ES 11: STATICS OF RIGID BODIES

LECTURE 14:

AREA
MOMENT OF
INERTIA

ENGR. GIANCARLO P. VENTURA

Institute of Civil Engineering
College of Engineering
University of the Philippines Diliman
 AREA MOMENT OF INERTIA
• Consider distributed forces ΔF whose magnitudes are proportional to the
elemental areas ΔA on which they act and also vary linearly with the distance of
ΔA from a given axis.
• For example, consider a beam subjected to pure
bending. Internal forces vary linearly with
distance from the neutral axis which passes
through the section centroid.

F = kyA
• To maintain equilibrium, the sum of forces
should satisfy
R = k  ydA = 0  ydA = Q x = first moment of an area

• Also, the sum of the moments about the

longitudinal axis should satisfy
M = k  y 2 dA  dA = I x = second moment of an area
y 2

where the second moment is also called the area moment of inertia
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 AREA MOMENT OF INERTIA
• The area moment of inertia is a geometric property that depends on the
reference axis. Its smallest value occurs when taken about the centroidal axis.

• It measures the ability of a section to resist bending and rotation. The larger the
area moment of inertia, the less bending will occur.

• The area moments of inertia about the two principal axes are given by

I x =  y 2 dA I y =  x 2 dA
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 AREA MOMENT OF INERTIA

• The area moments of inertia about the two principal axes are given by

I x =  y 2 dA I y =  x 2 dA

Units: m4
Can only be ZERO or positive

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 AMOI OF A RECTANGLE

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 EXAMPLE 14.1
Determine the area moments of
inertia of the rectangular area
about the x and y axes.
SOLUTION:
Moment about the x-axis:
• Using horizontal strips, determine
the differential area.
𝑑𝐴 = 𝑏 𝑑𝑦

• Determine the area moment of

inertia about the x-axis by
𝑑𝑦
integration.
𝑦 h ℎ
by 3
I x =  y dA = 
2 2
h y bdy =
2
2
− 3 ℎ
2 −
2
bh 3  bh 3 
= − − 3
3(2 )  3(2) 
3

𝒃𝒉𝟑
𝑰𝒙 =
𝟏𝟐
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 EXAMPLE 14.1
SOLUTION:
Determine the area moments of
inertia of the rectangular area Moment about the y-axis:
about the x and y axes. • Using vertical strips, determine the
differential area.
𝑑𝐴 = ℎ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
• Determine the area moment of
inertia about the y-axis by
integration.
𝑥 𝑏
3
xh
I y =  x dA = 
b
2
x hdx =
2
0 3 0

𝒃𝟑 𝒉
𝑰𝒚 =
𝟑

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 AREA MOMENT OF INERTIA

• Another property called the polar

moment of inertia is useful
especially when torsion is
present.

J 0 =  r dA
2

• It is related to the area moment of

inertia.

( )
J 0 =  r 2 dA =  x 2 + y 2 dA

=  x 2 dA +  y 2 dA
JO = I y + I x
Note: The two axes must
intersect at the point where the
polar moment of inertia is being
taken.

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 RADIUS OF GYRATION

• Consider an area A with moment of inertia

Ix. Imagine that the area is concentrated
in a thin strip parallel to the x axis with
equivalent Ix.

I x = k x2 A
• The distance of the area from the x-axis about which the area
moment of inertia will be the same is called the radius of gyration Ix
kx =
of the area with respect to the x-axis and is given by A

• Similarly for the area moment of inertia about I y = k y2 A

the y-axis and the polar moment of inertia,
Iy
ky =
A
J O = kO2 A
JO kO2 = k x2 + k y2
kO =
A

ES 11: STATICS OF RIGID BODIES GPVentura 9

 EXAMPLE 14.2

SOLUTION:
Determine the polar radius of
gyration of the shaded area about the • To solve polar radius of gyration,
origin using HORIZONTAL STRIP Ix Iy
only. kO = k x2 + k y2 kx = ky =
A A

• Determine a and h.
(4, 8)
x1 = y 2
h = 2(4 )
1 2
2a = a
1
2
a=4 h=8

𝑑𝑦 Area of the shaded region:

• Using horizontal strips, determine the
𝑦 differential area.
2
𝑦
𝑑𝐴 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑦 − 𝑑𝑦
x2 = 2 y 8
2
𝑦
A =  dA =න 2𝑦 −
2
𝑑𝑦
0
𝟏𝟔
𝑨=
𝟑

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 EXAMPLE 14.2

SOLUTION:
Determine the polar radius of
gyration of the shaded area about the Moment about the x-axis:
origin using HORIZONTAL STRIP • Determine the area moment of inertia
only. about the x-axis by integration.
8
𝑦
I x =  y dA = න
2
𝑦2 2𝑦 −
2
𝑑𝑦
0

(4, 8) 𝑰𝒙 = 𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟑 𝒖𝟒

x1 = y 2
1 Radius of gyration about the x-axis:

Ix 73.143
𝑑𝑦 kx = =
A 16 / 3
𝑦
2
𝒌𝒙 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟎𝟑 𝒖
x2 = 2 y

ES 11: STATICS OF RIGID BODIES GPVentura 11

 EXAMPLE 14.2

SOLUTION:
Determine the polar radius of
gyration of the shaded area about the Moment about the y-axis:
origin using HORIZONTAL STRIP • Using horizontal strips, determine the
only. differential Iy.

= −
(4, 8)
x1 = y 2 1 1 3
𝑑𝐼𝑦 = 3
𝑑𝑦 = 3 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 3 𝑥2
1
1 1 𝑦 3
𝑑𝐼𝑦 = 3
𝑑𝑦 3 2 𝑑𝑦
=
1 3 𝑥1
𝑑𝑦
• Determine the area moment of inertia
𝑦 about the y-axis by integration.


I y =  (dI y )2 − (dI y )1 
2 8 3
1 3 1 𝑦
=න 2𝑦 − 𝑑𝑦
x2 = 2 y 0 3 3 2
𝑰𝒚 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟔 𝒖𝟒

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 EXAMPLE 14.2

SOLUTION:
Determine the polar radius of
gyration of the shaded area about the Radius of gyration about the y-axis:
origin using HORIZONTAL STRIP Iy 25.6
only. ky = =
A 16 / 3
𝒌𝒚 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟗𝟏 𝒖
(4, 8)
x1 = y 2
Polar radius of gyration about the origin:

kO = k x2 + k y2 = 3.7032 + 2.1912
1

𝑑𝑦 𝒌𝑶 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟎𝟑 𝒖

𝑦
2

x2 = 2 y

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 PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM
• Consider the moment of inertia I of an area A
with respect to the axis AA’.

I =  y 2 dA
• Consider now the moment of inertia I of an
area A with respect to the axis BB’ passing
through the centroid of the area.

I =  y '2 dA
• The two moments can be related by
I =  y 2 dA =  ( y + d ) dA
2
=  y2 dA + 2d  ydA + d 2  dA
=  y2 dA + d 2  dA
ES 11: STATICS OF RIGID BODIES
• This relationship is utilized by the
parallel axis theorem which
states that the area moment about
an axis is related to the area
moment about a centroidal axis
given by
I = I + Ad 2
GPVentura 14
 AMOI OF COMMON SHAPES

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 AMOI OF COMPOSITE SHAPES

𝐼𝑥 = ෍ 𝐼𝑥 𝑖 𝐼𝑦 = ෍ 𝐼𝑦 𝐽𝑂 = ෍ 𝐽𝑂 𝑖
𝑖

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 EXAMPLE 14.3
SOLUTION:
Determine the moment of inertia
of the shaded area with respect • Subdivide the composite area.
to the x-axis.
𝑥′

Rectangle
1 3 1
𝐼𝑥,𝑅 = 𝑏ℎ = 240 3
120
3 3
𝑰𝒙,𝑹 = 𝟏𝟑𝟖. 𝟐𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐦𝐦𝟒

or ҧ + 𝐴𝑑𝑥𝑥′
𝐼𝑥,𝑅 = 𝐼𝑥′,𝑅 2

1
= 240 120 3 +240 120 60 2
12
𝑰𝒙,𝑹 = 𝟏𝟑𝟖. 𝟐𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐦𝐦𝟒

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 EXAMPLE 14.3
SOLUTION:
Determine the moment of inertia
of the shaded area with respect • Subdivide the composite area.
to the x-axis.

ҧ + 𝐴𝑑𝑥𝑥′
Semi-circle: 𝐼𝑥,𝑆 = 𝐼𝑥′,𝑆 2 ҧ + 𝐴𝑑2′ ′
𝐼𝐴′ ,𝑆 = 𝐼𝑥′,𝑆 𝑥 𝐴

𝐼𝑥,𝑆 = 𝐼𝐴′ ,𝑆 − 𝐴𝑑𝑥2′𝐴′ + 𝐴𝑑𝑥𝑥′

2 ҧ = 𝐼𝐴′ ,𝑆 − 𝐴𝑑2′ ′
𝐼𝑥′,𝑆 𝑥 𝐴

𝐼𝑥,𝑆 = 𝐼𝐴′ ,𝑆 − 𝐴 𝑑𝑥2′𝐴′ − 𝑑𝑥𝑥′

2

2 2
1 4
1 2
4 90 4 90
𝐼𝑥,𝑆 = 𝜋 90 − 𝜋 90 − 120 −
8 2 3𝜋 3𝜋

𝑰𝒙,𝑺 = 𝟗𝟐. 𝟑𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐦𝐦𝟒

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 EXAMPLE 14.3
SOLUTION:
Determine the moment of inertia
of the shaded area with respect • Subdivide the composite area.
to the x-axis.

• Determine the total moment of inertia.

𝐼𝑥,𝑅 = 138.24 × 106 mm4
− 𝐼 = 92.34 × 106 mm4
𝑥,𝑆

𝑰𝒙,𝑻 = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐦𝐦𝟒

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 PRACTICE PROBLEM A
Determine the moment of inertia of the shaded
area about the x-x axis.

50 mm
1.65478419 x 1011 mm4
ANSWER:

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 PRACTICE PROBLEM B

A. Using integration,
determine the moment of
inertia of the shaded area
about the x-axis using
VERTICAL strips. Verify
your answer using
HORIZONTAL strips.

Determine its radius of

gyration about the x-axis.

35
units b B.
9
35
units4 ab3 A.
3
ANSWERS:

ES 11: STATICS OF RIGID BODIES GPVentura 21

 ES 11: STATICS OF RIGID BODIES
END OF LECTURE
Engr. GIANCARLO P. VENTURA

Institute of Civil Engineering gianpventura@gmail.com

College of Engineering ICE 319
University of the Philippines Diliman UVLE: ES 11 (Ventura)

Beer, F. P. et al (2013). Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics and Dynamics (10th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Hibbeler, R. C., & Hibbeler, R. C. (2013). Engineering Mechanics: Statics (12th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
ES 11: STATICS OF RIGID BODIES GPVentura