ASME Piping Seminar

ASME Piping Seminar

Part A

Don Frikken – Becht Engineering Company

Guy Jolly – Edward Vogt Valve Company

Scope
This seminar covers above ground
industrial piping as practiced in the USA,
not:
Pipelines
Plumbing
Nuclear plant piping
As practiced in other countries

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ASME Piping Seminar

Topics Covered
¾ Definitions
¾ Piping Standards

¾ Classifying Components

¾ Pipe & Fitting Selection

¾ Valve Selection

A-3

More Topics Covered

¾ Introduction to Piping Flexibility Analysis
¾ Designing with Expansion Joints

¾ Water Hammer

¾ Liquid Thermal Expansion

¾ Fabrication, Examination and Testing

¾ Introduction to Line Sizing and Pressure Drop

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Definitions:
piping: assemblies of piping components
used…[for] fluid flows. Piping also includes
pipe supporting elements, but does not include
support structures…or equipment…

piping system: interconnected piping

subject to the same design conditions

A-5

More Definitions:

piping components: mechanical elements

suitable for joining or assembly into pressure-
tight fluid-containing piping systems…pipe,
tubing, fittings, flanges, gaskets, bolting, valves
and devices such as expansion joints…

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& More Definitions:

design pressure: the pressure at the most
severe condition of internal or external
pressure and temperature expected during
service

design temperature: the temperature at

which, under the coincident pressure, the
greatest thickness or highest component rating
is required

A-7

Piping Standards
¾ Provide a set of requirements for obtaining a
safe, reliable and economical installation
(system standards or codes)

¾ Provide consistent dimensions and ratings

so that components will fit together and can
be used interchangeably (component
standards)

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Piping System Standards - ASME

B31.1 Power Piping

B31.3 Process Piping
B31.4 Liquid Transportation Pipelines
B31.5 Refrigeration Piping
B31.8 Gas Transportation Pipelines
B31.9 Building Services Piping
B31.11 Slurry Transportation Pipelines

A-9

Piping System Standards - Other

NFPA 13 – Installation of Sprinkler Systems
NFPA 24 – Installation of Private Mains
NFPA 50 – Bulk Oxygen Systems
NFPA 54 – National Fuel Gas Code
CGA – Handling of Anhydrous Ammonia (K61.1)
Chlorine Institute #6 – Piping Systems for Chlorine

See the longer list in the supplement.

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Piping Component Standards - ASME

B16.3 – Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings
B16.5 – Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
B16.9 – Wrought Steel Buttweld Fittings
B16.20 – Metallic Gaskets
B16.22 – Wrought Copper Solder Joint Fittings
B16.33 – Metallic Gas Valves
B16.34 – Valves Flanged, Threaded and Welded
See the longer list in the supplement.
A-11

Piping Component Standards - Other

MSS SP-80 – Bronze Valves
MSS SP-97 – Branch Outlet Fittings
API 602 – Compact Steel Gate Valves
API 608 – Metal Ball Valves
ASTM A53 – Steel Pipe
ASTM A312 – Stainless Steel Pipe
AWWA C110 – Ductile & Gray Iron Fittings
AWWA C151 – Ductile Iron Pipe
See the longer list in the supplement.
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Classifying Components

¾ By Pressure-Temperature Ratings

¾ By Reliability

A-13

Classifying Components
by Pressure-Temperature Ratings

Many piping systems, especially nonmetallic

systems, are proprietary products and rated by the
manufacturer.

Ratings for above ground metallic systems are

generally governed by their joints. Frequently these
are flanged joints manufactured in accordance with
ASME B16.1 (iron flanges) and ASME B16.5 (other
metallic flanges).

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P-T Ratings for Flanges – Gray Iron

600
Class 125,
NPS 1-12
500
Class 125,
Pressure (psig)

400 NPS 14-24

Class 125,
300 NPS 30-48

200
Class 250,
NPS 1-12
100 Class 250,
NPS 14-24
0 Class 250,
0 100 200 300 400 500 NPS 30-48
Temperature (F)

A-15

P-T Ratings for Flanges – Carbon Steel

7000

6000

5000 Class 150

Pressure (psig)

Class 300
4000
Class 600
3000 Class 900
Class 1500
2000 Class 2500

1000

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Temperature (F)

A-16

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Class 300 Ratings for Flanges – Several Materials

800
Carbon Steel
700 (B16.5)

600 316 Stainless

Pressure (psig)

Steel (B16.5)
500
Nickel Alloy 400
400 (B16.5)

300 Copper Alloy

B61 (B16.24)
200
6061-T6
100 Aluminum
(B31.3)
0
0 500 1000 1500
Temperature (F)

A-17

Classifying Components
by Reliability

¾ Robustness
¾ Fire Resistance
¾ Blow-out Resistance
¾ Tendencies to Leak

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Robustness
Can withstand exposure to loads such as:
¾ Being stepped on
¾ Dropped tool
¾ Dropped tool box
¾ Forklift traffic
¾ Truck traffic
¾ Crane booms

A-19

Fire Resistance
Components able to maintain piping
system integrity if subjected to
approximately 1200 F (650 C) for 30
minutes. The intent is to

¾ prevent the exposure of fire fighters

to danger due to leaking fluids

¾ prevent adding fuel to the fire

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Blow-out Resistance
Gaskets and seals able to withstand high
pressure without failing by extrusion or
fracture. The intent is to avoid large leaks
¾ when a flanged joint is not tightened

properly
¾ when the piping system is subjected to

pressures much higher than design

¾ when large bending moments are

applied to the flanges

A-21

Tendencies to Leak
Some joints are more leak prone than
others. These are usually a strong
function of the construction and
maintenance practices at a particular site.
Examples:
¾ Threaded joints
¾ Unions
¾ Elastomeric seals such as o-rings

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Pipe and Fitting Selection

¾ What is a Fluid Service?
¾ What is a piping system failure?
¾ Bases for selection
¾ Individual components:
Pipe Fittings
Flanges Gaskets
Bolting Branch Construction

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Fluid Service

What distinguishes one fluid

service from another?

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Piping System Failure

How can you recognize a

failure in a piping system?

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Bases for Selection

¾ Pressure Class
¾ Reliability
Robustness
Fire Resistance
Blow-out Resistance
Tendencies to leak
¾ Corrosion Resistance
¾ Material Toughness
¾ Cost
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Corrosion Resistance
¾ Where corrosion is more or less uniform, extra
pipe wall material can be provided in the form of a
“corrosion allowance”.
¾ Where material degradation is localized, either
preventive measures must be used or a more
resistant material must be provided. Examples of
localized material problems:
- Erosion - Pitting - Intergranular
- Stress-Corrosion Cracking - Microbiological
- Hydrogen Embrittlement

A-27

Material Toughness
¾ Measured by energy necessary to suddenly
propagate a crack to failure
¾ Mostly of concern for carbon steels
¾ Generally decreases as temperature decreases
¾ Factors affecting fracture toughness include:
Chemical composition or alloying elements
Heat treatment
Grain size

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Example of Brittle Fracture

A-29

Example of Ductile Deformation

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Cost

CPVC, Sch 80
Carbon Steel, Sch 40
Stainless Steel, 304, Sch 10S
Stainless Steel, 316, Sch 10S
Aluminum, 6061 T6, Sch 40
Fiberglass - Vinyl Ester
Polypropylene Lined Steel
Fluoropolymer Lined Steel
Alloy 20, Sch 10S
Alloy 400, Sch 10S
Alloy C276, Sch 10
Zirconium, Sch 10
0 2 4 6 8 10
Relative Installed Cost - NPS 4 Complex System

A-31

Component Selection
¾ Pipe
¾ Joining Method
¾ Fittings
¾ Flanges
¾ Gaskets
¾ Bolting
¾ Branch Connections
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Components: Pipe - seamless

Strand Caster Billet Heating Rotary Piercing Mill

Elongator Reheat Pug Rolling Mill

A-33

Components: Pipe - seamless

Reheat Sizing Mill Finishing

NDT Facing & Beveling Hydrotesting

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ASME Piping Seminar

Components: Pipe – ERW

Coil Feed First Forming Fin Pass

Welding NDT Seam Normalizer

A-35

Components: Pipe - ERW

Sizing Mill Flying Cut-Off Hydrotesting

Straightening NDT Facing & Beveling

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Components: Pipe Wall Thickness

t = PD / [2 (SE + PY)]
Where:
t = pressure design thickness
P = design pressure
D = outside diameter of pipe
S = allowable stress value from piping code
E = weld quality factor
Y = coefficient (function of material)
= 0.4 for ductile metals up to 900 F
= 0.0 for gray cast iron
A-37

Components: Pipe Wall Thickness

Total thickness required is the sum of
1. Pressure design thickness
2. Manufacturing tolerance (usually 12.5% of the
nominal wall thickness)
3. Corrosion (or erosion) allowance
4. Threading allowance

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Components: Pipe Wall Thickness

Workshop: What is the required nominal pipe
wall thickness for the following case:
NPS 4 ERW carbon steel pipe
Design pressure = 150 psig
Design temperature = 200°F
S = 20,000 psi
1/16” corrosion allowance
Buttwelded system (no threading allowance)

See Supplement starting on page 10.

A-39

Components: Fittings
Fittings are selected primarily by the way they
are joined to the pipe.
¾ Threading
¾ Socket Welding
¾ Buttwelding
¾ OD Tubing (Compression fitting, Flare)
¾ Water Tubing (Solder, Braze)
¾ Proprietary

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ASME Piping Seminar

Components: Threaded Fittings

¾ Common materials
Gray iron
(ASME B16.4)
Malleable iron
(ASME B16.3)
Steel (ASME B16.11)

¾ Size frequently limited to ~NPS 2

Potential injury for installers
Ability to get a good seal
¾ Generally not used where leaks cannot be
tolerated A-41

Components: Socket Welding

Fittings
¾ Common materials
(ASME B16.11)
Carbon Steel
Stainless Steel
¾ Size frequently limited to ~NPS 1-1/2
¾ Not used in “severe cyclic conditions”
¾ Not use in services where corrosion is
accelerated in crevices
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Components: Buttwelding
Fittings
¾ Common materials
(ASME B16.9)
Carbon Steel
Stainless Steel
Nickel alloys
¾ Used in most piping systems ~NPS 2 and larger
¾ Use generally not restricted
¾ Difficult is small sizes, especially for thin wall
A-43

Components: OD Tubing Fittings

¾ Common materials
Copper
Carbon steel
Stainless steel
Nickel alloys
¾ Compression Fittings
¾ Flared Fittings (ASME B16.26)
¾ Generally not used in most severe services
because of leak potential

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Components: Water Tube Fittings

¾ Common material: copper
¾ Solder joint (ASME B16.18 & B16.22)
¾ Braze joint (ASME B16.50)
¾ Not fire resistant

A-45

Components: Grooved Fittings

Fittings that use grooves in pipe –
elastomeric seal required

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Components: Compression
Fittings for Pipe

Pressfit by Victaullic
(has elastomeric seal)

Lokring
(metal-to-metal seal)

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Components: Branches
Basis for selection:
¾ Cost: depends on material, sizes &
fabricator
¾ Resistance to external moment
¾ Ability to examine fabrication
See table in supplement.

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Components: Flanges (ASME B16.5)

Flange types designated by joining method

Threaded Socket welding Welding Neck (buttweld)

These flanges have the same advantages and

restrictions as fittings with the same joining method

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Components: Flanges (ASME B16.5)

Other types of flanges - Slip-on
¾ Has no crevice if installed with two welds
¾ Easier to get good alignment
¾ Unable to seat metal gaskets as well as WN & LJ

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Components: Flanges (ASME B16.5)

Other types of flanges - Lapped joint
¾ Flange can be made from cheaper material

¾ Easier to fabricate and install than WN

A-51

Components: Flanges (ASME B16.5)

Flange Facings
¾ Raised – normal choice

¾ Full
Standard for gray iron flanges
More gasket has to be compressed, so only
“softer” gaskets can be used
Less likely to break flange when bolting
(applicable to brittle materials like gray iron)

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Components: Gaskets
Characteristics of Selected Gasket Types –
See table in supplement.

A-53

Components: Bolting

¾ Has to be strong enough to seat the gasket

¾ Consider need to be corrosion resistant to
process fluid
¾ Studs versus bolts

See table in supplement.

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B31.3 Fluid Service Definitions

¾ Category D
¾ Category M
¾ High Pressure
¾ Normal

A-55

B31.3 Fluid Service Definitions

Category D: The fluid handled is
nonflammable, nontoxic and not damaging to
human tissue. The design pressure does not
exceed 150 psig (1035 kPa). The design
temperature is greater than -20°F (-29°C) and
does not exceed 366 °F (186°C).

Often characterized as “utility”

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B31.3 Fluid Service Definitions

Category M: A fluid service in which the potential
for personnel exposure is judged to be significant and
in which a single exposure to a very small quantity of
a toxic fluid, caused by leakage, can produce serious
irreversible harm to persons upon breathing or on
bodily contact, even when prompt restorative
measures are taken.

Often characterized as “lethal”

A-57

B31.3 Fluid Service Definitions

High Pressure: A service for which the owner
specifies the use of Chapter IX [of B31.3] for
piping design and construction… considered to
be in excess of Class 2500 (PN 420).
Characterized as “high pressure”

Normal: Everything else.

Often characterized as “process”

See Table in Supplement.

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