Interpretation of Results

In the first part of the laboratory experiment, the given common-

emitter amplifier circuit was connected and the signal generator is set to
100mV and the sine-wave source voltage to 1kHz. The operating DC
voltages (input voltage Vi , output voltage Vo and load voltage Vload )
were measured using the digital multimeter. The AC gain was
calculated using the voltages measured. The corresponding output
waveforms (Vsource, Vi, Vo , Vload ) were graphed in graph 6-1. The same
procedures were repeated with Vsource adjusted to 100Hz, 500Hz, 10kHz
and 100kHz while maintaining Vsource at 100mVpk-pk respectively.
In the second part of the laboratory experiment, the given
common-collector amplifier circuit was connected and the signal
generator is set to 100mV and the sine-wave source voltage to 1kHz.
With Vsource at 1kHz, the load voltage Vload was measured and used to
calculate the AC gain. While maintaining Vsource at 100mVpk-pk, the
frequency is varied in octaves and then the corresponding V load and AC
gain were measured and it is known that the average roll off is 0.21
every octave. The values of the Vsource was reset to 1kHz and still at
100mVpk-pk and the the frequency is varied in decades and then the
corresponding Vload and AC gain were also measured and it is known
that the average roll off is 0.936 every decade.
In the last part of the experiment, the AC generator was adjusted to
100mVpk-pk and 1kHz source voltage Vsource. The value of Vsource was
maintained all throughout the entire bandwidth measurement. The output
load voltage Vload was measured and the equivalent AC gain was
evaluated. The lower cut-off frequency fL was determined by slowly
decreasing the frequency of Vs until the voltage gain becomes 70.7% of
the original gain at 1kHz. The upper cut-off frequency f U as also
obtained by slowly increasing the frequency of V s until the voltage gain
becomes 70.7% of the original gain at 1kHz. Using the values of the
upper and lower cut-off frequency, the operating bandwidth was
computed. The stated procedures were applied after completing the
circuit configurations of Direct-coupled, RC-coupled and transformer-
coupled amplifier. It is observed that the resulting bandwidth is the
highest when using the Direct-coupled amplifier followed by the
bandwidth of RC-coupled amplifier and with the least when using
transformer-coupled amplifier.
Conclusion
In this laboratory experiment titled as “Amplifiers’ Frequency
Response”, the principles and ideas behind the frequency response of
different amplifier configuration namely the common-emitter, direct-
coupled, RC-coupled and transformer-coupled were understood fully
with the use of practical tests and simulations and be able to learn the
effect of amplifier capacitances to common-emitter amplifier circuit and
the corresponding gain roll-off per octave and per decade of the
common-emitter circuit. We are also be able to determine the
relationship of bandwidth measurements of various circuit
configurations namely the direct-coupled, RC-coupled and transformer-
coupled wherein the bandwidth size is highest using direct-coupled
followed by the bandwidth of RC-coupled amplifier and with the least
when using transformer-coupled amplifier. The following information
were also known:
 Frequency response of the amplifier is the change in gain when an
input signal frequency varies.
 Decibel gain is the logarithmic measurement of one volage gain to
another.
 The reference voltage gain is usually the maximum gain of
amplifier and is evaluated as 0 Db.
 An amplifier has an operating bandwidth and exhibits maximum
gain within this bandwidth. This means that an amplifier has
reliable gain only at a certain range of frequencies from the so-
called lower and upper cut-off frequency.
 Cut-off frequency is the frequency where the output power drops
to one-half its maximum value or where the output voltage
decrease to 70.7 percent if its maximum value.
 Roll-off is the attenuation in gain of an amplifier below or above
its cut-off frequencies. There is a certain attenuation for every
octave or decade.
  An octave is two-times increase or decrease in frequency while
decade is a multiple of ten.
It is very essential to know the effects of amplifier capacitances,
gain roll-off (octave and decade), and bandwidth to amplifier circuits to
be used for future designs, prototypes and real life applications with a
given parameter or condition.

References
Electronics 2 student manual, Febus Reidj G. Cruz