 423 .68 10.09
14 258 3612 422.71 10.06
15 250 .. 3750 421 .00 10.02
16 245 3920 · 423 .75 10.09
17 238 4046 422 .50 10.06
18 231 4158 420 .60 10.01
19 226 4294 421 .80 10.04
20 221 4420 422.55 10.06
21 216 4536 422.84 10.07
22 211 4642 422 .68 10.06

71
 SHEAR STRESS AND SHEAR RATE

Shear stress is a function of the bob surface area and the spring
strength. The units for shear stress are dynes/ sq cm when the viscosi- Rpm SHEAR RATE SEC-' FACTOR
ty is in poise or centipoise. The shear stress = 5 .11 x dial reading
for the standard Chan 35 Viscometer. .., Traditional {
600 1022.00 0.5
300 511.00 1.0
Shear rate is a function of the test speed in rpm . The units for Speeds for
200 340.00 1.5
API Viscosity
shear rate are sec·'. Shear rate = I .70 x rpm for the Chan 35 100 170.00 3.0
Viscometer.
60 102.00 5.0
HOW TO COMPUTE VISCOSITY 30 51 .10 10.0
20 34.10 15.0
Viscosity is usually computed in Poise, (P), or in centipoise (cP). 10 17.00 30.0
(I poise = 100 centipoise). Viscosity is shear stress divided by shear Traditional
rate, so for the Chan 35 we compute:
Viscosity = Dial reading x 300
Speeds for
API Gels
{ 6
3
10.20
5.11
50.0
100.0
rpm 2 3.40 150.0
300 = 5.11 X _!QQ_ 1 1.70 300.0
1.70
NOTE: Viscosity in centipoise = Dial Reading x Factor
Viscosity in centipoise = Dial Reading x Factor

Potassium Chloride (KCI) Water or CLAYFIX™ Material (Ammonium Chloride) Water

VOLUME DESCRIPTION 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%

Water (Gals) 996 993 989 985 980

1000 Gals
CLAYFIX™ Material or KCI (lbs) 82 165 247 328 408

Water (Gals) 747 745 742 739 735

750 Gals
CLAYFIX™ Material or KCI (lbs) 62 124 186 248 310

Water (Gals) 498 497 495 493 490

500 Gals
CLAYFIX™ Material or KCI (lbs) 41 83 124 165 204

Water (Gals) 249 248 247 247 245

250 Gals
CLAYFIX™ Material or KCI (lbs) 21 41 62 83 102

Water (Gals) 418 417 416 415 414

10 Bbls
CLAYFI X™ Material or KCI (lbs) 35 70 104 139 174

ACID LOADING GUIDELINES PER 1000 GALLONS

ACID
~~ 2
0 F►1A™
Comp.
Fe-2 36% AF ALCL3 CLAYFIX™
MATERIAL
(Galo) (Galo) (Galo) (Lbs) (Gals) (Galo) (Lbs)

15% HCI Acid

~7 ~ 8

10% HCI Acid

~2 ~3
7 1/2% HCI Acid
~6 ~7
5% HCI Acid
~9 ~3
15 % Fe AcidTM Composition
~1 ~8 10 50

~6
288
10% Fe Acid™ Composition 10 50
253

7 1/2% Fe Acid™ Composition

~0 ~7 10 50

REG HF Acid
~5 ~2 156

13 1/2% · 1 1/2% HCI-HF Acid

~8 ~4 78

7 1/2% · 1 1/2% HCI-HF Acid

~0 ~4 78

REG Fe Acid™-HF Composition

~9 ~2 10 50 156

13 1/2% - 1 1/2% Fe Acid™ -HF Composition

~2 ~4 10 50 78

7 1/2% - 1 1/2% Fe Acid™-HF Composition

~644 ~4 10 50 78

RHF Acid
~0 ~6 78 77

CLAYFIX™ Acidizing Process 899 78 350

NOTES: 1 . AU additives (Inhibitors. Surfactants, Solvents , etc .) are subtracted from the H20 Volume required .
2 . AU solvents (Musel , Methanol , IPA , etc .) are calculated from the total volume ot prepared acid .
3 . Double strength Fe Acid contains k20 gallons Fe1 A and 100 lbs. Fe-2 .

72
 DENSITY OF SAND SLURRY MIX

SLURRY WEIGHT, LB/GAL (Y) SAND CONCENTRATION LB/GAL FLUID (Z)

16.5 10

--v-- ~~ 8

--- ~-----
16

15.5 - 6

------
.......
_,,,,..,,.,.,.. ~ _,,,.. 4
15

- ------
~
- ~
.....
_,,,,..,,.,.,.. ~ 2
14.5
---- ------ ...... 1.5

14

13.5
-----
- ------- --- -----
-----
-----
l---'"'------- ,,,.......
_,,,,..,,.,.,.. i...------
_,,,..,. ~
~~
..... ~
_,,,..,. ~ ~
1
.5

------ v---- ------

~ _,/

---- --- -------~

13

12.5
l---'"' v-- ..... __.,,,,,_ ~
~ __,,..
~ ~
~ ~V
12

115 ......
---
~
~ ......
_.,,,,,,- -- _......-: c:--::::--:::::
~ ~V
::.,...------

11

10.5
~ ~~ ~
10
~ ~ V'
9 .5
~~~
9
~~
~

8 .5
8 .5 9 9 .5 10 10.5 11 11 .5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14
CARRIER FLUID WEIGHT, LB/GAL (X)
Y = (X+Z)/ (1 +(Z • .0456))

DENSITY OF SAND SLURRY MIX

SLURRY WEIGHT, LB/GAL (Y) SAND CONCENTRATION LB/GAL FLUID (Z)

18 22
20
18
17.5 I I I I I I I I I ::A -c::::::: => r => <7
16
14
17 I I I I I I I J -c::::::: d <= => of"" ::::> -<F :::> <1
12
16.5 I I I I I J<= :!,.,<= J< J,,< ;;t< i,,< I

16 I I I :Jo-< I:::>.-::: L>-< I::::>-< I:::::>< I ::::>-< I I I

15.5 I ,_.-c::::::: I ::::> < I ::::> < I ::::>- <1 ::::>- "f ?f < I I I I

15 l::::>«-1 ::::>.....-::J :;;,1< L,,C I 7< I I I I I I

14.5

14

13.5

13

8.5 9 9 .5 10 10.5 11 11 .5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14

CARRIER FLUID WEIGHT, LB/GAL (X)
Y = (X+Z)/ (1 +(Z • .0456))
n
 CASING DATA

SIZE WEIGHT ID DRIFT CAPACITY SIZE WEIGHT ID DRIFT CAPACITY

INCHES LBS/FT INCHES INCHES BBLS/100FT INCHES LBS/FT INCHES INCHES BBLS/100FT

9.50 4.090 3.965 1.63 7 ¼ 46.10 6.560 6.500 4 .18

10.50 4.052 3.927 1.59 7.972 6.37
24 .00 8.097
11 .60 4.000 3.875 1.55 8.017 7.892 6 .24
28.00
12.60 3.958 3.833 1.52 7.796 6.09
32 .00 7.921
13.50 3.920 3.795 1.49 7.700 5.95
36.00 7.825
15.10 3.826 3.701 1.42 7.600 5.80
8% 40 .00 7.725
16.60 3.754 3.629 1.37 7.500 5.65
4 ½ 44 .00 7.625
16.90 3.740 3.615 1.36 7.386 5.48
49 .00 7.51 1
17.70 3.696 3.571 1.33 7.310 5.37
52 .00 7.435
18.80 3.640 3.515 1.29
21 .60 3.500 3.375 1.19 8¾ 49 .70 7.636 7.500 5.66
24.60 3.380 3.255 1.11 29.30 9 .063 8 .907 7.98
26.50 3.240 3.115 1.02 32.30 9.001 8.845 7.87
11 .50 4.560 4 .435 2.02 36.00 8 .921 8.765 7.73
13.00 4.494 4.369 1.96 38.00 8.885 8.760 7.67
15.00 4.408 4 .283 1.89 40.00 8 .835 8.679 7.58
18.00 4.276 4.151 1.78 43.50 8 .755 8.599 7.45
20.30 4.184 4.059 1.70 47.00 8.681 8.525 7.32
20.80 4.156 4.031 1.68 53.50 8.535 8.379 7.08
5 9% 58.40 8.435 8.279 6 .91
21 .40 4.126 4.001 1.65
23.20 4.044 3.919 1.59 59.40 8 .407 8.251 6 .87
24.20 4.000 3.875 1.55 61.10 8 .375 8.219 6.81
26.70 3.876 3.751 1.46 64.90 8 .281 8.125 6.66
32.00 3.620 3.495 1.27 70.30 8 .157 8.001 6.46
71 .80 8.125 7.969 6 .41
13.00 5.044 4.919 2.47
14.00 5.012 4.887 2.44 9 l/• 59.20 8.560 8.500 7.12
15.50 4.950 4.825 2.38
9 '/, 62.80 8.625 8.500 7.23
17.00 4.892 4.767 2.32
20.00 4.778 4.653 2.22 32.75 10.192 10.036 10.09
23.00 4.670 4 .545 2.12 35.75 10.136 10.011 9.98
5 ½ 26.00 4.548 4.423 2.01 40.50 10.050 9.894 9.81
28.40 4.440 4.315 1.91 45.50 9 .950 9.794 9.62
29.70 4.376 4 .251 1.86 51 .00 9.850 9.694 9.42
32.30 4.276 4.151 1.78 55.50 9.760 9.604 9.25
36.40 4.090 3 .965 1.62 60.70 9.660 9.504 9.06
10 ¾
39.30 4.044 3.919 1.59 65.70 9.560 9.404 8.88
71. 10 9.450 9.294 8.67
15.00 5.542 5 .399 2.98
73.20 9.406 9.250 8.59
18.00 5.424 5 .299 2.86
76.00 9 .350 9.194 8.49
20.00 5.352 5.227 2.78
6 79.20 9 .282 9.126 8.37
23.00 5.240 5.115 2.67
81 .00 9.250 9.094 8.31
26.00 5.132 5.007 2.56
38.00 11 .150 10.994 12.08
17.00 6.135 6.010 3.66
42 .00 11 .084 10.928 11 .93
20.00 6.049 5.924 3.55
47 .00 11.000 10.844 11 .75
24.00 5.921 5.796 3.41
54 .00 10.880 10.724 11 .50
28.00 5.791 5.666 3.26
60.00 10.772 10.616 11 .27
6 % 32.00 5.675 5.550 3.13
65.00 10.682 10.526 11.08
35.00 5.575 5.450 3.02
66.70 10.656 10.500 11 .03
43.20 5.375 5.250 2.81
71 .00 10.586 10.430 10.89
69.63 4.375 4.250 1.86
11 3/ , 73.60 10.532 10.376 10.78
17.00 6.538 6.413 . 4.15 75 .00 10.514 10.358 10.74
20.00 6.456 6.331 4.05 76.00 10.500 10.344 10.71
23.00 6.366 6.241 3.94 79 .00 10.438 10.282 10.58
26.00 6.276 6.151 3.83 80.50 10.406 10.250 10.52
29.00 6.184 6.059 3.71 83 .00 10.368 10.212 10.44
32 .00 6.094 5.969 3.61 87 .20 10.282 10.126 10.27
35.00 6.004 5.879 3.50 95.00 10.124 9.968 9.96
38.00 5.920 5.795 3.40
5.695 3.29 11 '!. 71 .80 10.711 10.625 11 .14
7 41 .00 5.820
42.70 5.750 5.625 3.21 12.715 12.559 15.71
48.00
44.00 5.720 5.595 3.18 12.615 12.459 15.46
54.50
46.00 5.660 5.535 3.11 12.515 12.359 15.21
61 .00
49.50 5.540 5.415 2.98 12.415 12.259 14.97
68.00
56.10 5.376 5.251 2.81 12.347 12.191 14.81
72.00
58.00 5.240 5.115 2.67 77 .00 12.275 12.119 14.64
66.50 5.040 4 .915 2.47 12.215 12.059 14.49
80.70
20.00 7.125 7.000 4.93 83.00 12.175 12.019 14.40
24.00 7.025 6 .900 4.79 13 % 85.00 12.159 12.003 14.36
26.40 6.969 6.844 4.72 86.00 12.125 11 .969 14.28
29.70 6.875 6.750 4.59 91 .00 12.055 11 .899 14.12
33.70 6.765 6.640 4.45 92.00 12.031 11 .875 14.06
7% 6 .500 4.26 96.00 11 .975 11 .819 13.93
39.00 6.625
42.80 6.501 6 .376 4.11 98.00 11 .937 11 .78 1 13.84
45.30 6.435 6 .310 4.02 100.30 11 .907 11 .751 13.77
47.10 6.375 6 .250 3.95 102.00 11 .889 11 .733 13.73
51.20 6.249 6 .125 3.80 12.340 14.79
13 ½ 81 .40 12.250
52.80 6.201 6 .000 3.74
55.75 6.201 6.176 3.74 13 % 88.20 12.375 12.250 14.88

74
 API TUBING TABLE

Threaded Coupling Joint Yield Capacity

Nominal Weight Strength Table
Tubing Size Coupling Outside Dia. Col- Internal
T&C Wall
Thick- Inside Drift Non- Upset Upset lapse Yield T&C
Norn. I OD
Non-
Upset
T&C
Upset ness Dia. Dia. Upset
in.
Reg.
in.
Spec.
in.
Resis•
lance
Pres-
sure
Non-
Upset
T&C
Upset
Barrels
Per
Lin. Ft.
Per
,n. in. lb/It lb/It Grade in. in. in.
I psi psi lb lb Lin. Ft. Barrel
1.050 1.14 1.20 H-40 .113 .824 .730 1.313 1.660 7,200 7,530 6,360 13,300 .0007 1516.13
1.050 1.14 1.20 J-55 .113 .824 .730 1.313 1.660 9,370 10,360 8,740 18,290 .0007 1516.13
¾ 1.313 1.660 12,250 14,120 11,920 24,940 .0007 1516.13
1.050 1.14 1.20 C-75 .113 .824 .730
1.050 1.14 1.20 N-80 .113 .824 .730 1.313 1.660 12,970 15,070 12,710 26,610 .0007 1516.13

1.315 1.70 1.80 H-40 .133 1.049 .955 1.660 1.900 6,820 7,080 10,960 19,760 .0011 935.49
1.315 1.70 1.80 J-55 .133 1.049 .955 1.660 1.900 8.860 9,730 15,060 27,160 .0011 935.49
1 1.049 .955 1.660 1.900 11,590 13,270 20,540 37,040 .0011 935.49
1.315 1.70 1.80 C-75 .133
1.315 1.70 1.80 N-80 .133 1.049 .955 1.660 1.900 12,270 14,160 21,910 39,510 .0011 935.49
1.660 H-40 .125 1.410 5,220 5,270 .0019 517.79
1.660 2.30 2.40 H-40 .140 1.380 1.286 2.054 2.200 5,790 5,900 15,530 26,740 .0018 540.55
1.660 J-55 .125 1.410 6,790 7,250 .0019 51 7.79
11;, 1.660 2.30 2.40 J-55 .140 1.380 1.286 2.054 2.200 7,530 8,120 21,360 36,TT0 .0018 540.55
1.660 2.30 2.40 C-75 .140 1.380 1.286 2.054 2.200 9,840 11 ,070 29,120 50,140 .0018 540.55
1.660 2.30 2.40 N-80 .140 1.380 1.286 2.054 2.200 10,420 11,810 31,060 53,480 .0018 540.55
1.900 H-40 .1 25 1.650 4,450 4,610 .0026 378.11
1.900 2.75 2.90 H-40 .145 1.610 1.516 2.200 2.500 5,290 5,340 19,090 31,980 .0025 397.14
1.900 J-55 .125 1.650 5,790 6,330 .0026 378.11
1½: 1.900 2.75 2.90 J-55 .145 1.610 1.516 2.200 2.500 6,870 7,350 26,250 43,970 .0025 397.14
1.900 2.75 2.90 C-75 .145 1.610 1.516 2.200 2.500 8,990 10,020 35,800 59,960 .0025 397.14
1.900 2.75 2.90 N-80 .145 1.610 1.516 2.200 2.500 9,520 10,680 38,180 63,960 .0025 397.14

2.063 H-40 .156 1.751 5,240 5,290 .0030 335,75

2.063 J-55 .156 1.751 6,820 7,280 .0030 335.75
2 1/,, C-75 .156 1.751 8,910 9,920 .0030 335.75
2.063
2.063 N-80 .156 1.751 9,440 10,590 .0030 335.75

2.375 4.00 H-40 .167 2.041 1.947 2.875 4,880 4,920 30,130 .0040 247.12
2.375 4.60 4.70 H-40 .190 1.995 1.901 2.875 3.063 2.910 5,520 5,600 35,960 52,170 .0039 258.65
2.375 4.00 J-55 .167 2.041 1.947 2.873 6,340 6,770 41,430 .0040 I 247.12
2.375 4.60 4.70 J-55 .190 1.995 1.901 2.875 3.063 2.910 7,180 7,700 49,450 71 ,730 .0039 258.65
2.375 4.00 C-75 .167 2.041 1.947 2.875 8.150 9.230 56,500 .0040 247.12
2.375 4.60 4.70 C-75 .190 1.995 1.901 2.875 3.063 2.910 9,380 10,500 67,430 97,820 .0039 258.65
2.375 5.80 5.95 C-75 .254 1.867 1.773 2.875 3.063 2.910 12,180 14,040 96,560 126,940 .0034 295.33
2%
2.375 4.00 N-80 .167 2.041 1.947 2.875 8,660 9,840 60,260 .0040 247.12
2.375 4.60 4.70 N-80 .190 1.995 1.901 2.875 3.063 2.910 9,940 11,200 71,930 104,340 .0039 258.65
2.375 5.80 5.95 N-80 .254 1.867 1.773 2.875 3.063 2.910 12,890 14,970 102,990 135,400 .0034 295.33
2.375 4.60 4.70 P-105 .190 1.995 1.901 2.875 3.063 2.910 13,250 14,700 94,410 136,940 .0039 258.65
2.375 5.80 5.95 P-105 .254 1.867 1.773 2.875 3.063 2.910 17,190 19.650 135,180 177,710 .0034 295.33

2.875 6.40 6.50 H-40 .217 2.441 2.347 3.500 3.668 3.460 5,230 5,280 52,780 72,480 .0058 172.76
I 2.875
2.875
6.40
6.40
6.50
6.50
J-55
C-75
.217
.217
2.441
2.441
2.347
2.347
3.500
3.500
3.668
3.668
3.460
3.460
6,800
8,900
7,260
9,910
72,580
98,970
99,660
135,900
.0058
.0058
172.76
172.76
I 2.875 8.60 8.70 C-75 .308 2.259 2.165 3.500 3.668 3.460 12,200 14,060 149,360 185,290 .0050 201.72
2% 2.875 6.40 6.50 N-80 .217 2.441 2.347 3.500 3.668 3.460 9,420 10,570 105,570 144,960 .0058 172.76
2.875 8.60 8.70 N-80 .308 2.259 2.165 3.500 3.668 3.460 12,920 15,000 159,310 198,710 .0050 201.72
2.875 6.40 6.50 P-105 .217 2.441 2.347 3.500 3.668 3.460 12,560 13,870 138,560 190,260 .0058 172.76
.308 2.259 2.165 3.500 3.668 3.460 17,220 19,690 209,100 260,810 .0050 201.72
I 2.875 8.60 8.70 P-105
2.943 4.250 4,070 4,320 65,070 .0091 109.37
3.500 7.70 H-40 .216 3.068
3.500 9.20 9.30 H-40 .254 2.992 2.867 4.250 4.500 4.180 5,050 5,080 79,540 103,610 .0087 114.99
3.500 10.20 H-40 .289 2.922 2.797 4.250 5,680 5,780 92,550 .0083 120.57
3.500 7.70 J-55 .216 3.068 2.943 4.250 5,290 5,940 89,470 .0091 109.37
3.500 9.20 9.30 J-55 .254 2.992 2.867 4.250 4.500 4.180 6,560 6,980 109,370 142,460 .0087 114.99
3.500 10.20 J-55 .289 2.922 2.797 4.250 7,390 7,950 127,250 .0083 120.57
7.70 C-75 .216 3.068 2.943 4.250 6,690 8,100 122,010 .0091 109.37
i 3.500 9,520 149,140 194,260 .0087 114.99
3.500 9.20 9.30 C-75 .254 2.992 2.867 4.250 4.500 4.180 8,530
3½ 3.500 10.20 C-75 .289 2.922 2.797 4.250 9,660 10,840 173,530 .0083 120.57
I 3.500 12.70 12.95 C-75
N-80
.375
.216
2.750
3.068
2.625
2.943
4.250
4.250
4.500 4.180 12,200
7,080
14,060
8,640
230,990
130,140
276,120 .0073
.0091
136.12
109.37
3.500 7.70
2.867 4.180 9,080 10,160 159,090 207,220 .0087 114.99
! 3.500 9.20 9.30 N-80 .254 2.992
2.922 2.797
4.250
4.250
4.500
10,230 11 ,560 185,100 .0083 120.57
' 3.500 10.20 N-80 .289
2.625 4.250 4.500 4.180 12,920 15,000 246,390 294,530 .0073 136.1 2
i 3.500 12.70 12.95 N-80 .375
.254
2.750
2.992 2.867 4.250 4.500 4.180 12,110 13,330 208,800 271,970 .0087 114.99
3.500 9.20 9.30 P-105
12.70 12.95 P-105 .375 2.750 2.625 4.250 4.500 4.180 17,200 19,690 323,390 386,570 .0073 136.12
3.500
4.000 9.50 H-40 .226 3.548 3.423 4.750 3,580 3,960 72,000 .0122 81.78
11 .00 H-40 .262 3.476 3.351 5.000 4,420 4,580 123,070 .0117 85.20
4.000
9.50 J-55 .226 3.548 3.423 4.750 4,650 5,440 99,010 .0122 81 .78
4.000
11.00 J-55 .262 3.476 3.351 5.000 5,750 6,300 169,220 .0117 85.20
4.000
4 9.50 C-75 .226 3.548 3.423 4.750 5,800 7,420 135,010 .0122 81.78
4.000
11.00 C-75 .262 3.476 3.351 5.000 7,330 8,600 230,750 .0117 85.20
4.000
.0122
4.000
4.000
9.50
11 .00
N-80
N-80
.226
.262
3.548
3.476
3.423
3.351 I 4.750 5.000
6,120
7,780
7,910
9,170
144,010
246,140 .0117
81.78
85.20
4.500 12.60 12.75 H-40 .271 3.958 3.833 5.200 5.563 3,930 4,220 104,360 144,020 .0152 65.71

4½
I 4.500 12.60 12.75
12.75
J -55
C-75
.271
.271
3.958
3.958
3.833
3.833
5.200
5.200
5.563
5.563
5,100
6,430
5,800
7,900
143,500
195,680
198,030
270,040
.0152
.0152
65.71
65.71
4.500 12.60
4.500 12.75 N-80 .271 3.958 3.833 5.200 5.563 6,810 8,430 208,730 288,040 .0152 65.71
I 12.60

75
 AREAS OF CIRCLES

Area = .7853981634 x 0 2

Diam. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 I 17 Diam.
0
'.4.
-
.000192
.7854
.8101
3.1 416
3.1909
7.0686 12.566
7.1424 12.665
19.635
19.753
28.2,,
28 '2
38.485
38.656
50.266
50.462
63.617
63.838
78.540
78.785
95.033 113.10
95.303 113.39
132.73
133.05
153.94
154.28
176.71
177.08
20H
201
1 226.98
227.40 ¼.
0

½, .000767 .8352 3.2405 7.2166 12.763 19.881 28.570 38.829 50.659 64.060 79.031 95.574 113.69 133.37 154.63 177.45 201.a. , 227.82 ½,
%, .001726 .8607 3.2906 7.2912 12.863 20.005 28.718 39.002 50.856 64.282 79.278 95.845 113.98 133.69 154.97 177.82 202.24 ' 228.23 %.
¼. .003068 .8866 3.3410 7.3662 12.962 20. 129 28.866 39.175 51 .054 64.504 79.525 95.1 16 114.23 134.01 155.32 178.19 202.64 228.65 ½,
'4. .004794 .9129 3.3918 7.4415 13.062_ 20.253 29.015 39.348 51 .252 64.727 79.772 96.388 114.57 134.33 155.66 178.56 203.03 229.07 '4.
'I,, .006903 .9306 3.4430 7.5173 13.162 20.378 29.165 39.522 51.450 64.950 80.019 96.660 114.87 134.65 156.01 178.93 203.43 229.49 ¾,
'4. .009396 .9666 3.4946 7.5934 13.263 20.503 29.315 39.696 51 .649 65.173 80.267 96.932 115.17 134.98 156.35 179.30 203.82 229.91 'I,,
¼ .01227 .9940 3.5466 7.6699 13.364 20.629 29.465 39.871 51,849 65.397 80.516 97.205 115.47 135.30 156.70 179.67 204.22 230.33 ¼
'.4.. .01553 1.0218 3.5989 7.7468 13.465 20.755 29.615 40.046 52.048 65.621 8Cl.764 97.479 115.76 135.62 157.05 180.04 204.61 230.75 'I..
¾, .01917 1.0500 3.6516 7.8241 13.567 20.881 29.766 40.222 52.248 65.845 81 .013 95.752 116.06 135.94 157.39 180.42 205.01 231 .17 ¾,
,¼. .02320 1.0786 3.7048 7.9017 13.669 21.008 29.917 40.398 52.448 66.070 81.263 98.026 116.36 136.27 157.74 180.79 205.40 231.59 '¼.

·~'I,.

'I,,
.02761
.03240
.03758
1.1075
1.1369
1.1666
3.7583
3.8121
3.8664
7.9798
8 .0582
13.772
13.875
8.1370 13.978
21.135
21 .263
21.391
30.069
30.221
30.374
40.574
40.750
40.927
52.649
52.850
53.052
66.296
66.521
66.747
81.513
81 .763
82.014
98.301 116.66
98.575 116.96
98.850 117.26
136.59
136.91
137.24
158.09
158.44
158.79
181 .16
181.53
181 .91
205.80
206.20
206.60
232.01
232.44
232.86
·~,..
3/,.

'I,,
,3/•• .04314 1.1967 3.9211 8.2162 14.082 21 .519 30.526 41.105 53.254 66.974 82.265 99.126 117.56 137.56 159.14 182.28 206.99 233.28 "!..
v. .04909 1.2272 3.9761 8 .2958 14.186 21.648 30.680 41.282 53.456 67.201 82.516 99.402 117.86 137.89 159.48 182.65 207.39 233.71 '/4
'¾. .05541 1.2577 4 .0315 8.3757 14.291 21.777 30.833 41 .461 53.659 67.428 82.768 99.678 118.16 138.21 159.83 183.03 207.79 234.13 "!..
'/2, .06213 1.2893 4.0873 8.4561 14.396 21 .906 30.987 41.639 53.862 67.655 83.020 99.955 118.46 138.54 160.19 183.40 208.19 234.55 '/2,
,%. .06922 1.3209 4.1435 8.5368 14.501 22.036 31 .141 41 .818 54.065 67.883 83.272 100.232 118.76 138.86 160.54 183.78 208.59 234.98 n,4.
¾, .07670 1.3530 4.2000 8.6179 14.607 22.166 31.296 41 .997 54.269 68.112 83.525 100.509 119.06 139.19 160.89 184.15 208.99 235.40 'I,,
2¼,. .08456 1.3854 4.2570 8.6994 14.713 22.297 31 .451 42.177 54.473 68.341 83.779 100.787 119.37 139.52 161 .24 184.53 209.39 235.83 "4.
'½, .09281 1.4182 4.3143 8.7813 14.819 22.428 31.607 42.357 54.678 68.570 84.032 101.066 119.67 139.84 161.59 184.91 209.79 236.25 '½2
23/•• .1014 1.4513 4.3720 8.8636 14.926 22.559 31.763 42.537 54.883 68.799 84.286 101 .344 119.97 140.17 161.94 185.28 210.20 236.68 23/,.
% .1104 1.4849 4.4301 8.9462 15.033 22.691 31 .919 42.718 55.088 69.029 84.541 101.623 120.28 140.50 162.30 185.66 210.60 237.10 'I,
"'.i,. .1198 1.5188 4.4886 9.0292 15.141 22.823 32.076 42.899 55.294 69.259 84.796 101.903 120.58 140.83 162.65 186.04 211.00 237.53 '%.
'3/:12 .1296 1.5532 4.5475 9.1126 15.249 22.955 32.233 43.081 55.500 69.490 85.051 102.182 120.88 141 .16 163.00 186.42 211.40 237.96 '3/,,
2%, .1398 1.5879 4.6067 9.1964 15.357 23.088 32.390 43.263 55.707 69.721 85.306 102.462 121 .19 141.49 163.36 186.79 211.80 238.39 27/e,
,,
.,.,3/....,.
.1503 1.6230 4.6664 9.2806 15.466 23.221 32.548 43.445 55.914 69.953 85.562 102.743 121 .49 141 .82 163.71 187.17 212.21 238.81
.1613 1.6584 4.7264 9.3652 15.575 23.355 32.706 43.628 56.121 70.184 e~.s19 103.024 121.80 142.15 164.06 187.55 212.61 239.24 "'
"I..
'¾, .1726 1.6943 4.7868 9.4501 15.684 23.489 32.865 43.81 1 56.329 70.417 86.075 103.305 122. 11 142.48 164.42 187.93 213.02 239.67 ''/,,
314, .1843 1.7305 4.8476 9.5354 15.794 23.623 33.024 43.995 56.537 70.649 86.333 103.587 122.43 142.81 164.77 188.31 213.42 240.10 31/e,

1/i ,1963 1.7671 4.9088 9.6212 15.904 23.758 33.183 44.179 56.745 70.882 86.590 103.869 122.72 143.14 165.13 188.69 213.82 240.53 V,
"I,. .2088 1.8042 4.9703 9.7072 16.015 23,893 33.343 44.363 56.954 71.116 86.8':S 104.151 123.03 143.47 165.49 189.07 214.23 240.96 "!..
17/22 .2217 1.8415 5.0322 9.7937 16.126 24.029 33.503 44.548 57.163 71 .349 87.106 104.434 123.33 143.80 165.84 189.45 214.64 241 .39 17/22
35.4. .2349 1.8793 5.0946 9.8806 16.237 24.165 33.663 44.733 57.373 71.583 87.365 104.717 123.64 144.13 166.20 189.83 215.04 241 .82 3%,
'I, , .2485 1.9175 5.1573 9 .9678 16.349 24.301 33.824 44.918 57.583 71.818 87.624 105.001 123.95 144.47 166.56 190.22 215.45 242..2 5 'I,,
>.%.,. .2625 1.9560 5.2203 10.0554 16.461 24.438 33.985 45.104 57.793 72.053 87.883 105.285 124.26 144.80 166.91 190.60 215.85 242.68 ' %.
1%2 .2769 1.9949 5.2838 10.1435 16.574 24.575 34.147 45.290 58.004 72.288 88.143 105.569 124.57 145.13 167.27 190.98 216.26 243.11 191.,2
3%, .2916 2.0342 5.3477 10.2318 16.687 24.713 34.309 45.477 58.215 72.524 88.404 105.804 124.88 145.47 167.63 191.36 216.67 243.54 lo/u
% .3068 2.0739 5.4119 10.3206 16.800 24.850 34.472 45.664 58.426 72.760 88.664 106.139 125.19 145.80 167.99 191 .75 2 17.08 243.98 %
'¼. .3223 2. 11 40 5.4765 10.4098 16.914 24.989 34.634 45.851 58.638 72.996 88.925 106.425 125.50 146.14 168.35 19213 2 17.48 244.41 ' ¼.
2½2 .3382 2.1 545 5.5415 10.4994 17.028 25.127 34.798 46.039 58.850 73.233 89.186 106.711 125.81 146.47 168.71 192.52 217.89 244.84 2½2
"!.. .3545 2.1953 5.6069 10.5893 17.1 42 25.266 34.961 46.227 59.063 73.470 89.448 106.997 126.12 146.81 169.07 192.90 218.30 245.28 ' %,
'¾. .3712 2.2365 5.6727 10.6796 17.257 25.406 35.125 46.415 59.276 73.708 89.710 107.284 126.43 147.14 169.43 193.28 218.71 245.71 '½,
''4. .3883 2.2782 5.7388 10.7703 17.372 25.546 35.289 46.604 59.489 73.946 89.973 107.571 126.74 147.48 169.79 193.67 219.12 246.14 •<.4.
23/2 2 .4057 2.3201 5.8054 10.8614 17.488 25.686 35.454 46.793 59.703 74.184 90.236 107.858 127.05 147.82 170.1 5 194.06 219.53 246.58 '½,
"4.
¾
.4236
.4418
2.3623
2.4053
5.8723 10.9528 17.604
5.9396 11.0447 17.721
25.826
25.967
35.619
35.785
46.983
47.173
59.917
60.132
74.423
74.662
90.499 108.146 127.36
90.763 108.434 127.68
148.15
148.49
170.51
170.87
194.44
194.83
219.94
220.35
247.01
247.45
"•·
¼
''I.. .4604 2.4484 6.0073 11.1369 17.837 26.108 35.951 47.363 60.347 74.901 91.027 108.723 127.99 148.83 171.24 195.21 220.76 247.89 ' %.
' ½, .4794 2.4929 6.0753 11 .2295 17.954 26.250 36.117 47.554 60.562 75.141 91.291 109.012 128.30 149.17 171 .60 195.60 221 .18 248.32 2¾2
s,4, .4987 2.5359 6.1438 11.3236 18.072 26.392 36.283 47.745 60.778 75.382 91 .556 109.301 128.62 149.50 171 .96 195.99 221 .59 248.76 s¼,
'3/,.
63/..
.5185
.5386
2.5802
2.6248
6.2126 11 .4159 18.190
6.2819 11.5096 18.308
26.535
26.678
36.450
36.678
47.937
48.129
60.994
61.211
75.622
75. 863
91.821 109.591
92.087 109.881
128.93
129.25
149.84
150.18
172.32
172.69
196.38
196.77
222.00
222.41
249.20
249.63
·~.
"I,.
2¾2 .5591 2.6699 6.3515 11.6038 18.427 26.821 36.787 48.321 61.427 76.105 92.353 110.171 129.56 150.52 173.05 197.15 222.83 250.07 271,2
so/., .5800 2.7153 6.4215 11.6983 18.546 26.964 36.954 48.514 61.645 76.346 92.619 110.462 129.88 150.86 173.42 197.54 223.24 250.51 "!.,
.,'I,,.. .6013
.6230
2.7612
2.8074
6.4918 11 .7933 18.665
6.5626 11.8885 18.785
27.109
27.252
37.122
37.291
48.707
48.900
61.862
62.080
76.589
76.831
92.886 110.753 130.19
93.153 111 .045 130.51
151.20
151.54
173.78
174.15
197.93
198.32
223.65
224.07
250.95
251 .39
'4
"4.
2%2 .6450 2.8540 6.6337 11 .9842 18.906 27.398 37.461 49.094 62.299 77.074 93.420 111 .337 130.82 151.88 174.51 198.71 224.48 251.83 u/22
u/_. .6675 2.9010 6.7052 12.0803 19.026 27.543 37.630 49.288 62.518 77.317 93.688 111 .630 131.14 152.22 174.88 199.10 224.90 252.26 se4,

'¾. .6903 2.9483 6.7771 12.1768 19.147 27.688 37.800 49.483 62.737 77.561 93.956 111.922 131.46 152.57 175.25 199.49 225.31 252.70 ''/,,
'¼. .7135 2.9961 6.8494 12.2736 19.268 27.834 37.971 49.678 62.956 77.805 94.225 112.215 131.78 152.91 175.61 199.89 225.73 253.15 ' ¼.
3½2 .7371 3.0442 6.9221 12.3708 19.390 27.981 38.142 49.874 63.176 78.050 94.494 112.509 132.09 153.25 175.98 200.28 226.15 253.59 3½2
"¾, .7610 3.0927 6.9952 12.4684 19.512 28.127 38.313 50.069 63.396 78.295 94.763 112.803 132.41 153.59 176.35 200.67 226.56 254.03 '%.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ,a 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

76
 CONVERSION FACTORS APPLYING TO OIL COUNTRY CALCULATIONS
Acre = 43.560 squa re tee1 fool per second = 68181 mile per hour Mi le per riour = 1 4667 tee! per secono
Acre = 4.047 square melers Foot pound = 001186 BrillSh Thermal Uml Ounce (Avo1n:lupo1s) = 18 3495 grams
Acre loot = 7.758 oarreis Foot pound per seconcl = 001818 horse power Pan per m1111on = 05835 gram per gallon
Atmosphere = 33 94 tee1 ol water Gallon {U S ) = 02381 barrel Pan per m1111on = 8 345 pounos per mIlhon gals
A1mosohere = 19 91 inches ot mercury Gallon (US ) = 1337 cubic feet Pascal 1Pa) = 0 000 14 5 pound per square inch
Atmosphere = 760 0 m1ll1me1ers al mercury Gallon (US J = 131 000 CUOIC inches Pouna = 7000 grams
Atmosphere = 14 70 pounos per square mch Gallon (U S ) = 3 785 liters Pound = 4536 Kilogram
Bar = 14 '504 pounos per sq uare inch Gallon (U S ) = 8317 gallon (Imperial) Pound per square mch = 1 309 reel ot water @ 60 °F
Barrel = 5 61<16 cubic ree1 Gallon (U S J = 0 003785 cuoIc me Iers Pouno per square inch = 2 0353 inches ot mercury
Barrel = 41 0 gallo~s Gallon (Imperial) = I 1009 gallons tU S) Pouno per sq uare inch = 51 697 m1UImeIers of mercury
Barrel ol waler @ 60°F = 1588 metric ton Gallon (Imperial ) = 277 274 cuDIc mcnes Pouna per square mch = 0703 kilograms per sq cm
Barrel (36° AP I) = 1342 met ric ton Gallon per mInu1e = 1 429 barrels per hour PounCI per square mch = 0 06B9 oar
Barrel per hOur = 0936 cuoIc tee! oer mmule Gallon per mInu1e = 1337 cuDIC lee! per mmu !e Pouna per square men = 006B95 Mega Pascal (MPa J
Barrel per nour = 700 gallon per minute Gallon per mmule = 34 186 barrels per aay Pouna per square men = 6 B95 K1!0 Pascal {KPa)
Barrel per hOur = 1 695 cubic mcnes per secona Gram = 03517 ounce Pouno per square men = 6895 Pascal (Pa )
Barrel per aay = 02917 gallon per minute Horse- power = 42 44 B T U s per minute PounCI per m1t1Ion gals = 00700 gram oer gallon
Br1t1sh Tnermal Unit = 1510 kltogram calorie Horse-power = 33 .000 1001 -pounos per minute Pouna per mIlhon gals = 11982 parts per m1ll1on
Br111sh TnermaI UM = 1918 watt hOur Horse-power = 550 100I-pounos oer secono Quart (l1qu10) = 946 liter
B T U per mmu1e = 01356 norse power Horse-power = 1 01 4 Horse-power (me1rIc ) Sack cemen! (sen = 11 CU0IC 1ee!
Cen11meter = 3937 inc h Horse -oower = 7457 k1lowa1I Square centimeter = 1550 square men
Centimeter ot mercury = 1934 pouna per square inch Horse -power nour = 2.547 8r1t1sh Thermal UOJIS Squa1e loot = 0919 square meier
Cuo1c cenumeIer = 06101 CU0IC men Inch = 2 540 cen11meters Square Incn = 6 451 square cen1Ime1ers
Cuo1c 1001 = 1781 Darrel lncn o1 mercury = 1 134 tee1 ol wa1er Square k1lomeIer = 3861 square mile
Cuo1c 1001 = 7 4805 gallons (U S ) lncn 01 mercu,y = 4912 pouna per square men Square meter = 10 76 square 1ee1
Cubic 1001 = 01831 cubic me1e, Inch ot waler Cf! 60°f = 0361 oouna per square men Square mile = 1 590 square kilometers
CutllC l001 = 9091 sacks cement (set) Kilogram = 2 2046 pounas Temp Cent1graae = 5/9 P erno °F - 32)
Cubic tool per mmu1e = 10 686 barrels per nour Kilogram Catone = 3 96B Brir1sn Thermal Untls remp Fanrenne11 = 9/ 5 (lemo °C) + 32
Cuo1c toot per minute - 18 BOO cubic inches per secona Kilogram per sQuare cm = 14 223 pounos per square inch Temp Absolute (Keh11nI = Temp °C + 273
Cubic toor per mInuIe = 7 481 gallons per minute KIlome1er = 3 281 feel Temp Absolule (Rankine ) = Temo 0 r + 460
Cuo1c men = 16 387 cuoIc cen 1tme1ers Kilometer = 6214 mile Ton !long) = 1140 pounas
Cuo1c meter = 6 1B97 carrels Kilo Pascal (KPa ) = 0 145 pounas per square men Ton I MelflC) = 1105 oounas
Cuo1c me1er = 35 314 cubic feet K1lowa11 = 1 341 horse -power Ton (Shon or Nell = 2 000 pounos
Cubic meier = 1 308 cubic yaras Liter = 2642 gallon Ton {Metric) = 1 102 Tons isnort or nel)
Cuo1c meter = 264 20 gallon (U S I liter = I 0567 guarts Ton 1Me1r1cJ = 1 000 kilogram s
CuDtc yara = 4 8089 barrels Mega Pascal (MPa) = 145 03 pounCI per sQuare inch Ton (Me!nc) = 6 297 barrels ot wa1er @ 60°F
Cuo1c yaro = 46 6!>6 cubic mcne s Meter = 3 181 1eel Ton (Metri c) = 7 454 oarrels (36° A PI I
Cuo1c yarCI = 7646 cubic meter Meter = 39 37 mcnes Ton (S non or Neo = 907 ton Ime1r1cI
Foo1 = 30 48 cen11me1ers Mile = 5 1BO tee1 Watt-hour = 3 <I I~ 8r111Sh Thermal Uni!S
Fool = 3048 meter Mile = 1 609 kilometers Vara = 9144 me1er
Fool o! waier @ 60°F = 433 1 pouna oer square men

FRACTION, DECIMAL, MILLIMETER CONVERSION CHART

FRACTION DECIMAL MM FRACTION DECIMAL MM

To 1 To 2 To 3 To 1 To 2 To 3
4ths 8ths 16ths 32nds I 64ths Place Places Places 4ths 8ths 16ths 32nds I 64ths Place Places Places

I 'I,, 0.0 0.02 0.D16 .397 I 13.4• 0.5 0.52 0.516 13.097
½, 0.0 0.03 0.031 .794 11/n 0.5 0.53 0.531 13.494
I ¾, 0.0 0.05 0.047 1.191 I '¾. 0.6 0.55 0.547 13.891
1/1 & 0.1 0.06 0.062 1.588 '/11 0.6 0.56 0.562 14.288
I '!., 0 .1 0.08 0.078 1.984 I l'lu 0.6 0.58 0.578 14.684
'I,, 0.1 0.09 0.094 2.381 ''/11 0.6 0.59 0.594 15.081

I 0.1 0.11 0.109 2.778 I u4. 0.6 0.61 0.609 15.478

',4
'•· 0.1 0.12 0.125 3.175 't. 0.6 0.62 0.625 15.875
I '•• 0.1 0.14 0.141 3.572 I · 11,,. 0.6 0.64 0.641 16.272
'I,, 0.2 0.16 0.156 3.969 '½1 0.7 0.66 0.656 16.669
I ''!,, 0.2 0.17 0.172 4.366 I "I., 0.7 0.67 0.672 17.066
3/,. 0.2 0.19 0.188 4.763 11/,,. 0.7 0.69 0.688 17.463
I "!., 0.2 0.20 0.203 5.159 I ''!., 0.7 0.70 0.703 17.859
'I,, 0.2 0.22 0.219 5.556 ''I,, 0.7 0.72 0.719 18.256
I ''!., 0.2 0 .23 0.234 5.953 I "•· 0.7 0.73 0.734 18.653
¼ 0.2 0.25 0.250 6.350 'I, 0.8 0.75 0.750 19.050
I 11.4 , 0.3 0.27 0.266 6.747 I .... 0.8 0.77 0.766 19.447
'!,, 0.3 0.28 0.281 7.144 ' 'I,, 0.8 0.78 0.781 19.844

I u.4, 0.3 0.30 0.297 7.541 I !,¼. 0.8 0.80 0.797 20.241
'I, , 0.3 0.31 0.312 7.938 '3/u 0.8 0.81 0.812 20.638
I Jl,. 0.3 0.33 0.328 8.334 I "I., 0.8 0.83 0.828 21 .03<1
'1/n 0.3 0.34 0.344 8.731 17/n 0.8 0.84 0.844 21.431
I ' ¾, 0.4 0 .36 0.359 9.128 I ''!.. 0.9 0 .86 0.859 21 .828
% 0.4 0.38 0.375 9.525 ¼ 0.9 0.88 0.875 22.225
I ' '!., 0.4 0.39 0.391 9.922 I H.4, 0.9 0.89 0.891 22.622
''I, , 0.4 0.41 0.406 10.319 Hjll 0.9 0.91 0.906 23 .019

I n;.. 0.4 0.42 0.422 10.716 I ,,4. 0.9 0.92 0.922 23.416
'lu 0.4 0.44 0.433 11 .113 '3/u 0.9 0.94 0.938 23.813
I n/4, 0.4 0.45 0.453 11 .509 I e'/4, 1.0 0.95 0.953 24.209
')',, 0.5 0.47 0.469 11 .906 1yl2 1.0 0.97 0.969 24 .606
I l¼, 0.5 0.48 0.484 12.303 I '%. 1.0 0.98 0.984 25 .003
1/, 0.5 0.50 0.500 12.700 1 1.0 1.00 1.000 25.400

77
 FLUID WEIGHT CONVERSION TABLE

Oil, Water and Mud Specific Gravity-Weight and Pressure Table.

WEIGHT (Density) FLUID HEAD WEIGHT (Density) FLUID HEAD
Cubic Height Per Pressure Cubic Height Per Pressure
Degrees Specific Gallon Foot Pound Per Foot Degrees Specific Gallon Foot Pound Per Fool
A.P.I. Gravity Pounds Feet Lbs./Sq. In. A.P.1 . Gravity Pounds Feet Lbs./Sq. in.
60. .739 6.16 46.1 3.13 .320 1.20 10 • 74.8 1.93 .5 19
59. .743 6.20 46.4 3.11 .322 1.22 1l 76.3 1.89 .530
58. .747 6.23 46.6 3.09 .324 1.25 10.-i 77.8 1.85 .540
57. .751 6.26 46.8 3.08 .325 1.27 10.6 79.3 1.81 .551
56. .755 6.30 47 .1 3.06 .327 1.29 10.8 80.8 1.78 .561
55. .759 6.33 47.4 3.04 .329 1.32 11 .0 82.3 1.75 .571
54. .763 6.36 47.6 3.03 .330 1.34 11 .2 83.8 1.72 .582
53. .767 6.40 47 .9 3.01 .332 1.37 11.4 85.3 1.69 .592
52. .771 6.43 48 .1 2.99 .334 1.39 11 .6 86.8 1.66 .603
51 . .775 6.46 48 .3 2.98 .336 1.41 11 .8 88.3 1.63 .613
50. .780 6.51 48 .7 2.96 .338 1.44 12.0 89.8 1.61 .623
49 . I .784 6.54 48.9 2.94 .340 1.46 12.2 91 .3 1.58 .634
48. .788 6.57 49.2 2.93 .341 1.49 12.4 92.8 1.55 .644
47.
46. I .793
.797
6.61
6.65
49.5
49 .8
2.92
2.90
.343
.345
1.51
1.53
12.6
12 .8
94 .3
95.8
1.53
1.50
.655
.665
45. .802 6.69 50.0 2.87 .348 1.56 13.0 97 .3 1.48 .675
44. .806 6.72 50.3 2.87 .349 1.58 13.2 98.7 1.46 .686
43. .811 6.76 50.6 2.85 .351 1.61 13.4 100. 1.44 .696
42. I .816 6.81 50.9 2.82 .354 1.63 13.6 102 . 1.42 .706
41 . .820 6.84 51.2 2.82 .355 1.65 13.8 103 . 1.39 .717
40. .825 6.88 51 .5 2.80 .357 1.68 14 .0 105. 1.38 .727
39. .830 6.92 51.8 2.79 .359 1.70 14 .2 106. 1.36 .738
38. .835 6.96 52.1 2.76 .362 1.73 14.4 108. 1.34 .748
37. .840 7.01 52.4 2.75 .364 1.75 14 .6 109 . 1.32 .758
36. .845 7.05 52.7 2.73 .366 1.77 14.8 111 . 1.30 .769
35. .850 7.09 53.0 2.72 .368 1.80 15.0 112. 1.28 .779
34. .855 7.13 53.3 2.70 .370 1.82 15.2 114 . 1.27 .790
33. .860 7.17 53.6 2.69 .372 1.85 15.4 115. 1.25 .800
32. .865 7.21 53.9 2.67 .375 1.87 15.6 117. 1.23 .810
31 . .871 7.26 54 .3 2.65 .377 1.89 15.8 118. 1.22 .821
30. .876 7.31 54 .7 2.63 .380 Common 1.92 16.0 120 . 1.20 .831
29.
28.
.882
.887
7.36
7.40
55 .1
55.4
2.62
2.60
.382
.384
Cement
Slurry
} 1.94
1.97
16.2
16.4
12 1.
123.
1. 19
1.17
.842
.852
27. .893 7.45 55.7 2.58 .387 1.99 16.6 124 . 1.16 .862
26. .898 7.49 56.0 2.57 .389 2.01 16.8 126 . 1.15 .873
25. .904 7.54 56.4 2.55 .392 2.04 17.0 127 . 1.13 .883
24. .910 7.59 56.8 2.54 .394 2.06 17.2 129. 1.12 .894
23. .916 7.64 57.2 2.52 .397 2.09 17.4 130. 1.11 .904
22. .922 7.69 57 .5 2.51 .399 2.11 17.6 132 . 1.09 .914
21. .928 7.74 57 .9 2.49 .402 2.13 17.8 133. 1.08 .925
20. .934 7.79 58.3 2.47 .405 2.16 18.0 135. 1.07 .935
19. .940 7.84 59.7 2.46 .407 2.18 18.2 136. 1.06 .945
18. .946 7.89 59.0 2.44 .410 2.21 18.4 138. 1.05 .956
17. .953 7.95 59.5 2.42 .413 2.23 18.6 139. 1.04 .966
2.25 . 18.8 141 . 1.02 .977
16. .959 8.00 59.8 2.40 .416
15. .966 8.06 60.3 2.39 .419 2.28 19.0 142. 1.01 .987
14. .973 8.11 60.7 2.38 .421 2.30 19.2 144 . 1.00 .997
13. .979 8.16 61 .0 2.36 .424 2.33 19.4 145. .992 1.01
12. .986 8.22 61 .5 2.34 .427 2.35 19.6 147 . .982 1.02
11. .993 8.28 61 .9 2.33 .430 2.37 19.8 148. .972 1.03
10° AP .I. or } 1.00 8.34 62.4 2.31 .433 2.40 20.0 150. .962 1.04
Pure Water 1.01 8.4 62.8 2.29 .436 2.42 20.2 151. .953 1.05
1.03 8.6 64 .3 2.24 .447 2.45 20.4 153. .943 1.06
1.06 8.8 65.8 2.19 .457 2.47 20.6 154 . .935 1.07
1.08 9.0 67.3 2.14 .468 2.49 20.8 156. .925 1.08
1.10 9.2 68.8 2.09 .478 2.52 21 .0 157 . .917 1.09
1.13 9.4 70.3 2.05 .488 2.54 21 .2 159. .908 1.10
1.15 9.6 71 .8 2.00 .499 2.57 21 .4 160. .899 1.1 1
Sal t Water } 1.154 9.625 720 2.00 .500 2.59 21 .6 162. .891 1.12
1.18 9.8 73.3 1.96
I .509 2.61 21 .8 163. .883 1.13

GAS TABLE
To find the bottomhole pressure, multiply the surface pressure by the factor corresponding to the well depth and gravity of the gas.
CORRECTION FACTORS CORRECTION FACTORS
Weil Depth 0.6 Gravity 0.7 Gravity 0.8 Gravity Weil Depth 0.6 Gravity 0.7 Gravity 0.8 Gravity
4.500 1.099 1.116 1.132 7.500 1.171 1.195 1.227
5,000 1.110 1.130 1.149 8.000 1.181 1.210 1.241
5,500 1.120 1.141 1.163 8,500 1.190 1.230 1.260
6,000 1.132 1.155 1.181 9 ,000 1.202 1.240 1.273
6,500 1.143 1.175 1.195 9 ,500 1.215 1.250 1.285
7 ,000 1.155 1.184 1.211 10,000 1.225 1.265 1.305

78