Earl Dominic I.

Porcincula
BSGE-2
Formulas:

a a−b
F-1 = F =
a−b a
a−b a−b
F’ = F’’ =
b a+b
c Flattening is a measure of compression of a circle of sphere
E2 = F2-2F E = along a diameter to formed an ellipse or an ellipse of revolution
a
c Flattening
E’ =
b
C = √ a2 +b 2
Second Flattening
Relationship between latitude
Third Flattening
b b2
Tanφ= Tanβ = 2 tan Ф
a a Eccentricity
Tanφ=¿
Eccentricity of an ellipse is measure on how nearly vascular the ellipse
Prime Vertical Radius Meridian Radius

n=
a M= a(1−e2 )
¿¿ ¿¿
Gaussian Mean Radius Radius of Curvature
R= √ MN RФ = NcosФ

a2 +b2
e2 = or e2 = F2-2F
a2

Space Rectangular Coordinates

x= (N+H) cosФ cos λ
y = (N+H) cosФ sin λ
z = (N( 1−e2 ) + H ¿ sin Ф
1. Given the value a=6378137 and f-1= 29825722.3563 determine the
value of b.
Lecture Geometric Geodesy 2. Determine the length of the minor axis.
3. Determine the polar flattening
Geodesy is the study of the earth geodesy is the science of the
4. Determine the first eccentricity
measurement of mapping the earth surface. It is a branch applied
5. Determine the second eccentricity
mathematics concerned of determination of the size and shape of earth
6. Determine the linear eccentricity
and the exact position of points on its surface and with description of
7. Determine the second flattening
variation of its gravity field.
8. Determine the third flattening
Branches of Geodesy
9. Determine the eccentricity if the flattening is 3.352810703x10^-3
-Geometric geodesy
Answers:
-Physical geodesy
-Satellite geodesy
Physical Geodesy is concerned with determining the earth's
gravity field, which is necessary for establishing heights. Physical
Geodesy is a theoretical understanding of the gravity field, is
determination and its relation to the geometrical investigation.
Satellite Geodesy is concerned with using orbiting satellite to
obtain data for geodetic purposes. Satellite geodesy is geodesy with the
help of satellite. It is used to study the climate change, water resources,
natural hazard, disaster etc.
Geometric Geodesy is concerned with describing location in
terms in geometry coordinate systems are one of the primary products of
geometric geodesy.
Ellipse is a loss of a point which moves so that the sum of if
distances to the fixed point (foci) which constant and equal to the length
of major axis.
Ellipsoid is a mathematical surveys which appropriate the
earth's slope and size and which is used as a reference frame for position
computation.
Parameters of WGS 84
Q= 6356752.314
Q= 6378137.000
Earl Dominic I. Porcincula
BSGE-2
History of geodesy
Prepared by: Engr. Rachelle Valino
Ever since man evolved into a thinking creature, he has been
interested in learning about the earth. The various natural phenomena he
observed around him. This encouraged a better comprehension of events
which resulted in many early cultures and civilizations acquiring a deep
understanding of some of the natural phenomena. The natural phenomena
are related to the size, shape, gravity field of the earth.
Thales of miletus
During the Greek era, geodesy was considered to be one of the
most challenging disciplines. Thales of Miletus (625-477 B.C) involves
the first documented ideas about geodesy. There are several ideas about
the earth's shape.
Pythagoras
During the time of Pythagoras (c 580-500 B.C ) the earth was
considered to be spherical - if for no other reason than the sphere was
thought by the philosophers of the time to be the perfect regular solid.
Aristotle
First attempt at putting a dimension on the sphere are credited
to Aristotle (c. 384-322 B.C) who recorded a diameter of 84,000 to 63,
000 kilometres, depending on our choice of conversion factor.
Archimedes
A century later, Archimedes quoted that the measurement of
earth is 63, 000 to 47, 000 km.
Erastosthenes
Erastosthenes (276-195 B.C) was librarian at the famous
library in Alexandria. He used the equation >>(360*s) / 🛇 << to measure
the circumference of the earth.
I-Hsing
in china, During the 8th century A.D., I-Hsing a tantric
Buddhist monk who was also a famous mathematician and astronomer,
was charged with organizing observations over arc of some 5000 km on
the 114 deg. East meridian.
He arrived at a value of 56700km, the earth's circumference.
Poseidonius
During 135-51 B.C poseidonius using the meridian arc from
Alexandria to Rhodes he observed the star Canopus to be km the horizon
at Rhodes while at a culmination height of 7 deg. 30 min at Alexandria
which again equals the central angle between the cities.
Al-Mamun
DURING 820 A.D Caliph Al-Mamun in Arabia directed his
astronomers to measure several lines around Baghdad and Al Raqqah.
He recorded that the circumference of the Earth is 39, 986 km.
Columbus
Christopher Columbus knew that the earth was round, when
he proposed to sail west from Spain.
He underestimated the size of the earth.
Christopher Columbus thinks that Asia was only 6,400 km
west of Europe.
Frisius and Snellius
Gemma Frisius and Willebrord Snellius conducted the first
triangulation to determine the figure of the earth.
Picard
J. Picard measured the meridian arc through Paris between
malvoisine and Amiens with the aid of triangulation network; he was the
first to used telescope with cross- hairs.
Cassini
Based on Cassini, all the French arc measurements suggested
equatorial flattening rather than flattening at the poles.
Oblate spheroid for flattering at the poles and prolate
spheroid for flattering in the equator.
for any given angular value, the equivalent arc length will
increase toward the equator for a prolate spheroid and increase toward
the poles for an oblate one.
Applications of Geodesy
Surveying is the practice of positioning and geodesy is the
theoretic foundation of surveying. For centuries, the role of geodesy was
to serve mainly in mapping
Applications of Geodesy
Mapping
There is a need fir an areal network of appropriately distributed
points (geodetic control) of known horizontal and vertical positions for
the production of maps.
Urban management
The locations of man's creations must be defined and
documented for future reference.
Engineering projects
Transportation land use, community and assessment of tax data
and population statistics should be based on land parcels whose locations
are uniquely defined in terms of coordination
Ecology
Movement of ground caused by the removal of underground
resources or subsurface disposal of wastes. The detecting and monitoring
of these movements is a geodetic problem.
Environmental management
Transportation, land use, community and assessment of tax
data and population statistics should be based on land parcels whose
locations are uniquely defined in terms of coordination
Geography
All the positional information needed in geography is provided
be geodesy.
Geodesy and other sciences.
Geophysics
It deals with the physical response of the earth to a variety of
forces, the internal structure of the earth affecting its motion.
This information is needed when various mathematical models
for geodetic purposes. Gravity is one of the most important sources of
Earl Dominic I. Porcincula
BSGE-2
information used in geophysics. It also needs positions and other
geometrical information geodesy can supply.

Astronomy
Of common interest is the monitoring of the rotation of the
earth. Another part of astronomy, celestial mechanics is also needed in
geodesy to study the satellite orbits. 3. The geodetic latitude of a point is 12°30'N, Determine the
Oceanography reduced latitude if the eccentricity is 0.08181919131.
Both are involved in the locations and movements of shoreline.
Geodesy provides relative heights of the on-shore water level measuring
devices and their relative vertical movement. Oceanography provides
the deviations of the mean sea surface from an equipotential surface of
the earth's gravity field. This information is needed for the establishment
of a datum for heights.
Geology
Requires both horizontal and vertical positions for its maps. It
provides geodesists with knowledge of geomorphology and local stability
of different geological formations.

4. The geodetic latitude of point is 12°30'N, Determine the

geocentric latitude if e=0.08181919131.

Relationship between Latitude:

Formula = UBO

5. The geocentric latitude of station is 12°30'N, determines the

equivalent geodetic latitude.

Meridian Radius of Curvature

Prime Vertical Radius

Gaussian Mean Radius

Example problems
1. The geodetic latitude of a station is 12 ° 30'N, determines
the equivalent geocentric latitude. Radius of Curvature of a Parallel of latitude

Example Problem:
1. Geographic coordinates of a given point on a spheroid is
expressed as latitude and longitude. At a point whose latitude is 15°N
and longitude of 120° 30E , the semi axis a= 6374402m, b= 6354684m.
Compute the radius of prime vertical, radius of the meridian, Gaussian
mean radius, radius of curvature of parallel at 15°N latitude
2. The geodetic latitude of a station is 12°30'N, Determines the 1. Radius of prime vertical radius
reduced latitude?
Earl Dominic I. Porcincula
BSGE-2

2. Meridian radius of curvature

3. Gaussian mean radius

4. Radius of curvature