ES 11: STATICS OF RIGID BODIES

LECTURE 10:
INTERNAL
FORCES; SHEAR
AND BENDING
MOMENT
DIAGRAM I

ENGR. GIANCARLO P. VENTURA

Institute of Civil Engineering
College of Engineering
University of the Philippines Diliman
 INTERNAL LOADS
Internal Loads - loads that develop within a body due to the
y application of forces

P A
P PY
 x M
Y
x
P F PX
V
X A

Types of Internal Loads:

• Axial Force (F) - force that is perpendicular to the transverse
cross-section. This force is either tensile (T) or compressive (C).
• Shear force (V) – force that is tangent/parallel to the cross-
section.
• Bending Moment (M) – a couple that lies on the plane of the
applied forces.
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 INTERNAL LOADS
Solving for the Internal Loads by CUTTING SECTIONS:

• Obtain reactions at supports and all

other forces from the FBD of the bar.

• Cut the bar at the section of interest

and isolate either part of the bar.

• Apply shear force, axial force, and

bending moment at the section. The
sense of these internal forces maybe
assumed.

• Use equations of equilibrium to

obtain the values of the internal
forces.

F X =0 ➔P F
Y =0 ➔V M A =0 ➔M

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 INTERNAL LOADS

• Straight two-force member AB is in

equilibrium under application of F and -F.

• Internal forces equivalent to F and -F are

required for equilibrium of free-bodies AC
and CB.

• An internal force-couple
system is required for
equilibrium of two-force
members which are not
straight.

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 INTERNAL LOADS
• Multi-force member ABCD is in equilibrium under application of cable
and member contact forces.
• Internal forces equivalent to a force-couple system are necessary for
equilibrium of free-bodies JD and ABCJ.

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 EXAMPLE 10.1
SOLUTION:
Determine the internal loads • Draw the Free Body Diagram of the bar.
developed at section J due to the load
when α = 60°.

Dx

A Dy

• Determine the reactions at the supports.

+↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0: − 1.4 sin 60° + 𝐷𝑦 = 0
𝟕 𝟑
𝑫𝒚 = 𝐤𝐍 ↑
𝟏𝟎
M D = 0 : − 𝐴 (0.175) + 1.4 cos 60° 0.2
+ 1.4 sin 60° 0.6 = 0
A = 4.957 kN 
+
→ Σ𝐹𝑥 = 0: − 1.4 cos 60° − 𝐴 + 𝐷𝑥 = 0
𝐷𝑥 = 5.657 kN →
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 EXAMPLE 10.1
SOLUTION:
Determine the internal loads • Cut a section at J and draw the FBD of
developed at section J due to the load either the right or left section.
when α = 60°. Left FBD:
M

P
V
Dx
A

Right FBD:
Dy
A V
M

P
A = 4.957 kN 
𝐷𝑥 = 5.657 kN →
Dx
7 3
𝐷𝑦 = kN ↑
10 Dy
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 EXAMPLE 10.1
SOLUTION:
Determine the internal loads • Determine the internal loads using
developed at section J due to the load equilibrium equations.
when α = 60°.
+
→ Σ𝐹𝑥 = 0: − 1.4 cos 60° − 𝐴 + 𝑃 = 0
Considering the left FBD:
𝑃 = 5.657 kN 𝑇
M
+↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0: − 1.4 sin 60° + 𝑉 = 0
P
𝑉 = 1.212 kN ↑
V

M J = 0 : 𝑀 − 𝐴 (0.375) + 1.4 sin 60° 0.3 = 0

𝑀 = −1.495 kNm
A = 4.957 kN 𝑀 = 1.495 kNm ↻

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 EXAMPLE 10.2
SOLUTION:
Determine the internal loads • Draw the Free Body Diagram of the bar.
developed at section J due to the load • Determine the reactions at the supports.
when α = 60°.
+↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0: − 120 + 𝐷𝑦 = 0
𝐷𝑦 = 120 𝑁 ↑
A

M B = 0 : − 𝐴 (0.36) = 0
A=0

+
→ Σ𝐹𝑥 = 0: 𝐴 + 𝐷𝑥 = 0
𝐷𝑥 = 0
Dx

Dy

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 EXAMPLE 10.2
SOLUTION:
Determine the internal loads • Cut a section at J and draw the FBD of
developed at section J due to the load either the upper or lower section.
when α = 60°.
Upper FBD:

Lower FBD:
A=0
P
M
V
V

M
P

Dx = 0

Dy = 120 N
Dy = 120 N

ES 11: STATICS OF RIGID BODIES GPVentura 10

 EXAMPLE 10.2
SOLUTION:
Determine the internal loads • Determine the internal loads using
developed at section J due to the load equilibrium equations.
when α = 60°.
+ 𝑃 + 120 sin 60° = 0
Σ𝐹 = 0:
𝑃 = −60 3 N
Considering the upper FBD:
𝑃 = 103.923 kN 𝐶

+
Σ𝐹 = 0: 𝑉 − 120 cos 60° = 0
𝑉 = 60 N 30°

M C = 0: 𝑀 + 60 3 0.18 = 0
M 54√3
C 𝑀=− Nm
P 5
𝑀 = 18.706 Nm ↻

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 BEAMS
Beam – a structural element primarily used to resist loads
applied perpendicular relative to its axis (relative to its length).

• It can be subjected to concentrated loads or distributed

loads, moment loads or combination of the three.

• Its design is a two-step process:

1) Determine shearing forces and bending moments
produced by applied loads
2) Select cross-section best suited to resist shearing forces
and bending moments
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 TYPES OF BEAMS

Statically Determinate Beams

Statically Indeterminate Beams

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 SHEAR AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS

• Internal forces at a transverse section of

a beam consist of a shear force and a
bending moment.

• The shear force and bending moment

vary along the length of the beam can be
exhibited by means of equations
showing the dependence of V and M on
the beam coordinate.

• This can also be illustrated using the

shear force and bending moment
diagrams
− Diagrams that show how internal
shear and bending moment change
across the length of the beam

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 SIGN CONVENTION FOR INTERNAL LOADS

Sign Convention for Shear Forces

• A shear force is positive if it tends to cause
the right portion to move downwards
relative to the left portion. (clockwise
rotation)
• A shear force is negative if it tends to
cause the right portion to move upwards
relative to the left portion.
(counterclockwise rotation)

Sign Convention for Bending Moments

• A bending moment is positive if it tends to
cause the beam to bend concave upward.
• A bending moment is negative if it tends to
cause the beam to bend concave
downward.

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 EXAMPLE 10.3
SOLUTION:
Draw the shear and bending • Draw the Free Body Diagram of the beam.
moment diagram of the 1.5-m long
• Determine the equivalent concentrated
beam loaded as shown.
720 N = P forces of the distributed load.
P = (2400 N/m)(0.3 m) = 720 N
• Determine the reactions at the supports.
700 Nm
M B = 0 : − 𝐴 (1.2) + 700 + 500 0.4
− 720 0.15 = 0
0.15 m 𝑨 = 𝟔𝟔𝟎 𝐍 ↑

A B +↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0: 𝐴 − 500 + 𝐵 − 720 = 0

𝑩 = 𝟓𝟔𝟎 𝐍 ↑

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 EXAMPLE 10.3

1 2 3 4

Segment AB: 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟒 Segment BC: 𝟎. 𝟒 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟖

1 2
M(x) M(x)

V(x) V(x)
x
x
+↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 : 660 − 𝑉(𝑥) = 0
+↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 : 660 − 𝑉(𝑥) = 0
𝑽 𝒙 = 𝟔𝟔𝟎
𝑽 𝒙 = 𝟔𝟔𝟎
↺
+ Σ𝑀1 : 𝑀 𝑥 − 660 𝑥 = 0
+ Σ𝑀2 : 𝑀 𝑥 − 660 𝑥 + 700 = 0
↺
𝑴 𝒙 = 𝟔𝟔𝟎𝒙
𝑴 𝒙 = 𝟔𝟔𝟎𝒙 − 𝟕𝟎𝟎
ES 11: STATICS OF RIGID BODIES GPVentura 17
 EXAMPLE 10.3

1 2 3 4

Segment CD: 𝟎. 𝟖 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟐

3
M(x) +↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 : 560 − 720 + 𝑉(𝑥) = 0
𝑽 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎
+ Σ𝑀2 : −𝑀 𝑥 + 560 (1.2 − 𝑥) − 720 1.35 − 𝑥 = 0
↺
V(x)
𝑴 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝒙 − 𝟑𝟎𝟎
1.5 - x

ES 11: STATICS OF RIGID BODIES GPVentura 18

 EXAMPLE 10.3

1 2 3 4

Segment DE: 𝟏. 𝟐 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟓

+↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 : 𝑉(𝑥)−2400(1.5 − 𝑥)= 0

4
M(x) 𝑽 𝒙 = −𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒙 + 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎

1.5 − 𝑥
+ Σ𝑀2 : −𝑀 𝑥 − 2400(1.5 − 𝑥)
↺ =0
2
V(x)
1.5 -x
𝑴 𝒙 = −𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒙 − 𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟎

ES 11: STATICS OF RIGID BODIES GPVentura 19

 EXAMPLE 10.3
Segment AB: 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟒
1 M(x) 1 2 3 4

V(x)
x

+↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 : 660 − 𝑉(𝑥) = 0 𝑉 𝑥 N 660

𝑽 𝒙 = 𝟔𝟔𝟎

𝑀 𝑥 Nm 264
↺
+ Σ𝑀1 : 𝑀 𝑥 − 660 𝑥 = 0
1°
𝑴 𝒙 = 𝟔𝟔𝟎𝒙

@ 𝑥 = 0: 𝑀 0 = 0
@ 𝑥 = 0.4: 𝑀 0.4 = 660 0.4 = 264

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 EXAMPLE 10.3
Segment BC: 𝟎. 𝟒 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟖
2 1 2 3 4
M(x)

V(x)
x
𝑉 𝑥 N 660
+↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 : 660 − 𝑉(𝑥) = 0
𝑽 𝒙 = 𝟔𝟔𝟎

𝑀 𝑥 Nm 264
↺
+ Σ𝑀2 : 𝑀 𝑥 − 660 𝑥 + 700 = 0
1°
𝑴 𝒙 = 𝟔𝟔𝟎𝒙 − 𝟕𝟎𝟎

@ 𝑥 = 0.4: 𝑀 0.4 = 660 0.4 − 700 = −436

−172
@ 𝑥 = 0.8: 𝑀 0.8 = 660 0.8 − 700 = −172 1°
−436

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 EXAMPLE 10.3
Segment CD: 𝟎. 𝟖 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟐

1 2 3 4
3
M(x)

V(x)

1.5 - x
𝑉 𝑥 N 660
+↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 : 560 − 720 + 𝑉(𝑥) = 0 160
𝑽 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎

𝑀 𝑥 Nm 264
+ Σ𝑀2 : −𝑀 𝑥 + 560 (1.2 − 𝑥) − 720 1.35 − 𝑥 = 0
↺ 1°

𝑴 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝒙 − 𝟑𝟎𝟎
1°
−108
@ 𝑥 = 0.8: 𝑀 0.8 = 160 0.8 − 300 = −172
−172
@ 𝑥 = 1.2: 𝑀 1.2 = 160 1.2 − 300 = −108 −436
1°

ES 11: STATICS OF RIGID BODIES GPVentura 22

 EXAMPLE 10.3
Segment DE: 𝟏. 𝟐 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟓
1 2 3 4
4
M(x)

V(x)
1.5 -x

+↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 : 𝑉(𝑥)−2400(1.5 − 𝑥)= 0 𝑉 𝑥 N 720

660
𝑽 𝒙 = −𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒙 + 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 1°
160
@ 𝑥 = 1.2: 𝑉 1.2 = −2400 1.2 + 3600 = 720
@ 𝑥 = 1.5: 𝑉 1.5 = −2400 1.5 + 3600 = 0
𝑀 𝑥 Nm 264
1.5 − 𝑥 1°
+ Σ𝑀2 : −𝑀 𝑥 − 2400(1.5 − 𝑥)
↺ =0
2
𝑴 𝒙 = −𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒙 − 𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟎 2°

1°
−108
2
@ 𝑥 = 1.2: 𝑀 1.2 = −1200 1.2 + 3600 1.2 − 2700 = −108 −172
@ 𝑥 = 1.5: 𝑀 1.5 = −1200 1.5 2 + 3600 1.5 − 2700 = 0 −436 1°

ES 11: STATICS OF RIGID BODIES GPVentura 23

 EXAMPLE 10.4
SOLUTION:
Determine the location and the value of
• Draw the Free Body
the maximum internal bending moment
Diagram of the beam.
in the beam loaded as shown.
• Determine the equivalent
22.5 kN = P concentrated forces of the
distributed load.
1
P= (15 kN/m)(3 m) = 22.5 kN
2
𝑀𝐶
• Determine the reactions at
the supports.
1m
+↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0: − 22.5 + 𝐶 = 0
C 𝑪 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓 𝐤𝐍 ↑

↺
+ Σ𝑀 = 0:
𝐶 𝑀𝐶 + 22.5 3 = 0
𝑀𝑐 = −67.5 kNm
𝑴𝒄 = 𝟔𝟕. 𝟓 𝐤𝐍𝐦 ↻
ES 11: STATICS OF RIGID BODIES GPVentura 24
 EXAMPLE 10.4
Segment AB: 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑
1 1 2 3
15 𝜔 𝑥
=
M(x) 3 𝑥
𝜔 𝑥 = 5𝑥
x
V(x)
1 𝑉 𝑥 kN
−
+↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 : 2 5𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑉(𝑥) = 0
𝟓 𝟐 2°
𝑽 𝒙 =− 𝒙
𝟐 −22.5
@ 𝑥 = 0: 𝑉 0 = 0
5 2
@ 𝑥 = 3: 𝑉 3 = − 3 = −22.5
2
1 𝑥
↺
+ Σ𝑀1 : 𝑀 𝑥 + 5𝑥 𝑥 =0
2 3 3°
𝟓
𝑴 𝒙 = − 𝒙𝟑 −22.5
𝟔
@ 𝑥 = 0: 𝑀 0 = 0
5 3
@ 𝑥 = 3: 𝑀 3 = − 3 = −22.5
6
ES 11: STATICS OF RIGID BODIES GPVentura 25
 EXAMPLE 10.4
Segment BC: 𝟑 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟓
2 1 2 3
M(x)

V(x)
5-x

𝑉 𝑥 kN
+↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 : 22.5 + 𝑉(𝑥) = 0
𝑉 𝑥 = −22.5 2°

−22.5
𝑀 𝑥 kNm
↺
+ Σ𝑀2 : −𝑀 𝑥 − 67.5 + 22.5 (5 − 𝑥) = 0

𝑀 𝑥 = −22.5𝑥 + 45
3°
@ 𝑥 = 3: 𝑀 3 = −67.5 + 22.5 5 − 3 = −22.5
−22.5
@ 𝑥 = 5: 𝑀 5 = −67.5 + 22.5 5 − 5 = −67.5
1°
−67.5

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 EXAMPLE 10.4
1 2 3

𝑉 𝑥 kN

2°

−22.5
𝑀 𝑥 kNm

3°

Maximum bending moment is -67.5 −22.5

kNm (OR 67.5 kNm CW) found at 1°
the fixed support. −67.5

ES 11: STATICS OF RIGID BODIES GPVentura 27

 PRACTICE PROBLEM A
A beam is loaded as shown below and
is supported by a pin at A and a rope
that passes over a frictionless pulley.
Determine the magnitudes of the
internal loads at section E of the
beam.

M = 660 Nm
V = 215 N
P = 470 N
ANSWERS:

ES 11: STATICS OF RIGID BODIES GPVentura 28

 PRACTICE PROBLEM B
Determine the largest intensity of the downward distributed
load that the beam can support if the beam can withstand a
maximum bending moment magnitude of Mmax = 20 kNm
and a maximum shear force magnitude of Vmax = 80 kN.

8.52 kN/m
ANSWER:

ES 11: STATICS OF RIGID BODIES GPVentura 29

 ES 11: STATICS OF RIGID BODIES
END OF LECTURE
Engr. GIANCARLO P. VENTURA

Institute of Civil Engineering gianpventura@gmail.com

College of Engineering ICE 319
University of the Philippines Diliman UVLE: ES 11 (Ventura)

Beer, F. P. et al (2013). Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics and Dynamics (10th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Hibbeler, R. C., & Hibbeler, R. C. (2013). Engineering Mechanics: Statics (12th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
ES 11: STATICS OF RIGID BODIES GPVentura