Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 (#1-6)
If a faucet is dripping at a rate of one drop per second and each drop contains 0.150
milliliters, calculate how much water (in liters) will be lost in 1 year.
Answer
Step# 1
Substitute for V.
Step# 2
Step# 3
1
Therefore, the water lost in one year is
Problem# 2 (1-8)
The American Water Works Association estimates that 15 percent of the water that utilities
process is lost each day. Assuming that the loss was from public supply withdrawal in 2000
(Problem 1-2), estimate the total value of the lost water if delivered water costs $0.45 per
cubic meter.
Answer
Step #1
Given: Year 2000 data from Prob. 1-2, 15% water loss, cost of water = $0.45/m3
Step #2
Step #3
Value
2
Problem#3 (1-3(discussion))
Using the Internet, answer the following questions regarding the Clean Air Act:
(b) What is the chemical name of the first hazardous air pollutant listed under Title III?
(c) Section 604 of the act lists the phase-out of production of substances that deplete the ozone
layer. What is the last year that carbon tetrachloride can be produced?
Answer
Step # 1
Internet search
Given: Clean Air Act and requirements to identify subject matter of Title II, chemical name of first
hazardous air pollutant under Title III, last year that carbon tetrachloride can be produced.
Solution:
3
Problem#4 (1-8(discussion))
You are the division manager of Sellwell Co.—a firm that has developed an inexpensive
chemical specialty that you hope will find a huge market as a household product. You want
to package this product in 1 L and 2 L sizes. A number of container materials would appear
to be practical—glass, aluminum, treated paper, steel, and various types of plastic. A young
engineer whom you hired recently and assigned to the packaging department has done a
container-disposal study that shows that the disposal cost for 2 L containers can vary by a
factor of three—depending on the weight of the container, whether it can be recycled,
whether it is easy to incinerate, whether it has good landfill characteristics, etc.
Your company’s marketing expert believes that the container material with the highest
consumer appeal is the one that happens to present the biggest disposal problem and cost to
communities. He estimates that the sales potential would be at least 10% less if the easiest-
to-dispose-of, salvageable, container were used, because this container would be somewhat
less distinctive and attractive.
Assuming that the actual costs of the containers were about the same, to what extent
would you let the disposal problem influence your choice? Would you:
(a) Choose the container strictly on its marketing appeal, on the premise that disposal is the
community’s problem, not yours (and also that some communities may not be ready to use
the recycling approach yet, regardless of which container-material you select).
(b) Choose the easiest-to-dispose-of container, and either accept the sales penalty, or try to
overcome it by stressing the “good citizenship” angle (even though the marketing
department is skeptical about whether this will work).
(c) Take the middle road, by accepting a 5% sales penalty to come up with a container that
is midway on the disposability scale.
4
Do you think the young engineer who made the container-disposal study (but who is not
a marketing expert) has any moral obligation to make strong recommendations as to which
container to use?
(a) Yes. He should spare no effort in campaigning for what he believes to be socially
desirable.
(b) No. He should merely point out the disposal-cost differential, and not try to inject himself
into decisions that also involve marketing considerations about which he may be naive.
(Popper and Hughson, 1970)
Answer
Step #1
In this problem the containers which are easy to dispose will reduce the sales by 10 percent. But
the containers which have aesthetic look will possess a great threat to environment and
surroundings.
Step #2
The manager has to act according to the Environmental professional ethics. He has to choose the
containers which are easiest to dispose and accept the penalty. As the Environmental professional
ethics states that one should use his knowledge for the enhancement and protection of environment.
Step #3
He should be honest and impartial in serving the people, clients and the environment. Therefore,
the option B is correct.
5
Problem # 5 ( 2-5)
Answer
Step # 1
Substitute for .
6
Step # 2
Step # 3
Here, the concentration of NaHCO3 is , the number of gram equivalents per mole is and the
Substitute for .
7
as CaCO3.
Problem# 6 ( 2-21 )
Answer
Part # (a)
Step # 1
8
Here, the concentration of HCl is , molarity of HCl is and the molecular weight of HCl
is .
Step # 2
Here, the concentration of HCl is , the number of gram equivalents per mole is and the
Part # (b)
Step # 1
9
Here, the concentration of H2SO4 is , molarity of H2SO4 is and the molecular weight of
H2SO4 is .
Step # 2
Here, the concentration of H2SO4 is , the number of gram equivalents per mole is and the
10
Problem# 7 (2-22)
80 µg . L^-1 HNO3 =?
Answers
HN03 :
Molar mass of HN03 = 63.01 g / mol l g = 106
Molarity is moles / L. So convert to
moles / L
Molarity = 80
molar mass /
Number of equivalents=equivalents
per mole
11
So number of equivalents is equal to
molar mass and normality is equal
to molarity = 1.27 x 10-6 N
135 L CaC03 :
1 mole
Molarity = 135
L 106 IOO.09g =
1.35x104 M
CaC03 has only one equivalent
per mole. So number of
equivalents is equal to molar mass
and normality is equal to molarity
= 1.35 x 10 4 N
12
Problem#8
An analysis of solids test run gave the following results. Determine the concentrations of
total solids, total suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, fixed suspended solids. Report
the results in mg/L and all calculations should include units
sample volume = 25 mL
Answer
Volume of sample = 25 ml
13
Total solids
Total solids= weight of residue in filter paper before heating / volume of sample
B = weight of filter
= 0.2 mg /L
14
Problem #9
Use the principle of stoichiometry to determine the amount of oxygen that is required to
convert octane (C8H18) to C02 and H20.
Answer
Part # a
So,
Balance C
Balance H
Balance O
Part # b
So,
15
Ratio - 1 mole of C8H18 = 25/2 = 13.5 mole of CO2
So,
Problem #10
A waste water sample contains 2.092 mole/L NaCI. Calculate the concentration of NaCl in
mg/L. What are the mole/L concentrations of Na and Cl. Na = 23 and Cl = 35.5.
Answer
One must know the substances atomic or molecular weight and its density to do this conversion.
Here's the basic strategy:
Here density is not required as mill moles are given in per liter_
16
Problem #11
Following analysis passes the acceptability of analysis (satisfies the electro neutrality). Find
the concentration of Ca2+ mg/L.
K+ = 7.8 mg/L
Answer
For this first we have to know the moles or mmoles of each ions, so, we have to know their
molar mass:
Na+ 23
Cl- 35.5
Ca2+ 40
HCO3- 61
Mg2+ 24.3
SO42- 96
K+ 39.1
NOTE: Molar mass of atoms and corresponding ions are same, because mass of electron does
not contribute significantly. So, now I make a table for calculating mili moles of ions:
17
Species Mass(mg) mmoles (mg / molar mass)
Ca2+ x (say) x / 40
K+ 7.80 0.199
18
Problem #11
Answer
Alkalinity
19
Alkalinity of water is the quantitative capacity of water actualize the acid. Alkality as Caco 3 is
determined by formula:
For Co32 :
Alaklinty =0
For HCO3- :
Alkalinity = 67 *50/61=54.91
Hardness
Hardness is the property of water prevent of gathering of soap. Hardness is caused id due to
chloridwes and sulphates of calcium and magnesium ion.
For Co32 :
For Mg2+:
For Cl-:
For SO42-:
20
Total Hradness = 115.69 mg/L
Problem #12
Find the ionic strength of a 4.0 mM of MgCl2. What are activities of Mg+2 and Cl-1
Answer
Recall that ionic strength considers all ions in solution, and its charges. It is typically used to
calculate the ionic activity of other ions. The stronger the electrolytes, the more ionic strength
they will have.
The formula:
Where
The exercise:
[Mg+2] = 4*10^-3 M
21
I.S. = 1/2*( (4*10^-3)(2)^+ (8*10^-3)(1)^2)
Activity of X = γ x * [X]
Where:
Ionic Strength
Empirical Diameter of species x
Charge f species x
Part (a)
Mg+2
Where
Zi = Charge of ion
22
-log(γ) = 0.51*(Zi^2)*sqrt(I.S.) / ( 1 + (α * sqrt(I.S)/305))
Problem # 13 ( 2-12)
If 200 mg of HCl is added to water the achieve a final volume of 1.00 L, what is the final pH?
Answer
= 5.48*10^-3 M
23
So the molarity of HCl solution is M = 5.48 *10^-3 M
HCl -? H+ + Cl-
24
Problem #14 ( 2-13)
Answer
pH=5.25
pKa=4.76
So A-=0.135-0.033=0.102M
and HA = 0.033M
25
Problem # 15 (2-23(d))
(d)
Answer
Step # 1
Here, the normality of is H2SO4 is , the number of gram equivalents per mole is ,the
Step # 2
26
Here, the concentration of SO42- ions is and the molecular weight of SO42- is .
Problem # 16 ( 2-36 )
Convert the following from milligrams per liter as the ion orcompound to milligrams per
liter CaCO3
b) 280 mg/L K+
c) 19.9 mg/L Na+
Answer
27
Now the formula is::::
Where a= ion/atom/molecule of interest
b) 280mg/L ==
c) 19.9mg/L ==
28
Question # 17
By mass
By volume. Assume the density of sulfuric acid as 1.1 kg/L
Answer
Part # a
By mass
Density of H2SO4 = 1.1 kg/l = 1.1 x1000= 1100 grams/L= 1100 grams/1000ml =1.1 grams/ml
29
Molarity = 1.68M
Normality = 3.368N
Normality = 3.37N
Part #b (Q#17)
By volume
Volume= 100ml
Molarity = 1,53M
Normality = 3.06N
30