Structural Design Iii: Felix V. Garde, JR., Msce

STRUCTURAL DESIGN III
Felix V. Garde, Jr., msce
August 20, 2019
Felix V. Garde, Jr., msce STRUCTURAL DESIGN III August 20, 2019 1 / 38
Steel Building Materials
Steel elements.
A specimen of a specific dimension is subjected to a tensile force

(simple uniaxial tension test) and the resulting stress and strain
are plotted for the duration of the test.
P ∆
f = ε=
A L
a) Initial portion of the curve up to a point called

proportional limit
For Fy ≤ 65 ksi this proportional limit is the
point where the curve first deviates from linear
and is called the yield point.
the ratio of stress to strain in this region is con-
stant and called Young’s Modulus or Modulus of
Elasticity, E.
b) Plastic Region:
Typical Stress-Strain Plot for Mild Carbon Steel. Any structure that is loaded into this region ex-
hibits a permanent plastic deformation as shown
by the unloading line.
The length of this plastic region is about 15 to
20 times the strain at yield.
c) Strain Hardening: the material undergoes changes in its

crystalline structure.
At the end of the plastic region, the curve again

rises with increasing stress and strain.
The increase continues until the specimen
reaches its Tensile strength or Ultimate Stress,
Fu , at the peak of the stress-strain curve.
Yield Stress, Fy , Tensile Strength, Fu , and Modulus of

Elasticity, E, are the engineering data used throughout design to
fully describe the material and to determine the strength of the
structural elements.
Typical Stress-Strain Plot for Mild Carbon Steel.
Structural Steel
Classifications of Structural Steel

1. Carbon Steels
• Low carbon (less than 0.15%)
• Mild carbon (0.15–0.29%)
• Medium carbon (0.30–0.59%)
• High carbon (0.60–1.70%)
2. High-strength low-alloy Steels
• Steels having yield stresses from 40 to 70 ksi.
• Contains small amount of chromium, columbium, copper, manganese,
molybdenum, nickel, phosphorus, vanadium, and zirconium.
3. Alloy Steels
• Quenched and tempered having yield stresses from 80 to 110 ksi.
• Quenching (rapid cooling with water or oil from 1650◦ F to 400◦ F .
Tempering (reheating to at least 1150◦ F and allowing to cool).
Standard Shapes
1. W-Shapes: Referred to as wide flange shapes and are
the most commonly used shapes in buildings. 4. M-Shapes miscellaneous shapes that do not fit in the
definitions of W-,HP-, and S-shapes.
5. C-Shapes American Standard Channels are produced by

2. HP-Shapes are wide flange shapes normally used as essentially the same process as S-shapes.
bearing piles.
6. MC-Shapes American Standard Channels are produced

by essentially the same process as S-shapes.
3. S-Shapes American Standard Beams and were
previously referred to as I-beams.
Standard Shapes
10. Round HSS Round hollow structural shapes are round
7. L-Shapes: are angles that can have equal or unequal
hollow structural sections.
legs
11. Square and Rectangular HSS

8. WT-Shapes are tees that have been cut from W-shapes.
9. MT-Shapes and ST-Shapes are tees that have been 12. Steel Pipes hollow round used in building construction.
cut from the parent M-and S-shapes. Pipes are available as standard weight, extra strong,
and double-extra strong.
Standard Shapes
15. Built-Up Shapes

13. Plates are flat rectangular elements hot rolled to a
given thickness and sheared to the appropriate width.
14. Bars are available in rectangular, circular, and

hexagonal shapes with the rectangular bar the most
commonly used shape in building construction.
ASTM Specifications for Various Structural Shapes
Tension Members in Structures
Tension members in buildings and bridges.
Tension members in buildings and bridges.
Simply-supported truss.
Tension bracing members.
Sag rods in Roof System.
Tension hanger.
Design of Tension Members
Tension members are found in bridges and roof trusses, tower, and bracing
systems.
Typical tension members.
Modes of Failure of Tension Members
1. Gross Section Yielding:

2. Net Section Rupture
Yielding occurs when the uniformly distributed
For tension members having holes, the reduced
stress throughout the cross section yield stress
cross-section is referred to as net area
over the length of the member.
Holes in a member cause stress concentration
Yielding is commonly assumed to be reached
at service loads
when any one component of stress reaches the
uniaxial value Fy
A tension member without bolt holes can resist
loads up to the ultimate load without failure but
a member will undergo large deformation (nearly
10% – 15%) causing a member unserviceable.
Modes of Failure of Tension Members
3. Block Shear Failure:

Originally observed in bolted shear connections
at coped beam ends, now recognized as a po-
tential failure mode at the ends of axially loaded
tension members
The failure of the member occurs along a path
involving tension on one plane and shear on a
perpendicular plane along the fasteners.
Design Tensile Strength, φt Pn
The design tensile strength , φt Pn , of tension members, shall be the lower

value obtained according to the limit states.
1. Tensile yielding in the gross section
Pn = Fy Ag
φt = 0.90
2. Tensile rupture in the net section
Pn = Fu Ae
φt = 0.75
Elastic distribution with holes present.
Theory of elasticity shows that the tensile stress adjacent to the hole is about
three times the average stress on the net area.
Ultimate condition - stress distribution with holes present.
As each fiber reaches yield strain, εy = Fy /Es , its stress then becomes a constant
Fy with deformation continuing with increasing load until finally all fibers have
achieved or exceeded the strain εy .
where,
φt = resistance factor for tension

Ae = effective net area, in2
Ag = gross area of member, in2
Fy = specified minimum yield stress, ksi
Fu = specified minimum tensile stress, ksi
Area Determination:
a. Gross area
The gross area, Ag , of a member is the total cross-sectional area.
Area Determination:
b. Net Area
The net area, An , of a member is the sum of the products of the thickness and the net width of each element
computed as follows:
• In computing net area for tension and shear, the width of a bolt hole shall be taken as 16 1 in. greater than the
nominal dimension of the hole.
• For a chain of holes extending across a part in any diagonal or zigzag line, the net width of the part shall be
obtained by deducting from the gross width the sum of the diameters or slot dimensions as provided in Section
s2
J3.2, of all holes in the chain, and adding, for each gage space in the chain, the quantity
4g
where
s = longitudinal center-to-center spacing (pitch) of any two

consecutive holes
g = transverse center-to-center spacing (gage) between
fastener gage lines
Area Determination:
c. Effective Net Area
The effective area of tension members shall be determined as follows:
Ae = U An
where
U = the shear lag factor is determined as shown in Table D3.1.
Note: For short tension members (connecting elements), such as splice and
gusset plates,
Ae = An ≤ 0.85Ag , (AISC J4.1)
Slenderness Limit:
There is no maximum slenderness limit for design of members in tension.
Note: For members designed on the basis of tension, the slenderness ratio L/r
preferably should not exceed 300. This suggestion does not apply to rods or
hangers in tension.
Shear lag in tension member.
Determination of x̄ for computing, U .
Determination of x̄ for computing U .
Description of l in the direction of the load. (a) bolted (b) welded connections.
Nominal Hole Dimension.
Bolts in Oversize and Slotted Holes.
Examples:
Compute the net area of each of the given members.

1. Ans. 5.34 in2
2. Ans. 9.38 in2
Examples:
Compute the net area of each of the given members.

3. The 7/8 × 14 plate. The holes are for 7/8 in φ bolts. Ans. 10.54 in2
4. Compute the maximum acceptable tensile service load that may act on a
single angle L6 × 4 × 34 that is welded along only one leg to a gusset plate;
thus, there are no holes. The service live load is three times the dead load.
Solve for (a) A36 steel and (b) A572 Grade 50 steel.
Examples:
5. Select a pair of angles having a length of 30 ft. to support a tensile live load
of 22 kips and tensile dead load of 65 kips. Assume the angles are separated
back-to-back 38 in. by a connected gusset plate, and that the connection is
welded. Assume the slenderness ratio is desired to not exceed 300. Use A36
steel.
Examples:
6. Given the splice shown:

(a) Determine the maximum capacity T (25% dead load, 75% live load)
based on the A36 steel plates having holes arranged as shown.
(b) What value of s should be specified to provide the maximum capacity
T as computed in part (a), if the final design is to have s1 = s2 = s?
3. Tearing limit state also known as Block Shear
3. Tearing limit state also known as Block Shear
3. Block Shear Strength

The available strength for the limit state of block shear rupture along a shear
failure path or path(s) and a perpendicular tension failure path shall be taken as
Rn = 0.6Fu Anv + Ubs Fu Ant ≤ 0.6Fy Agv + Ubs Fu Ant

φ = 0.75
where,
Agv = gross area subject to shear

Ant = net area subject to tension
Anv = net area subject to shear
Where the tension stress is uniform, Ubs = 1; where the tension stress is
nonuniform, Ubs = 0.5.
Block shear tensile stress distributions.

Examples:
7. Determine the design strength , including block, of the section W T 6 × 26.5,

A992 steel, attached through the flange with six 1-inφ as shown. (Ans.
269.2 k)
Examples:
8. Determine the maximum allowable tensile load (20% dead load, 80% live
load) for a single C15 × 33.9, fastened to a 12 -in gusset plate as shown. Use
A36 steel and assume holes are for 43 -in diam bolts. Base answer on the
tension strength of the channel, and include shear rupture strength.
Section Properties: C15 × 33.9

A = 10.0 in2 d = 15.0 in x̄ = 0.788 in.
tw = 0.40 in. bf = 3.40 in. tf = 0.65 in.
Examples:
9. For the gusset plate in the heavy bracing connection that is shown below,
check whether the plate thickness of 21 in. is adequate to resist block shear.
The steel grade is A36 (Fy = 36 ksi, Fu = 58 ksi), and holes are drilled for
7
8 -in diameter A325 high-strength bolts.

Structural Design Iii: Felix V. Garde, JR., Msce

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Structural Design Iii: Felix V. Garde, JR., Msce

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

STRUCTURAL DESIGN III

Felix V. Garde, Jr., msce

August 20, 2019

A specimen of a specific dimension is subjected to a tensile force

a) Initial portion of the curve up to a point called

c) Strain Hardening: the material undergoes changes in its

At the end of the plastic region, the curve again

Yield Stress, Fy , Tensile Strength, Fu , and Modulus of

Typical Stress-Strain Plot for Mild Carbon Steel.

Classifications of Structural Steel

5. C-Shapes American Standard Channels are produced by

6. MC-Shapes American Standard Channels are produced

11. Square and Rectangular HSS

15. Built-Up Shapes

14. Bars are available in rectangular, circular, and

Tension members in buildings and bridges.

Tension members in buildings and bridges.

Sag rods in Roof System.

Typical tension members.

1. Gross Section Yielding:

3. Block Shear Failure:

Design Tensile Strength, φt Pn

The design tensile strength , φt Pn , of tension members, shall be the lower

2. Tensile rupture in the net section

Elastic distribution with holes present.

Ultimate condition - stress distribution with holes present.

φt = resistance factor for tension

s = longitudinal center-to-center spacing (pitch) of any two

U = the shear lag factor is determined as shown in Table D3.1.

Bolts in Oversize and Slotted Holes.

Compute the net area of each of the given members.

2. Ans. 9.38 in2

Compute the net area of each of the given members.

6. Given the splice shown:

3. Tearing limit state also known as Block Shear

3. Block Shear Strength

Rn = 0.6Fu Anv + Ubs Fu Ant ≤ 0.6Fy Agv + Ubs Fu Ant

Agv = gross area subject to shear

Block shear tensile stress distributions.

7. Determine the design strength , including block, of the section W T 6 × 26.5,

Section Properties: C15 × 33.9

You might also like