ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF

MULTI-STOREYED BUILDING
USING STAAD PRO

PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by

BYJU SUBHASH S
DEEPU R
RAKHI M P
REMIZ S
ROMI CHANDRA

Guided by
Smt. Beena P. R.
Assistant Professor
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
TRIVANDRUM
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
TRIVANDRUM
2013

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF

MULTI-STOREYED BUILDING USING
STAAD PRO
PROJECT REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Civil Engineering
of the University of Kerala

Submitted by
BYJU SUBHASH S
DEEPU R
RAKHI M P
REMIZ S
ROMI CHANDRA

Guided by
Smt. Beena P. R.
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
TRIVANDRUM
2013

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project report is a bonafide report of the work done by
BYJU SUBHASH, DEEPU R, ROMI CHANDRA, REMIZ S, RAKHI M P of
Department of Civil Engineering, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering by the University of Kerala, during
the academic year 2012-2013.

Project Guide Head of the Department

Smt. Beena P. R. Prof. Jyothis Thomas
Assistant Professor Department of CE
Department of CE College of Engineering
College of Engineering Trivandrum
Trivandrum
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this opportunity to express our sincere gratitude to all the staff of
College of Engineering, Trivandrum for their constant encouragement given for the
completion of this project. We express our gratitude to our guide Smt. Beena P. R, Assistant
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Thiruvananthapuram, for the expert guidance
and advice in completing our project.

We would like to express our heartfelt thanks to Prof. Jyothis Thomas, Head
of Department, Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, for
her wonderful support and co-operation during the course of this work. We would also like to
thank Prof. M. B. Joisy, UG Professor, College of Engineering Trivandrum, and Dr. Jaya,
Staff Advisor, Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Trivandrum for
their help in completing this work.

We also take this opportunity to thank our parents, relatives and friends without
whose support, encouragement and prayers, we would not have completed this report on
time.

Last, but not the least, we would also like to thank almighty for providing us
with such a host of good people to make this a success.
BYJU SUBHASH
DEEPU R
RAKHI M P
REMIZ S
ROMI CHANDRA
ABSTRACT

STAAD or (STAAD.Pro) is a structural analysis and design computer program originally

developed by Research Engineers International in Yorba Linda, CA. In late 2005, Research
Engineer International was bought by Bentley Systems.

The collected data is analysed and a 3-D model is generated using STAAD Pro. The various
loads acting on the structure is calculated and the structure is analysed for the various load
combinations. Design of the building is done. The obtained results are analysed. Manual
calculation and design of slabs, beams, staircase and columns are done. Also the design of the
pile foundation and pile cap is done.
 CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. AIM AND SCOPE OF WORK 1
1.2. SPECIFICATIONS 1
1.3. DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES 2
1.4. COMPONENTS OF THE STRUCTURE 3
1.4.1. DEEP FOUNDATION 3
1.4.1.1. SOIL TESTING 4
1.4.1.2. MIX DESIGN(FOR CONCRETING PILE) 4
1.4.1.3. CONCRETING OF PILE HOLE 4
1.4.2. PILE CAP 4
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1. BYE LAWS IN PLANNING 5
2.1.1. MERCANTILE OR COMMERCIAL OCCUPANCY 5
2.1.2. MINIMUM DISTANCE FROM ROAD 5
2.1.3. SETBACK CRITERIA 6
2.1.4. SAFETY PROVISINS FOR HIGH RISE BUILDINGS 6
2.1.5. HEIGHT OF BUILDINGS 7
2.1.6. PARKING REQUIREMENTS 7
2.1.7. FLOOR AREA RATIO(FAR) CRITERION 7
2.1.8. COVERAGE CRITERION 7
2.1.9. PARKING PLANNING 8
2.1.10. FUNCTIONAL PLANNING 8
2.2. DESIGN CODES 15
2.3. BOOKS 17
3. ANALYSIS 18
3.1. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 18
3.2. ACTIONS 18

3.3. RESPONSE OF STRUCTURES 18

3.4. LOADS ACTING 18
3.4.1. DEAD LOADS 19
3.4.2. LIVE LOADS 20

3.4.3. WIND LOADS 22

3.4.4. EARTHQUAKE LOADS 22
4. INTRODUCTION TO STAAD 26
4.1. STEPS INVOLVED 27
4.1.1. GENERATION OF NODES 28
4.1.2. MODELLING OF THE STRUCTURE 28
4.1.3. ASSIGNING OF THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS 28
 4.1.4. RESTRAINTS 29
4.1.5. APPLICATION OF LOADS 29
4.1.6. RUN ANALYSIS 30

5. METHODOLOGY 31
6. LOAD CALCULATION 32
6.1. CALCULATION OF WIND LOADS 32
6.2. CALCULTION OF SEISMIC LOADS 33
6.2.1. GRAVITY LOAD CALCULATIONS 33
6.3. ASSUMPTIONS 38
6.4. LOAD COMBINATIONS 39

7. DESIGN OF STRUCTURE 41
7.1. DESIGN OBJECTIVES 41
7.2. DESIGN CRITERIA 41

7.3. DESIGN PROCESS 42

7.4. DETAILING 42
8. MANUAL DESIGN 43
8.1. DESIGN OF BEAMS 43
8.1.1. BEAM 8 43
8.2. DESIGN OF COLUMNS 45
8.2.1. COLUMN 995 45

8.3. DESIGN OF SLABS 50

8.3.1. SLAB S1 50
8.4. DESIGN OF STAIRS 51
8.4.1. MAIN STAIRCASE 51
9. PLANNING AND DESIGN OF FOUNDATION 52

9.1. INTRODUCTION 52
9.2. PILE DESIGN THEORY 52
9.3. PILE CAPACITY DETERMINATION 53
9.4. PILE GROUP DETERMINATION 54
9.5. ANALYSIS OF PILES 55

9.6. DESIGN OF PILES 55

9.7. DESIGN OF TIES 58
9.8. DESIGN OF PILE CAP 59
10.CONCLUSION 63
11.REFERENCE 64
 LIST OF TABLES

1. Live loads 21
2. Wind intensity calculation 33
3. Distribution of hori. earthquake force along height of building 38
4. Pile groups & column classification based on loads 55
5. Max. Axial and lateral loads in a pile group 55
6. Abstract of design of piles 59
7. Abstract of pile cap design 62

LIST OF FIGURES

1. Elevation of the Hostel Building 11

2. Ground Floor Plan 12
3. First Floor Plan 13
4. 3D View 14
5. Dead Loads 20
6. Live Loads 21
7. Earthquake Load in +X direction 23
8. Earthquake Load in +Z direction 24
9. Earthquake Load in -X direction 24
10.Earthquake Load in -Z direction 25
11.STAAD.Pro Window 27
12.Modelling of the structure 28
13.Restraints 29
14.Run Analysis 30
15.Load Combinations 40
16.Beam NO:8 45
17.Column No:995 49
 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 AIM AND SCOPE OF WORK

Human life is affected due to nature’s forces like floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes etc.
The structural design for a building must ensure that the building is able to stand safely, to
function without excessive deflections or movements which may cause fatigue of structural
elements, cracking or failure of fixtures, fittings or partitions, or discomfort for occupants. It
must account for movements and forces due to temperature, creep, cracking and imposed loads.
It must also ensure that the design is practically buildable within acceptable manufacturing
tolerances of the materials. It must allow the architecture to work, and the building services to fit
within the building such that it is functionable (air conditioning, ventilation, lighting etc.).

The aim of this project work is to analyze a 5-storeyed hostel building for different load
combinations using STAAD Pro software. Based on the analysis, design of the structure is done
mainly in accordance with IS specifications.

1.2 DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES

The limit state method is adopted for the analysis and design of the structure. IS codes, SP-16
and SP-32 charts are also used as an aid for detailing and design purpose.

The major requirements of a properly designed building are:

(a) GOOD STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATION: Its size, shape and structural system
carrying loads are such that they ensure a direct and smooth flow of inertia forces to the ground.

(b) LATERAL STRENGTH: The maximum lateral (horizontal) force that it can resist is such
that the damage induced in it does not result in collapse.

(c) ADEQUATE STIFFNESS: Its lateral load resisting system is such that the earthquake-
induced deformations in it do not damage its contents under low-to moderate shaking.

(d) GOOD DUCTILITY: Its capacity to undergo large deformations under severe earthquake
shaking even after yielding is improved by favourable design and detailing strategies.
1
1.3 COMPONENTS OF THE STRUCTURE

The components of the structure are mainly classified into

(a) Superstructure

(b) Substructure

Superstructure is the part of the building that lies above the ground line. These are subjected to
lateral loads like the wind load, earthquake load, and other dead and live loads.

Substructure is the foundation of the building. The type of foundation adopted for the hostel
building under consideration is pile foundation.

1.3.1 PILE FOUNDATION

A deep foundation is a type of foundation distinguished by the depth on which they are
embedded into the ground. Piles are generally driven into the ground in situ. The types of piling
are DMC Piling and rotary piling.

In DMC Pile Foundation the bentonite suspension is pumped into the bottom of the hole through
the drill rods and it overflows at the top of the casing. The mud pump should have the capacity to
maintain a velocity of 0.41 to 0.76 m/s, to float the cuttings.

The depth of piling was decided by testing the underground soil samples (to obtain level bed). It
is not possible in hard rocks. Tremie pipe is inserted into pile holes for pile concreting.

2
 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 BYE LAWS IN PLANNING

2.1.1 MERCANTILE OR HOSTEL OCCUPANCY

Apartment means a part of a building intended for any type of independent use including one or
more rooms or enclosed spaces located on one or more floors or parts thereof in a building,
intended to be used for residential purposes and with a direct exit to a public street, road or
highway or to a common area, leading to such street, road or highway. This word is synonymous
with residential flat. No land development or redevelopment shall be made or no building shall
be constructed on any plot on any part of which there is deposited refuse, excreta or other
offensive matter which in the opinion of the Secretary is considered objectionable, until such
refuse, excreta or other offensive matter has been removed there from and the plot has been
prepared or left in a manner suitable for land development or building purpose for the
satisfaction of the Secretary.

The rear yard shall be not less than 1.5m depth. Parking building/parking plazas/parking towers
shall have minimum 5m open space all around the building. Not more than 15% of the total floor
area of the parking building shall be permitted for shop or restaurant or hotel or office purpose.

2.1.2 MINIMUM DISTANCE FROM THE ROAD

For buildings above 10m in height, in addition to the minimum front, rear and side open spaces
required for height upto 10m, there shall be provided proportionate increase in such minimum
open space at the rate of 0.5m per every 3m height exceeding 10m.

No construction or hanging of any sort shall be permitted to project outside the boundaries of the
site.

Every open space provided, either interior or exterior shall be kept free from any erection thereon
and shall be open to the sky and only cornice, roof or whether shade not more than 0.6m width

3
shall overhang or project over the said open space so as to reduce the width to less than the
minimum required.

2.1.3 SETBACK CRITERIA

The minimum distance between the plot boundary abutting any street other than National
Highways, State Highways, District Roads and other roads notified by the municipality and the
building, other than a compound wall or fence or outdoor display structure, shall be minimum
1.50 metres. Front yard shall have minimum 1.00 metre width.Minimum setbacks required for a
residential building of 10m height above ground level as per KMBR is:

Front yard = 3m

Rear yard = 3m

Side clearance = 1.5m on either sides

Horizontal distance from the centre line of the street = 7.5m

2.1.4 SAFETY PROVISIONS FOR HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

High rise building means a building having more than four floors and or 15m of height from
ground level. Every high rise building shall have at least two staircases. The height of the
handrail in the staircase shall not be less than 90cm and if balusters are provided no gap in the
balusters shall be more than 10cm wide.

Every slab or balcony overlooking any exterior or interior open space, 2m or more below shall
be provided with parapet walls or guard rails of height not less than 1.20m and such guard rails
shall be firmly fixed to the walls and slabs and may also be of blank walls, metal grills or a
combination of both.

Every high rise building shall be provided with a fire escape stairway. External fire escape
staircase shall have straight flight not less than 75 cm wide, with 20 cm treads and risers not
more than 19 cm. the number of risers shall be limited to 16 per flight. The height of handrails

4
shall be not less than 100 cm and not more than 120 cm. Every opening provided to ducts from
the interior of a building is closed with strong materials.

2.1.5 HEIGHT OF BUILDINGS

The maximum height of the building or part thereof shall not exceed twice the width of the street
abutting the plot plus twice the width of the yard from the building to the abutting street and this
height may further be increased proportionately at the rate of 3m for every 50cm, by which the
building or the corresponding portion or floor of the building is set back from the building line.

2.1.6 PARKING REQUIREMENTS

Parking requirements shall be reduced in proportion to the percentage of land surrendered to the
extent that after such deduction a minimum of 75% of the parking required as per these rules

shall be provided.

2.1.7 FLOOR AREA RATIO (FAR) CRITERION

It is the ratio of the total floor area on all floors to the plot area. KBR limits the maximum value
to 2.5.

Floor Area Ratio =

2.1.8 COVERAGE CRITERION

It is the ratio of plinth area to the area of the plot. Kits restricted to a maximum value of 65, for
hostel complexes, as per KMBR.

Coverage =

5
2.1.9 FUNCTIONAL PLANNING

Since the building is to be utilized for large dormitory rooms, large uninterrupted floor spaces are
provided. Column spacing is provided to generate sufficient dormitory area ranges between 6
and 10m.

Considering these planning aspects model of the proposed building is generated in STAAD Pro
and is designed and analysed.

2.2 DESIGN CODES

The various IS codes used for the project includes:

IS 456:2000 Indian Standard plain and reinforced concrete code of practice.

IS 456:2000, which is the key code for the design of all reinforced concrete (RC) structures has
added new dimensions to the present scenario and its relevance in designing earthquake-resistant
structures is to be seen in true perspective. IS 456:2000 recommends the use of IS 13920: 1993
and IS 4326: 1993 for detailing of earthquake resistant constructions

IS 1893 (Part I):2002 Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures
(5th Revision)

This standard contains provisions that are general in nature and applicable to all structures. Also,
it contains provisions that are specific to buildings only. It covers general principles and design
criteria, combinations, design spectrum, main attributes of buildings, dynamic analysis, apart
from seismic zoning map and seismic coefficients of important towns, map showing epicenters,
map showing tectonic features and lithological map of India.

It is not intended in this standard to lay down regulation so that no structure shall suffer any
damage during earthquake of all magnitudes. It has been endeavored to ensure that as far as,
possible structures are able to respond, without structural damage to shocks of moderate
intensities and without total collapse to shocks of heavy intensities.

6
IS 875 (Part 2):1987 R 1197 Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for
buildings and structures - Imposed loads

IS 875 (Part 2) deals with various live loads to be considered for design of buildings.

IS 875 (Part3):1987 R 1197Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for
buildings and structures - Wind Loads

IS 875 (Part 3) deals with wind loads to be considered when designing buildings, structures and
components.

USE OF SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS

IS 456 has structural practice handbook SP:16-1980, Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to
IS:456-1978 has tables and charts that helps in rapidly design simple sections. Even though the
design aid is based on the 1978 code, it continues to be used without revision as there have been
no major changes to Structural Design (Limit State Method), on which the design aid is based.

2.3 BOOKS

Design of RCC Structures by B. C. Punmia

The concepts and principles of design of various structural members including beams, columns,
stairs, slabs, footings etc. are explained in detail.

Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete by P. C. Varghese

Reinforced Concrete Design by S. N. Sinha

Reinforced Concrete Limit State Design by Ashok K Jain

Basic & Applied Soil Mechanics by Gopal Ranjan & A. S. R. Rao

Geotechnical Engineering by K. R. Arora

7
 3. BUILDING DETAILS
The building which we considered for the project is a 5-storeyed hostel building
located at Trivandrum

The ground floor consists of 2 Dormitories, Mess Hall, Kitchen, Pantry,Work

Area, Store and Toilets.

The plinth area distribution is as Ground floor-526 sq.m, Porch-51 sq.m

A 2.0 m wide passage runs along thw whole length of the hostel building.

A 9.9x5 Porch is provided.

The First, Second, Third and the Fourth floor consists of 4 Dormitories and 2
Toilet blocks.

The Elevation(Fig. 1), Ground Floor Plan(Fig. 2), First Floor Plan(Fig. 3) and a 3-
D view(Fig. 4) of the hostel building is provided.

8
Fig. 1 Elevation of the Hostel building

9
Fig. 2 Ground Floor Plan

10
Fig. 3 First Floor Plan

11
Fig.4 3-D view

12
 4. ANALYSIS
A structure consists of an assembly of individual structural elements such as truss elements,
beams, columns, slabs, cable or arch proportioned to resist the loads and forces.

4.1 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

It’s the calculation of the response of the structures to actions.

4.2 ACTIONS

An action is a physical phenomenon that produces stress and deformation in the

structures.

Actions include:

 Loads(self weight)
 Variation in temperature
 Settlement of support

4.3 RESPONSE OF STRUCTURES

It’s the physical change produced in structure due to action on structures. It includes,

 External Force quantities – Reactions

 Internal Force quantities – Bending Moment, Shear, Axial force and stress
 Displacement quantities – Deflection and Strain

The response of structure is calculated mathematically.

4.4 LOADS ACTING

Loads can usually be considered to be primary or secondary. Secondary loads are those loads due
to temperature changes, construction eccentricities, shrinkage of structural materials, settlement
of foundations, or other such loads. Despite the fact that each and every load and loading

13
combination should be considered in order to reduce the chance of structural failure, the
determination of the loading remains a statistical exercise. Each and every load cannot be
foreseen; thus, it is critical to determine the worst case that is reasonable to assume to act upon
the structure. The sources of primary loading include the materials from which the structure was
built, the occupants, their furniture, and various weather conditions, as well as unique loading
conditions experienced during construction, extreme weather and natural catastrophes.

Primary loads are divided into DEAD LOADS and LIVE LOADS. When considering the
possible combinations of these two categories of loading, the odds of certain loads occurring
simultaneously are assumed to be null.

CALCULATION: The loads taken for analysis are dead load, live load, wind load and seismic
load. Since the structure will be erected in zone-3, seismic design should also be done. The
loading standards ensure structural safety and eliminate wastage that may be caused due to
unnecessary heavy loading without proper assessment.

4.4.1 DEAD LOADS

Dead Loads are those loads which are considered to act permanently; they are "dead," stationary,
and unable to be removed. The self-weight of the structural members normally provides the
largest portion of the dead load of a building. Permanent non-structural elements such as roofing,
concrete, flooring, pipes, ducts, interior partition walls, Environmental Control Systems
machinery, elevator machinery and all other construction systems within a building must also be
included in the calculation of the total dead load.

It is calculated as per IS 875 (Part-1):1987. Unit weight of RCC and brickwork is adopted as
25kN/m3 and 20 kN/m3 respectively. Fig. 5 shows how Dead Load is input in STAAD Pro.

14
 Fig. 5 Dead Load

4.4.2 LIVE LOADS

Live loads, referred to as probabilistic loads or imposed loads, are temporary, of short duration,
or moving. These dynamic loads may involve considerations such as impact, momentum,
vibration, slosh dynamics of fluids, fatigue, etc.

The magnitudes of live loads are difficult to determine with the same degree of accuracy that is
possible with dead loads. They are determined from code provisions. The load assumed to be
produced due to intended use or occupancy of a building including the weight of movable
partitions, distributed and concentrated loads, impact and vibration loads, excluding wind load,
seismic load and stress due to variation in temperature etc, are obtained from IS 875
(Part-2):1987. Fig. 6 shows the STAAD provision for including Live Load and the magnitude of
Live Loads for different parts of the building is given in Table 1.
15
 Fig 6. Live Load

Table 1: Live Loads

Sl No. Occupancy Classification UDL (kN/m2)

1 Store 6
2 Kitchen 4
3 Corridor 4

16
4.4.3 WIND LOADS

Wind is the relative motion of air to the surface of the earth. Wind speed in atmospheric
boundary layer increases with height form zero at ground level to maximum at gradient height,
the slight change in wind direction, within this height is neglected.

Typically, buildings are designed to resist a strong wind with a very long return period, such as
50 years or more. The design wind speed is determined from historical records using Extreme
value theory to predict future extreme wind speeds.

4.4.4 EARTHQUAKE LOADS

Seismic loading is one of the basic concepts of earthquake engineering which means application
of an earthquake-generated agitation to a structure. It happens at contact surfaces of a structure
either with the ground, or with adjacent structures, or with gravity waves from tsunami.

Seismic loading depends, primarily, on:

 Anticipated earthquake’s parameters at the site - known as seismic hazard

 Geotechnical parameters of the site
 Structure’s parameters

Sometimes, seismic load exceeds ability of a structure to resist it without being broken, partially
or completely. Due to their mutual interaction, seismic loading and seismic performance of a
structure are intimately related. Fig. 7,8,9,10 shows how EQ load is included in the analysis
using STAAD Pro.

17
Fig. 7 Earthquake Load in +X direction

Fig. 8 Earthquake Load in +Z direction

18
Fig. 9 Earthquake Load in –X direction

Fig 10 Earthquake Load in –Z direction

19
 5. INTRODUCTION TO STAAD
The stress analysis on the fields of civil, mechanical and aerospace engineering is invariably
complex and for many of the problems, it is extremely difficult to obtain analytical solutions. For
most of the practical problems, the engineer resorts to numerical methods that provide
approximate but acceptable solutions. With the advent of computers, software’s were developed
for the analysis of structures of complex shapes and complicated boundary conditions. A number
of packages are hostelly available for wide range of applications. STAAD is one among them.
The major features are:

(i) Element library

(ii) Analysis capabilities and range of library
- linear static analysis
- heat transfer analysis
- non- linear static analysis
- stability analysis
- dynamic analysis
- coupled field analysis
(iii) Types of loading
(iv) Boundary conditions
(v) Material properties and models
(vi) Pre and Post processing

STAAD Pro is widely used software for structural analysis and design from research
engineers international. It is capable of analyzing and designing structures consisting of frame,
plate bar-shell and solid elements. It consists of GUI and analysis and design engine. The
STAAD analysis and design engine is a general purpose calculation engine for structural analysis
and integrated steel concrete, timber and aluminium design. Fig. 11 shows a typical STAAD Pro
Window.

20
 Fig. 11 STAAD.Pro Window

5.1 STEPS INVOLVED

STAAD Pro 2004 is an effective software tool for the analysis and design of structural members.
Hence this software could be used to design a structure against earthquake. The software follows
the matrix stiffness principle in analyzing the structure. The steps for analyzing a structure using
STAAD Pro 2004 are given below.

 Generation of Nodes
 Modelling of the Structure
 Assigning of the structural members
 Restraints
 Application of loads
 Run analysis

21
5.1.1 GENERATION OF NODES

The nodes are generated based on the dimensions of the building. The building is divided
into equal number of known grids. Then the grid spacing is given on the STAAD PRO 2004
window. The software automatically generates grids with specified spacing.

5.1.2 MODELLING OF THE STRUCTURE

After the nodes are created they are joined with line elements(Fig. 12). Based on the dimension
of the building the nodes are joined. Unwanted nodes could be deleted.

Fig. 12 Modeling of the structure

5.1.3 ASSIGNING OF THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

The software has the facility to assign the structural elements. The line elements have to
be assigned as beams and columns and appropriate dimensions are given.

22
5.1.4 RESTRAINTS

After the structure has been modeled the restraints has to be given. Usually fixed supports
are given(Fig. 13)

Fig. 13 Restraints

5.1.5 APPLICATION OF LOADS

There are various loads acting on a structure. Our project study constitutes the analysis of
the following loads

 Self Weight
 Gravity Load
 Wind Load
 Seismic Load

The loads are applied on the structure as gravity loads (Dead and live loads), Joint loads (Seismic
loads). After the application of different loads, combination of loads has to be specified as
mentioned in IS 456:2000.
23
5.1.6 RUN ANALYSIS

When the last step, run analysis is executed it shows “Analysis complete”, which indicates the
termination of analysis process(Fig. 14).

Based on the analysis results, the building is designed in accordance with the provisions
mentioned in the Indian Standard Codes.

Fig. 14 Run Analysis

24
 6. METHODOLOGY
The various steps involved in the project are:

 Data Collection
 Analysis of the data
 Model generation
 Load calculation
 Building analysis
 Design of building
 Result analysis
 Manual calculation and design of slabs, beams, staircase and columns
 Design of pile foundation and pile cap

25
 7. LOAD CALCULATION
Dead loads and live loads are given as per code provisionsIS 875 (Part I):1987 is used for dead
loads and IS 875 (Part-II):1987, for live loads.

Wind loads and Seismic loads have to be calculated according to IS 875 (Part-III):1987 and IS
875 (Part-IV):1987 respectively. The calculation procedure is shown as follows.

7.1 CALCULATION OF WIND LOADS

The basic wind speed (Vb) for different wind zones of India are obtained from IS 875 (Part-
III):1987 form which, the basic wind speed for each storey height ‘z’ is calculated as per the
equation (1).

Vz = Vb× k1×k2× k3

Pz = 0.6Vz2 (N/m2)

Where,

Vz = Design speed at any height ‘z’, in m/s.

Vb = Regional basic wind speed(as per Appendix A, IS 875 (Part III) 1987)

k1 = Probability factor as per Clause 5.3.1, IS 875 (Part-III):1987

k2 = Terrain, height and structure size height as per Clause 5.3.2, IS 875
(Part-III):1987

k3 = Topography factor, as per Clause 5.3.3, IS 875 (Part-III):1987

Pz = Intensity of wind pressure.

26
 Table 2: WIND INTENSITY CALCULATION

2
FLOOR HEIGHT Vb k1 k2 k3 Pz= 0.6Vz
Vz=Vb× k1× k2x k3 (m/s)
(m) (N/m2)
Ground floor 3 39 1.06 1.07 1 44.23 1173.77
First floor 6 39 1.06 1.07 1 44.23 1173.77
Second Floor 9 39 1.06 1.07 1 44.23 1173.77
Third Floor 12 39 1.06 1.07 1 44.23 1173.77
Fourth Floor 15 39 1.06 1.07 1 44.23 1173.77

7.2 CALCULATION OF SEISMIC LOAD

The country is classified based on the magnitude of earthquake forces, into 4 seismic zones, II to
V. The structure considered for our project falls under zone III area. The effect of seismic forces
ie, the intensity and duration of the vibrations, depend on the magnitude of earthquake, depth of
focus from the ground surface, distance of the structure under consideration from the epicenter,
soil strata in which it is constructed, characteristics of the path through which the seismic waves
travel. The response of a structure to ground vibrations is a function of the nature of foundation
soil; materials, form, size and mode of construction of structures; and the duration and
characteristics of ground motion.
The design approach adopted in this standard ensures that structures possess at least a minimum
strength to withstand minor earthquakes (<DBE- Design Basis Earthquake),which occur
frequently, without damage; resist moderate earthquakes (DBE) without significant structural
damage though some non-structural damage may occur and aims that structures withstand a
major earthquake (MCE) without collapse, Actual forces that appear on structures during
earthquakes are much greater than the design forces specified in this standard.

The seismic weight of each floor for the analysis is to be taken as its full dead load of the
structure and appropriate amount of imposed loads. The weight of columns and walls in a storey
is equally distributed to the floor above and below, while calculating the seismic weight. As per
table-8 of IS 1893 (Part-1):2002, 50% of imposed load is considered for an imposed uniformly
distributed floor loads, above 3kN/m2

27
The different steps involved in the calculation of seismic load manually are explained below.

7.2.1 GRAVITY LOAD CALCULATIONS

I. UNIT LOAD CALCULATIONS

Assumed sizes of beam and column sections are:

Column: 230 × 500

Area, A=0.115 m2

I=0.00057 m4

Beam: 230 × 500

Area, A=0.115 m2

I=0.00057 m4

Member Self Weights:

Column (230 × 500)

0.5 × 0.23 × 25 = 2.875 KN/m

Beam (230 × 500 )

0.23 ×0.5 × 25 = 2.875 KN/m

Slab (150 mm thick )

0.15 × 25= 3.75 KN/m2

Brick wall (200 mm thick)

0.2 × 20 = 4 KN/m2

Floor wall (Height 2.5 m)

(200 mm thick) : 2.5× 4 = 10 KN/m

28
Terrace Parapet (Height 0.6 m)

0.6 × 0.1 ×20 = 1.2 KN/m

II. SLAB LOAD CALCULATION

Area = 610.38 m2

Terrace floor

Slab weight = 610.38× 0.15 × 25 = 2288.93kN

Floor Finish= 610.38× 1 = 610.38kN

Water Proofing = 610.38× 2

=1220.76kN

Total = 4120.07 KN

Typical floor

Total = Slab weight +Floor finish

=2899.31kN

Stair room floor:

Total weight = 13.02×.15 ×25

= 48.825kN

III.BEAM LOAD CALCULATION

Total Length= 394.66 m

Beam load in each floor =394.66×0.5 × 0.23 × 25

=1134.6kN

29
IV. COLUMN LOAD CALCULATION

67× 3 × 0.23 × 0.500 × 25 = 577.88kN

V.WALL LOAD CALCULATION

20 mm thick wall in typical floor: 137× 10 =1370 kN
20 mm thick wall in ground floor: 137 × 10 =1370 kN
20 mm thick wall in the stair room: 6.57× 10=65.7 kN
Parapet in terrace floor: 66 × 10 =660 kN

VI. STAIR LOAD CALCULATION

Stair 1 =1.585 × 25
=39.625 kN
Stair 2 = 1.4 × 25
= 35kN

VII. Seismic Weight Calculations:

The seismic weights are calculated in a manner similar to gravity loads. The weight of columns
and walls in any storey shall be equally distributed to floors above and below the storey.

Following reduced live loads are used for analysis: Zero on terrace , and 50% on other floors

(IS: 1893 (Part 1):2002, Clause 7.4)

Terrace:

Slab =1585.17

Parapet = 660

Walls = 685

Beams = 200

Columns = 134

30
Stair = 33.7

Total = 3298 KN

Storey 5,4,3,2:

Slab =1115.49

Walls =1370

Beams =200

Columns = 267.375

Stair =16.85

Total =2970

The seismic weight of the building is the lumped weight, which acts at the respective floor level
at the centre of mass of the floor.

VIII DESIGN SEISMIC LOAD

The fundamental time period:

Ta =.075 × h × 0.75 [IS 1893 (Part I):2002, Clause 7.6.1]

=.075 × 15.5 × 0.75

= 0.87 sec.

Zone factor, Z = 0.16 for Zone III [IS 1893 (Part I):2002, Table 2]

Importance factor, I = 1.0 [IS 1893 (Part I):2002, Table 6]

Rocky, or hard soil site and 5% damping

31
. =1.15 [IS 1893 (Part I):2002, Figure 2]

The structure is assumed as Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame (OMRF)

Response reduction factor, R = 3 [IS 1893 (Part I):2002 , Table 7]

Ah =

= 0.031

Base Shear, Vb = Ah × W

= 0.031 × 13912

= 427 KN

The total horizontal load of 427 KN is now distributed along the height of the building as per
clause 7.7.1 of IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002. This distribution is shown in Table below.

Table 3: Distribution of horizontal Earthquake force along height of building

Qi = ( )×Vb
STOREY Wi (KN) hi (m)
(KN)
5 3298 15. 5 792.344 223.986
4 2970 11.55 396.2 112.0009
3 2970 8.55 217.11 61.37436
2 2970 5.55 91.48 25.86028
1 1704 2.8 13.36 3.77671

∑ Wi = 13912 ∑ = 1510.5 ∑ Qi = 426.9983

32
7.3 LOAD COMBINATIONS
The loads are evaluated separately and various combinations are determined from IS 875
(Part-5):1987. The combination is selected based upon their probability of acting together and
their disposition in relation to other loads and severity of stresses or deformation caused by the
combination of various loads in necessary to ensure required safety and economy in the design of
the structure. For achieving the same, various load combinations are adopted. It should be
recognized in load combinations that the simultaneous occurrence of maximum values of wind,
earthquake and imposed loads is not likely. Combinations considered for the analysis includes

1.5 Dead Load+ 1.5 Live Load

1.2 Lead +1.2 Live Load +1.2 EQX Load +1.2 EQZ Load

1.2 Dead Load +1.2 Live Load -1.2 EQX Load -1.2 EQZ Load

1.5 Dead Load +1.5 EQX Load +1.5 EQZ Load

1.5 Dead Load -1.5 EQX Load -1.5 EQZ Load

0.9 Dead Load +1.5 EQX Load + 1.5 EQZ Load

0.9 Dead Load -1.5 EQX Load - 1.5 EQZ Load

1.0 Dead Load +1.0 Wind Load

1.0 Dead Load +1.0 Live Load + 1.0 Wind Load

Fig. 15 shows method of selecting load combination in STAAD Pro.

33
Fig 15 Load Combinations

34
 8. DESIGN OF STRUCTURE
8.1 DESIGN OBJECTIVES

(a) To configure a workable and economic structural system. This involves the selection
of the appropriate structural types and laying out the location and arrangements of the
structural elements such as columns and beams
(b) To select structural dimension, depth and width of individual member and concrete
cover
(c) To determine the required reinforcement, both longitudinal and transverse
(d) Detailing of reinforcement such as development length, hooks and bends
(e) To satisfy serviceability requirements such as deflection and crack width

8.2 DESIGN CRITERIA

In achieving the design objectives, there are four major design criteria of “SAFE” that must be
satisfied.

(a) Safety, Strength and stability: Structural systems and members must be designed with
sufficient margins of safety against failure.

(b) Aesthetics: It includes much consideration as shape, geometrical proportion, symmetry,

texture and articulation.

(c) Functional requirements: A structure must always be designed to serve its intended
function as specified by the project requirements. Constructability is a major part of the
functional requirement. A structural design must be practical and economical to build.

(d) Economy: Structures must be designed and built in the target budget of the project.
Design that replicates member sizes and simplify reinforcement placement to result in
easier and faster construction will naturally result in being more economical than a design
that achieves minimum material quantities.

35
8.3 DESIGN PROCESS

(a) Configure the structural system

(b) Determine the design data. This includes the design loads, design criteria and
specifications. Also specify the material properties.

(c) Make a first estimate of the material properties and sizes. For example, based on thumb
rules, sizes are fixed for deflection control in addition to other functional or aesthetic
requirements.

(d) Calculate member cross sectional properties. Now perform structural analysis to obtain
internal force demands such as moments, axial force, shear force and torsion. From these
parameters, magnitudes of deflections of structural members are obtained.

(e) Calculate the required longitudinal reinforcements based on moment and axial force
demands. Calculate the required transverse reinforcements from the shear and torsional
moment demands.

(f) If members do not satisfy “SAFE” criteria modify the design and make changes to steps 1
and 3.

(g) Complete the detailed evaluation of member design to include additional load cases,
combinations, strength and serviceability requirements required by code and specifications.

(h) Detailing of reinforcements. Develop design drawings and construction specifications.

8.4 DETAILING

The hostel building being designed is located in seismic zone III. The building is analysed as
OMRF(Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame) and RRF(Response Reduction Factor) is taken as
3. So the detailing is done accordingly.

36
 9. MANUAL DESIGN
9.1 DESIGN OF BEAMS

9.1.1 BEAM NO: - 8

BEAM SECTION 230 mm × 500mm

END SUPPORT

Moment, M = 64.53 kN

Factored Moment, Mu =1.5 × 64.53 = 96.79 kN

Mu, lim = 0.36 × × (1-0.42 ) × bd2 fck

= 0.36 ×0.48 × (1-0.42 × 0.48) × 230 × 462.52× 25

= 169.689 kNm

Mu < Mu,lim

Design as singly reinforced beam

Mu = 0.87 ×fy×Ast× d × (1 - )

64.53 × 106 =0.87 × 415 ×Ast× 462.5 × (1 - )

Ast = 413.59 mm2

Assuming 12 mm diameter bars,

Number of bars =

=4
Therefore, provide 4 nos of 12 mm diameter bars

Ast provided = 452.12 mm2

Percentage reinforcement =

= 0.42 %

37
Minimum Ast =

= 217.87 mm2 < Ast provided

Maximum Ast = 0.04bD

= 4600 mm2 > Ast provided

MIDSPAN

Moment, M =49 kNm

Factored moment, Mu = 1.5 × 49

= 73.5 kNm

Mu, lim= 169.689 kNm

Design as singly reinforced beam

Mu = 0.87 ×fy×Ast× d x (1 - )

73.5 × 106 =0.87 × 415 ×Ast× 462.5 × (1 - )

Ast = 475.42 mm2

Assuming 12 mm diameter bars,

Number of bars =

=5
Therefore, provide 5 nos of 12 mm diameter bars

Ast provided = 565.48 mm2

Percentage reinforcement =

= 0.53 %

Minimum Ast =

= 217.87 mm2 < Ast provided

38
 Maximum Ast = 0.04bD

= 4600 mm2 > Ast provided

Fig. 16 Beam No:8

9.2 DESIGN OF COLUMNS

9.2.1 COLUMN 995

COLUMN SECTION 230mm × 500mm

Pu = 2280.63 kN

Mux = 22.572 kNm

Muz = 60.796 kNm

Unsupported length = 3 - 0.5

= 2.5 m

Effective length, leff = 0.7 × 2.5

= 1.75 m

39
 =

= 7.6
Therefore, it is a short column.

As per clause 25.4 of IS 456:2000,

ex = =

= 9.89 mm

ez = =

= 9.66 mm

ex min = +

= +

= 21.67 mm

ez min = +

= +

= 26.66 mm

Biaxial Bending

Mu = 1.15 √

= 1.15 √

= 74.58 kNm

= 0.09

40
 =

= 0.49

= 0.03
From chart 32 of SP 16.

= 0.04

p = 1.6%

Asc = × 230 × 500

=1840 mm2

Asc min = × 230 × 500

= 920 mm2

Asc max = × 230 × 500

= 6900 mm2

Providing 25 mm diameter bars,

No: of bars =

=4
Therefore, provide 4 no’s 25 mm diameter bars.

Asc provided =1963.49 mm2 > 1840 mm2

= 0.49

41
pprovided = × 100

= 1.7%

= 0.0425

= 0.09

= 0.06

Mux1 = 0.06 × 40 × 230 × 5002

= 138 kNm

Muz1 = 0.06 × 40 × 500 × 2302

= 63.48 kNm

Check

Puz =0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fyAsc

=0.45 × 40 × [230 × 500 -2412.74] + 0.75 × 415 × 2412.74

= 2777.54 kN

Pu = 2280.63 kN

= 0.8

αn = 2

As per clause 39.6 of IS 456:2000

+ = +

= 0.94

42
 < 1.0

Hence the column is safe in biaxial bending

Design of Lateral Ties

Diameter: i) 6 mm minimum

ii) = 8 mm

Provide 8 mm φ ties.

Spacing: i) least lateral dimension = 230 mm

ii) 16φ = 16 × 32 =512 mm

iii) 300 mm

Provide 8 mm φ @ 230 mm c/c

Fig. 17 Column No:995

43
9.3 DESIGN OF SLABS
9.3.1 SLAB S1(Fig 18)

Size= 3.3m x 9.998m.

Span/d= 30

Cover= 25mm

Assume 10 mm bars, eff d= 110mm

Overall depth, D= 140mm

Eff span= 3410mm=3.41m=lx

DL=1 x 1x 0.15 x 25= 3.75 kN/m

LL= 3 kN/m

TL= 6.75 kN/m

Factored load= 10.125 kN/m

Factored BM=14.716 kNm

Factored SF= 17.30 kN

d reqd= 65.31 mm<d provided

hence under-reinforced.

Ast min= 0.0012x 1000x140=168sq.mm

Ast=393.94sq.mm

Spacing of 10mm dia bars= 180mm

Therefore provide #10 @ 180c/c

Distribution rft(using Ast min)

Spacing=460mm>400mm

Provide #10 @460 c/c

44
9.4 DESIGN OF STAIRS
9.4.1 MAIN STAIRCASE(Fig. 18)

Thread= 300mm

Rise=150mm

No of rise= 3/0.15=20

No of rise in each flight= 10

No of threads in each flight=10-1=9

Going=0.3 x 9=2.7m

Span= 4.4m

Assume 25mm clear cover and 16 mm dia bars

Thickness of waist slab= 233mm

Total udl= Self wt+wt of waist slab +wt of steps= 12.16 kN/sq.m

d reqd= 119.02 mm

d provided=233-25-(16/2)=200mm

Ast min= (0.12/100)x1000x200=240 sq.mm

Ast =575.72 sq.mm

Spacing of 16mm dia bars= 349.23mm

Provide steel #16@380mm c/c

Distribution bar 8mm dia

Spacing=209.44mm

Provide #8@220mm

45
Fig. 18 Slab and Staircase

46
 10. PLANNING AND DESIGN OF
FOUNDATION
10.1 INTRODUCTION
Proper design of a substructure of a multi-storeyed structure is important for its stability and
durability. The major function of substructure is to transmit load from the superstructure
uniformly and safely to the strata of soil below it. The type of foundation to be adopted and
designed depends on the nature of the load and the supporting soil. The various loads acting on
the structure are obtained according to the IS codes and are calculated during load calculation.
The soil characteristics required for foundation design-angle of internal friction, standard
penetration number, position of water table, and the depth of the refusal stratum, are obtained
from Soil investigation report from the proposed site.

The foundation is designed to carry a heavy structure as a five-storeyed building with a column
beam structure. Considering the safety of the proposed building, deep foundation is provided.
Deep foundation can be pile foundation, well foundation or caissons. Pile foundation was found
to be the best solution for the load and soil conditions at the site.

10.2 PILE DESIGN THEORY

As per the design recommendations, the foundation for the proposed structure is end-bearing
piles. Static method for the design of end bearing pile is used. The ultimate bearing capacity (Qu)
of the pile at the pile tip can be computed from the bearing capacity equation,

Qu = Ap (Pd × Nq + 0.5 × γ × B × Nγ)

Where,

Ap = area of the pile tip

Pd = effective overburden pressure at the pile tip

B = lateral dimension of the pile

γ = unit weight of soil

47
 Nq, Nγ = bearing capacity factors for deep foundations

Bearing capacity factors for the design is obtained from IS 2911:1979 corresponding to the value
of angle of shearing resistance and SPT ‘N’ value at the zone of soil at the pile tip. Piles
arbitrarily chosen are circular with diameter fixed as the design demands. The critical depth,
beyond which lateral earth pressure essentially remains constant, is 15 times pile diameter, which
is well below the pile depth.

With the SPT ‘N’ value of 100 at the refusal stratum, angle of internal friction φ is read as 43.
Bearing capacity factors for this φ value are Nq=109.41, Nγ =206.82. From the six bore log
sheets obtained from the site, the worst case, where the soil has the least unit weight, angle of
internal friction, etc. was chosen for the design purpose. With this soil data, pile capacities were
calculated using Terzaghi’s bearing capacity equation as in equation 45.

From the STAAD Pro analysis reports, axial loads for various load cases are obtained, from
which the maximum axial load on each column is, selected. Based on this load, the columns are
classified into various load groups, each group with a range of 1000 kN. Number of piles under
each column is calculated by dividing the maximum axial force on a column by the safe bearing
capacity of a single pile. Nodal details and pile groups thus obtained are as tabulated in Table 10.
Piles are checked for moment and lateral load. Piles are structurally designed as short columns
subjected to axial load and biaxial bending.

10.3 PILE CAPACITY DETERMINATION

As mentioned in the abstract, pile capacity is determined by the static pile capacity equation.
Circular end bearing piles of 0.7 m and 0.9 m diameter is fixed for every column. The piles rest
on a hard stratum 1.5 m below the ground level.

Pile capacity, Qu = Ap ( Pd × Nq + 0.5 × γ × B × Nγ)

Diameter = 0.9m

Assuming capacity of a single pile, Qu = 1280 kN

Adopting a factor of safety of 3,

48
Safe bearing capacity =

= 420 kN

10.4 PILE GROUP DETERMINATION

Number of pile required under each column, i.e. the pile group is determined by dividing the
maximum axial force occurring at the column by single pile capacity. For 100% group
efficiency, pile spacing in the group is fixed as 2.5 times the pile diameter. STAAD Pro analysis
gives the ultimate load for each load case. Pile groups are fixed based on the working loads as
shown in the example below. For critically loaded column,

Ultimate axial load= 2280.63 kN

Working load =

=1520.42 kN

Number of piles =

=4

Thus pile group is fixed as 2 × 2.

Different nodes and pile groups chosen are shown in Table 4

49
 Table 4. Pile groups and column classification based on loads

Sl. Load Pile Pile

N rang Columns with load coming in that range diamete grou
o e r (mm) p
1 0- 407, 410, 411, 409, 414, 418, 434, 440, 441, 442, 555, 556, 557, 561, 700 2x2
1000 562, 563, 564, 568, 569, 570, 571,
572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584
2 1000- 412, 413, 415, 416, 417, 419, 423, 425, 426, 427, 428, 900 1x1
2000 429,432,433,437,438,439,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,46
2463
3 >200 420, 421, 422 900 2x2
0

10.5 ANALYSIS OF PILES

Once the pile groups are determined and the nodes falling under the common pile group are
found, the maximum axial force (Fy) and the lateral forces (Fx and Fz) are selected from the
STAAD Pro analysis report. It is tabulated in Table 5.

Table 5: Maximum axial and lateral loads in a pile group

Sl. No Pile group Fx (kN) Fy (kN) Fz (kN)

1 2x2 2280.630 34.778 14.293
2 1x1 1857.310 31.539 8.375

10.6 DESIGN OF PILES

Piles are designed as short column subjected to axial load and bilateral bending. Consider
the 2×2 pile group, 90 cm diameter. Design parameters as obtained from the STAAD Pro
analysis is taken from Table 5.

Maximum axial force = Pu= 2280.63kN

50
Maximum moment in X direction = Mux= 22.572 kNm

Maximum moment in Z direction = Mu z= 60.796 kNm

Unsupported length = 6m

Effective length, leff = 0.7 × 6=4.2 m

= 0.7 ×

=6

Therefore, short column.

As per clause 25.4 of IS 456:2000,

ex = =

= 9.89 mm

ez =

= 26.658 mm

ez min = ex min

=42 mm
Therefore, biaxial bending,

Mu = 1.15 √

=1.15 √

= 74.578 kNm.
51
 =

= 0.05

= 0.112

= 0.04

From chart 55 of SP 16.

= 0.02

Percentage steel = p =0.5%

Asc= Asc min=

=5089.38 mm2

Asc max =

=25446.9mm2

Providing 25 mm diameter bars,

No: of bars =11

Therefore, provide 11 no’s 25 mm diameter bars.

Ascprovided =5400 mm2

= 0.1126

pprovided =0.84%

= 0.034

= 0.05

52
 =0.06

Mux1= .06 × 25 × 9003 =1093.5 kNm, >> Mux

Muz1= 1093.5 kNm >> Muz

Check

Puz = 0.45fckAc + 0.75fyAsc

= (0.45 × 25 × 630772.9) + (0.75 × 415 × 5400)

= 8776.945kN

Pu = 2280.630kN

= 0.2598

From clause 39.6 of IS 456:2000, =1

+ = 0.0762 < 1

Hence safe in biaxial bending.

10.7 DESIGN OF TIES

Diameter : i) 6 mm minimum.

ii) = 6.25

Provide 8 mm φ ties.

Spacing: i) least lateral dimension =900 mm

ii) 16 φ =16 × 25=400

iii) 300 mm

Provide 8 mm φ @ 300 mm c/c

Abstract of design of piles is shown in Table 6.

53
 Table 6: Abstract of design of piles

Sl. No Pile diameter(mm) Main reinforcement Lateral ties

1 900 11 nos. 25mm diameter. 8mm @ 300mm c/c.
2 700 7 nos. 25mm diameter. 8mm @ 300mm c/c.

10.8 DESIGN OF PILE CAP

Pile caps are provided over pile groups to distribute the load uniformly over the piles. Consider
the pile cap for 900 mm diameter, 2 × 2 pile group.

Distance between the piles = 2.5 × 0.9

= 2.25m.

Pile cap dimension = 2.25 + 0.9 + 0.6

= 3.75 m.

Thus pile cap size = 3.75 × 3.75m.

Maximum axial load, P = 2280.63kN

Moment, Mx = 22.572 kNm

Moment, Mz = 60.796 kNm

Maximum force on a single pile due to moment and axial force

F= +

= + kN

= 590.423 kN

Bending moment at the critical section of pile cap,

M=F × kNm = 531.38 kNm

Mu, lim = 0.36 × × (1-0.42 ) × bd2 fck

531.38 × 106 = 0.36 × 0.48 × (1-0.42 × 0.48) × 1000 × d2 × 40

D = 310.3mm

54
Assuming a clear cover of 80 mm,

D= d + 80 = 390.3mm

Provide D = 500 mm

d= D - 80 = 420mm

Mu = 0.87 × fy × Ast × d (1 - )

= 0.87 × 415 × Ast × 420 × (1- )

Solving the above equation,

Ast= 3875.152mm2

Minimum steel required = 0.12% of gross area

= 0.12 × 1000 ×

= 600 mm2 OK

Provide 3875.152 mm2 of main reinforcement.

Provide 28 mm diameter bars at 150 mm c/c at the bottom

Check for shear

Shear force= Vu= 590.423 kN

Actual shear stress= τv =

= 1.406N/mm2

= 0.923

Permissible shear stress= 0.655 N/mm2

Strength of shear reinforcement = Vus= Vu- τcbd

=590230 - 0.655 × 1000 × 420

55
 = 315130 N/mm2.

Spacing of 6 legged 12 mm diameter stirrups:

Vus= 0.87 × fy ×Asv ×

315130 = 0.87 × 415 × 678.584 ×

Sv=326.54 mm

Provide 6 legged 12 mm diameter bars as shear reinforcement @ 300 mm c/c.

Check for punching shear

Punching shear stress =

= 162.178 kN/m2

Punching shear force= 162.178 × (3.752 - )

=2177.455 kN

Allowable punching shear stress =

= 4 N/mm2

Consider the critical section for shear at distance d from the face of the column. Thus critical
section is a circular section of diameter 1.82 m.

Allowable punching shear stress =

4=

Dreqd = 95.208mm

Where, Dreqd is the gross depth required to take punching shear force

Dprovided = 500mm

Hence safe against punching failure

56
Abstract of pile cap design is shown in Table 7

Table 7: Abstract of pile cap design

Sl. Pile cap dimension

Main reinforcement Shear reinforcement
No ( m)
6 legged 12 mm φ stirrups @ 300mm
1 3.75 x 3.75 x 0.5 28mm φ @ 150 mm c/c
c/c
2 3.05 x 3.05 x 0.5 25mm φ @ 150 mm c/c 6 legged 8 mm φ stirrups @ 300mm c/c

The reinforcement details of the typical structural elements are shown in Fig.

57
58
 11. CONCLUSION
The aim of our project was planning, analysis and design of a multi-storeyed, earthquake
resistant residential building. We were able to complete the project in a successful and efficient
manner by considering all the relevant features given as nine chapters.

Planning of this building has been done based on the space requirements suggested by the
prevailing rules stipulated in Kerala Building Rules, 1999. The design is completely based on
relevant Indian Standard Codes. The analysis has been done with the help of STAAD Pro and the
drawings have been made with the help of AutoCAD. We have completed this project to the best
of our knowledge and ability.

59
 12. REFERENCE
 The references that will be referred to for this project work are:
o Bye-laws In Planning-KMBR, 1999
o Design Codes
IS 456:2000
IS 875 (Part 2):1987 (Reaffirmed 1997)
IS 875 (Part 3):1987 (Reaffirmed 1997)
IS 1893 (Part I):2002
IS 2911 (Part 1-4):1979 (Reaffirmed 1997)
IS 4326:1993
IS 13920:1993 (Reaffirmed 1998)
IS 13935: 1993

o Software

STAAD Pro

o Books

Design of RCC Structures by B. C. Punmia

Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete by P. C. Varghese
Reinforced Concrete Design by S. N. Sinha
Reinforced Concrete Limit State Design by Ashok K Jain
Basic & Applied Soil Mechanics by Gopal Ranjan & A. S. R. Rao
Geotechnical Engineering by K. R. Arora

60