DERICK A.

BALBAROSA
MAED – SOCIAL SCIENCE

TOPIC: STATISTICAL TREATMENT

What it is?
Statistics is the study of the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation and
organization of data.
Statistical treatment is a catch all term which means to apply any statistical method to your
data. It often deals with averages, percentages, frequencies and quotas. Statistical Treatment
depends on the kind of the experiment experiment/research you are dealing with. Through
statistical treatment, it helps the researcher in determine the validity and reliability of his research.
Different Statistical Treatment of Data
 Frequency and Percentage Distribution
- Use to determine the percentage usually for data on profile (e.g. level, age, gender)
 Weighted Arithmetic Mean
- Use to get the average or central value (e.g. level, extent, status)
 T-test
- Use to determine (2) variable means which differ significantly or to test the
significant difference between two variable means.
 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
- Use to find out if the frequency of two or more variables in the study differ
significantly or test the significant difference among several groups.
 Person Product – Moment Correlation Coefficient
- Use to find the degree of the association of two sets of variable, X and Y or to test
the significant relationship between two variables.
 Multiple Correlation
- Use to test if the independent variables have influence on the dependent variables.
 Multiple Regression
- Use to predict, singly or in combination, from among the independent variables
the depended variables.

How it is written?
It is written depends on the research statistical treatment, below is the different ways of
writing it on the actual research paper.
 Frequency and Percentage Distribution
  Weighted Arithmetic Mean

 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

 T-test

Conclusion: Statistical treatment is very essential in order to make use of the data in the right
form. Statistical Treatment is important so that appropriate conclusions can be drawn. The results
and inferences are precise only if proper statistical tests are used.
DERICK A. BALBAROSA
MAED – SOCIAL SCIENCE

TOPIC: ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

What is it?
Ethical Considerations can be specified as one of the most important parts of the research.
Some important ethical concerns that should be taken into account while carrying out research are;
anonymity, confidentiality and informed consent. Revealing genetic information has important
ethical implications for individuals. It is vulnerable to their sense of privacy. All the people involve
should be made aware of the purpose of the research, who or what institution or group deal with
it, how the findings will be used, if there are any potential adverse impacts of their participation
and who will have access to the findings. Participation means that people participate in the
evaluation free from coercion.
Research ethical consideration provides guidelines for the responsible conduct of research.
In addition, it educates and monitors researchers in conducting research to ensure a high ethical
standard. The following is a general summary of some ethical principles:
 Honesty
Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not
fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data.
 Integrity
Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought
and action.
 Social Responsibility
Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public
education, and advocacy.
 Competence
Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through lifelong
education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a whole.
 Impartiality
Impartiality means avoidance of confusing roles and relationships in a way that may give
rise to reasonable doubt concerning conflicts of interest.
 Good reference practice
Researchers must adhere to good reference practices, which fulfil requirements for
verifiability and form the basis for further research.
  Availability of results
As a main rule, research results should be made available. Openness regarding research
findings is essential for ensuring verifiability, for returning some benefit to the research
participants and society in general, and for ensuring a dialogue with the public. Such
communication is also a function of democracy.
Having ethical consideration in conducting research, the following can be avoided;
Fabrication - making up data or results and recording or reporting them.
Falsification - manipulating research materials, or changing or omitting data or results such
that the research is not accurately represented in the research record.
Plagiarism - the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words
without giving appropriate credit.

How it is written?
It is essential that researchers provide appropriate ethical consideration in conducting a
clear and comprehensive research in all aspect to avoid conflict. The following should be address;
 Use plain language and clearly explain the research at the level of understanding of
prospective participants.
 Introduce the research team.
 Briefly outline and explain:
- The aims and objectives of the project.
- What authorization/approval exists for the research.
- The methods, techniques and procedures to be used.
- The demands on participants (e.g. time and travel requirements,
monetary costs, number of interviews, meetings, test sessions, etc.,
duration of the research project, etc.).
- The risks to participants, including potential harms, discomforts and/or
inconveniences.
- How prospective participants have been identified and selected for
contact regarding potential recruitment.
- That participation in the research project is entirely voluntary.
- That, if the person consents to participate in the research project, they
have the right to withdraw at any time without a need to explain why
and without prejudice.
- That, if a participant withdraws, their information/data will also be
withdrawn from the project, unless they consent to your retention of
their data/information or unless (after explaining the circumstances to
them) their data cannot be withdrawn because, for example, it cannot be
identified or extracted from the wider body of research data/information
that has been collected.
- Identify and explain the potential benefits of the research for the
individual and/or for society in general (if there are none, then indicate
this).
 - Identify and explain data and information issues.
- What data are being collected.
- The confidentiality with which data will be stored.
- Purpose for collecting the data.
- Uses of data, including levels of aggregation being used.
- Intentions, or potential, for the publication of data.
- How, where and for how long will data be stored.
- Who will have access to research data.
Conclusion: Ethical considerations adheres to promote authentic knowledge, truth and prevention
of error. This requires values like accountability, trust, mutual respect and fairness among all the
parties involved in a study.
References:

ALRC, (2001) Australian Law Reform Commission and Australian Health Ethics
Committee, Protection of Human Genetic Information IP 26 Sydney, 106.
https://www.alrc.gov.au/

ALRC, (2002) Australian Law Reform Commission and Australian Health Ethics
Committee, Protection of Human Genetic Information, DP 66, Sedney, 291.
https://www.alrc.gov.au/

M McDonald, Biotechnology, Ethics and Government: A Synthesis, Canadian Biotechnology

Advisory Committee, 7 February 2003, 6. www.cbac-cccb.ca/

Bryman, A. & Bell, E.,“Business Research Methods”, 2nd edition. Oxford University Press
(2007) https://www.worldcat.org/title/business-research-methods/oclc/450341570
Saunders, M., Lewis, P. & Thornhill, A., “Research Methods for Business Students” 6th
edition, Pearson Education Limited. (2012)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330760964_Research_Methods_for_Business_Student
s_Chapter_4_Understanding_research_philosophy_and_approaches_to_theory_development

https://www.enago.com/academy/what-are-the-ethical-considerations-in-research-design/
https://www.etikkom.no/en/library/introduction/methods-and-approaches/quantitative-methods/
https://www.statisticshowto.com/statistical-treatment/
https://explorable.com/statistical-treatment-of-data
https://www.slideshare.net/DarylTabogoc/statistical-treatment
The Norwegian National Committees for Research Ethics https://www.etikkom.no/en/ethical-guidelines-
for-research/general-guidelines-for-research-ethics/
http://www.research.uwa.edu.au/staff/human-research/good-application/good-application