Strands of Language Part I (A) PDF

STRANDSOF
LANGUAGE
(81-PART
t)
MónicaAragonés
Laura
Alba-Juez cD'So$l\
pc\$Je
/ñ\ Editorial
universitaria
Ramon Areces
E
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 15
INTRODUCT¡ON 17
U N I T1 : S M I L E ! ! 23
A) W A R M I NU GP . . . . . . . . . . . 25
B) O R A LD IS C OU R SE EX : P R E SSING
OPINIONS AND
D E S C R IB INEGV E N T S 25
c) MULII-TASKING ACTIVITI ES 27
Grammar Capsule: Connectors 29
D ) T A C K L INVGOC A B U L A R........ Y 31
E ) N O WH , OW'S Y O U RS P E L L I N G. .?. . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1 . c h ,k, ck,o r c? ........ 35
2 . y ,i , o r i e ?. . . . . . . . . . . . 36
F) AND...HOW'SYOURFORMATION OF WORDS? 36
1. Suffixes-ence,-ance,-ency,-ancy 36
2. Negative prefixes un- anddis- .......... 37
3. Prefixescon-,ex-,in-,per- 37
G ) U S I N GE N GL IS A HP P R OP RIATELY ANDPUTTING IT INTO
MOTION 37
Grammar capsule:The genitive case's/ of 38
1. Thegenitive case / of 's 39
2. Difference betweenexpressions suchas a horserace/a
race horse 39
3. Prepositions at, in, of,on, andfor 39
4. Verbsmakeanddo (Grammar capsule) 40
5 . Ne i th e r...n o r............... 42
6. Emphatic andreflexive pronouns(Grammar .....
capsule) 42
TIMETO RELAX 44
Self-evaluation
unit1 45
CONTENTS9
UNIT2: LUXURYAND ROMANCE 49
A) WARM ING UP 3 l
B) O R A LD I S C O U R S ED:E S C R I B I NE
GX P E R I E N C E S c l
c) MULTI-TASKING ACTIVITIES 53
Grammar Capsule:
Connectors
again! 56
D) T ACKLING VOCABULARY........ 58
E ) NOW HOW' S YOURSPELLTNG? o+
'1. ul ir
b4
2. Doubleconsonants 64
F) AND...HOW'SYOURFORMATTON
OF WORDS? 65
1. Prefixespre-/pro- 65
2. Adjectiveandadverbformation 65
G ) U SINGENGLISH APPROPRIATELY ANDPUTTING IT IN T O
MOTION 66
Grammar capsule:Zeroplural 66
1. Translation
of sentences thezeroplural
containing ol
2 . Usesof even........ ot
3. Verbsexpressing epistemic or extrinsic
modality 68
Grammar Capsule: Modalauxiliaries 68
4. Modalauxiliaries 69
5. Prepositionson, in, at andfor 70
6. Tenseandtime(Grammar Capsule) 70
7. Definite,
indefiniteandzeroarticle 72
TIME TO RELAX 72
Self-evaluationunit2 73
UNIT3: TEA LOVERS 77

A) W A R M I N GU P 70
B) ORALDISCOURSE: PUTTING A CASE( lNA

CONVERSATION) 79
c) MULTI-TASKING ACTIVITIES 81
D ) TACKLING VOCABULARY 84
Grammar Capsule: /n as an adverbial particle 87
E ) N O WH O W ' Y S O U RS P E L L | N G. .?. . . . . . . " . . . . 88
1. Vowelcombinations -ie/ -ei 88
1. Adjective formation: -lessI -ful(Grammar Capsule) 89
2. Adverbformation: -/y(Grammar Capsule) . 91
l0 sTRANDS (Bt-pART
oF LANGUAGE t)
G ) U S |N GE N GL T SAHP P R OP R |A TELY ANDPUTT|NG tT |NTO
MOTION 92
G r a m maca r p su l eS: o mea/ n y .......... 92
1 . S o m ea/ n y .......... 92
2. Compoundsof some,any,no, or every(nobody,no one,
anybody,everybody,nowhere,anywhere,everywhere,
anything,nothing,and everything).......... 94
3 . S u p e r l a t i v .e. s. . . . . . . . , . . . 94
4. Spaceprepositions (Grammar Capsule) 95
5. Frequency adverbs 96
6 . T i m ep h r a s e .s. . . . . . . . . . , 96
T I M ET O R E L A X 97
S e l f - e v a l u a tiuonni t3 ...,.......... 98
T R A N S L AT ION A N DC OMP OS IT ION l( Units1- 3) 100
U N I T4 : C R I M EA N DD A N G E R. . . . . . . . . . . 101
A ) W A R M IN G UP 103
B ) O R ALDIS C OU R SD EIS: C U S S ING MEANINGS 103
c ) M U L T |-T A S K TANCG T tV tT tE.............
S 105
D) TACKLING VOCABULARY 110
E ) N O WH , OW'S Y O U RS P E L L | N G. .?. . . . . . . . . . . . 115
1. Spellings - e r / - a rf o rt h es o u n dI A L . . . . . . . . 115
2 . V o we las n dco n so n a n ts ......... 115
3. Endings -ue/ -ew 116
Grammar Capsule: Compound words 116
1. Compound words:N+N/N+Adj/Adj+Adj 117
2. Negative prefixes dis-,un-,in-,or im- ........... 118
G) USTNG ENGLTSH AppROpRtATELy ANDPUTT|NG tT |NTO
MOTION 118
Grammarcapsule:The PastPerfect Tense 118
1 . Ve r bsi n th e P a stP e rfe ct ..,............ 118
2. PastSimple+ Pastperfect 120
3. Useof wherein relativeclauses 120
4. Personal Pronouns (subjective, objective, possessive and
reflexive)/ possessive adjectives (Grammar Capsule)...,. 121
5. Phrasesof thetype Io hisamazemenV to her owndismay
at the beginning of the sentence/clause ....... 123
CONTENTSI I
6. Reported speech t¿+
Grammar Capsule: Directand Indirect
speech 124
7. Useof reflexivepronouns t¿J
TIMETO RELAX t¿o
S e lf- evaluation
unit4 .............. 127
U N fT5 : W ILDLIFE
EXPERIENCE
.......... 129
A) w A R M t N G
U P. . . . . . . . . . . . 131
B) ORALDISCOURSE: NARRATION ABOUTW tLDLtF E
EXPERIENCE
. .S
...... 131
c) MULTI-TASKI
NGACTIVITIES 133
D) T A C K L I NVGO C A B U L A R Y , . . . . . . . 138
E ) N O WH , OW'S Y O U RS P E L L I N G. .?. . . , . . . . . . . . 144
1. Gr aphemes - ou/- ow .......... 144
2 . H o m o p h o n .e. s. . . . . . . . . . .. 144
1. Compound words:N+N;Adj/Adv+V/Adj+N .. 145
Grammar Capsule:Abstract Nouns 146
2. Abstr act- noun for m ation .............. 147
G) USINGENGLISH APPROPRIATELY ANDPUTTING IT INTO
MOTTON 148
1. Usesof since....... 149
Grammar Capsule: Timeprepositions/ conjunctions:
sinceI for ............ 148
2. Specialuseof somewordswithcertainprepositions
(e.9.awayfrom)....... '150
3. Quantifiers a little/a few+ mass/countnouns 150
GrammarCapsule: Quantifiers (a)little/(a) few 150
4. Adver bs of fr equency .............. 152
5. Relative clauses 153
6. Useof the expressions af the time/on time/in time/at
one time/at times 154
7. Prepositions: about,with,by,on,after,for,from,untit ..... 155
T IMETO RELAX 155
S e l f- evaluation
unit5 .............. 156
12 sTRANDS
oF LANcuAGE
(Bt-pART
t)
Ji'{lT6: LANDSCAPEANDTHE ARTS 159
A ) W A R M T NU GP 161
B ) O R A LD I S C O U R S EE:X P R E S S I N P GE R S O N A O L PINIONS.
GIVINGDETAILSABOUTFAMOUSPEOPLE'S
B T o G R A P H T. E . .S
....... 161
c ) M U L T | -T A S K TAN CGT T V T T T.............
ES 163
D) TACKLING VOCABULARY 168
E ) N O WH , OW' SYOU SPR E L L I N G.?. . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
1 . S i l e ngt b e f o r n
e .............. 172
F) AND...HOW'YOUR S FORMATTON OF WORDS? 173
Grammar Capsule: Noun-andadjective-formation
m o r p h e m e. .s. . . . . . . . . . . . 173
1. Nounformation morphemes -al/ -age 174
2. Adjective formation morpheme -al ........... 174
c) usrNc ENGLTSH APPROPRIATELY ANDPUTTING lr INTO
MOTION 175
1. Compounds with+ver 175
Grammar Capsule: Useof prepositional verbsin defining
relativeclauses 176
2. Defining relative clauses 176
3 . C o mp a ri soonf a d j e cti ve........... s 178
4. Conditional sentences (second type) ........ 179
Grammar Capsule: Secondtypeof conditional sentences... 1 8 0
'181
5 . Pr e s e nSt i mp l eo r p re se nco t n tinuous? ..............
6 . P r e p o s i t i o.n. s. . . . . . . . . . . . 182
7. (Omission of)thedefinite article 183
H ) L A N G U A GE A N DL IT E R A T U R E:THE CONNECTION .........183

1. ldentifying the structure of narratives:Analysis of an
excerpttrom Switzerland,the Cradleof Libertyby Mark
Twain 184
2. Exercise on anothernarrative 185
T I M ET O R EL A X .. 188
S e l f - e v a l u a tiuonni t6 ............... 189
T R AN S L AT ION A N DC OMP OS IT ION | ( Units4- 6) ......... 191
MODELEXAM 193
ANDTASKS
KEYTO EXERCISES 201
I3
CONTENTS
U N I Tl : S M I L E ! !
A) WARMINGUP
1) Doyoulikeit whenpeoplesmileat you?
2) Whatdo youthinkpeoplemeanif theysmileat you?
3) Do yousmileoften?Do youfindit healthy?
B) ORAI DISCOURSE:
EXPRESSING
OPINIONS
AND DESCRIBING
EVENTS
CAN DOs: 1) Expressopinions/likes/dislikes.
2) Exchangeideas:agreeldisagree.
3) Describean eventin your life.
o) Lisienfo Wendyond Mqrk's conversqfion
fffi
(Wendyis readinge-mailson hercomputer)
Wendy:Ugh!I'm reallypuzzledaboutall thisemoticonstuff.
Mark: Emoticonstuff?What do you mean?Why? What'sso
puzzlingaboutit?
W:Well,it'sa wholenewcodewe haveto dealwithnow...Didn't
we haveenoughwithlanguage itself?Howam I supposed
to interpret
a smileyface???
UNIT
l : S M l L E l l2 5
Andonewitha semi-colon on it ;-)tglZ Doesit meanit'sfunny
or theyaretryingto saysomething beyoncl that?lf theyarewinking an
eye,whaton earthdo theymean?Theywantus to guesstoo much...
M: Oh,com e I t h i n ky o u ' r eo v e r d o i n gi t a l i t t l eb i t . . . ls e e n o
co mp lication at Just use your common sense and your
i ma g i nation!
W: ...Andhowaboutthisfacesticking
itstongueoutandsmilingat
thesametime(Q)? Doesit meantheyarenicelysmilingat youbut
simultaneously you?Mygoodness!This
m-ocking is insulting!
M: I don' tthinkit' sinsulting,
no.. sayit' sEXClTlN G...
U S EY OURIM AGINATION, W ENDY!
W: lmagination? No way!l'm not hereto imaginethings.I want
F A C TS,symbols lcan r elyon...a languagewhichwillm ak em e feel
l 'mo n safegr ound...
Allthismoder n ambiguity...
ldon' tlik ei t at al l l l
M: Comeon,Wendy,relax!
W: Lookat thisone:1@¡Whatdo youthinkmycolleague is trying
to saywithit? lt looksso unfriendly anddisrespectful
to me!
M: Let me see... (Afterreadingthe message): Oooh,please,
Wendy... Willyouforoncemakean effortto understand? lf youplace
it rightin its context,you'llsee that whatshe-meansis that she's
stressed andupsetwithherboss.Nothing personalaboutyoul!
W: Well, you know, I still think all this smiley-face stuff is
u n n e cessar y confusing...
and
M: Wendy,please,SMILE!Life is beautiful. SMILE,WENDY
b) Now discussthe followingw¡lh your tutor

or clqssmqlesin the forum/virfuqlcloss:
1. Whyis Wendypuzzled?
2. Whatdoesshethinkaboutthedifferent
kindsof smileyfaces?
26 sTRANDS (Bt-pART
oF LANGUAGE t)
3. Whatis Mark'spointof view?
4. Whatkindof personality do you thinkWendyhas? Do you think
she'seasy-going?
5. HowaboutMark'spersonality? Canyoucomparebothapproaches
to life(Wendy's
and Mark's)?
c) MULTT-TASKING
ACTIVITIES
IIONA LISA:LOOK,READ,LISTEN,STUDYand WRITE
Step1.Go on the internetand LOOKat the portraitof MonaLisaat:
http//upload.wiki
media.org/wi
kipedia/com
mons/6/6a/Mona*Lisa.jpg
Step2. READthe relatedtextand LISTENto its spokenversionto make

sureyouknowhowto pronounce andgivethe correctintonationto it.
She haslongteasedscholarswithher mysterious sensuality, and

her identityhas beena puzzlefor almost500 years.Was MonaLisa
the wifeof Francescodel Giocondo, as manyscholarsbelieve,or a
duke'swidow or a Medici mistress?Now computerartist Lillian
Schwartzthinksshe has foundthe "mostobvious,most revealing,
mostpoetically.tight"
answer.MonaLisais noneotherthanLeonardo
da Vincihimself.
Schwartzwas testinga new computerprogramat AT & T Bell
Laboratories when she comparedLeonardo's mostfamouspainting
with his onlyknownself-portrait,
drawnin red chalkat the end of his
life.She scaledeaohpictureon her computerscreento the same
proportions,thenmatchedthe leftsideof the self-portrait
to the right
side of the Mona Lisa. The featuresmatchedprecisely- "a
congruenceso strikingas to precludecoincidence," she writesin
January'sArts & Antiquesmagazine. She concludesthat eventhe
smileis theartist'supsidedown,'lhe mirrored
H,?5,i;.¡,soj:fr:|
Schwartzcontendsthat her identificationmakes sense, for
Leonardolovedriddlesand opticalparadoxes.
And while he kept
UNIT
precisenoteson his other commissions, she says,he apparently
madeno recordsforthe MonaLisa,norwashe everpaidforthework.
He neverpartedwithit, carryingit withhimfromFlorence to Milanto
Rome to France.Historiansbelievethat Leonardowas probably
homosexual. Perhaps,writesArts & Antiquespublisher WickAllison,
the MonaLisarepresents "a sideof himselfthathe treasured."
Manyart expertsremainunconvinced. "Nonsense,"said James
Beck,chairmanof Columbia University'sArt HistoryDepartment,who
arguesthat otherLeonardofaceshavesimilarfeaturesand that the
lookis simplya matterof style."An artistpaintswhat'sin his mind,"
says Beck,"not what he sees."lf Schwartzis right,what may have
beenin Leonardo'smindwasa privatejokethathasfooledposterity.
Step3. DOthefollowing andSTUDYthegrammarexplanations

exercises
whennecessary:
I ) Choose the correcf qnswer from the ones g¡ven

below
1. Whatdo you thinkSchwartzmeanswhen she says"the most
poeticallyright"answer?
a,) lt remindsus of Dante'spoetry.
b) lt is the mostaesthetically answer.
satisfying
c,) Thereis something poeticalaboutthe picture.
2. Whydid she matchthe leftsideof Leonardo's to the

self-portrait
rightsideof MonaLisa's?
a) BecauseLeonardomighthave paintedhis reflectionin the
mirror.
b) Becausehe was left-handed.
c) Becauseit is the bestwayto comparetwo portraitswhichare
similar.
28 STRANDS (Br-PART
oF LANGUAGE r)
3 . Whatdo youthinka "mirrored smile"meansin the text?
a,) A mysterious
smile.
b,) A smilewhichis upsidedown.
c) Leonardo probablylookedat himselfin the mirrorto paintit.
4 . Thefactthathe mayhavebeenhomosexual
is important
because:
a,) lt explains
why he paintedsucha delicatesmile.
b) Hisstyleis effeminate.
c) lt representshowhe wouldhavelikedto be himself.
5 . "Anartistpaintswhat'sin his mind"meansthathe paints:
a) Thewomanwho he is in lovewith.
b) Hisowninterpretation
of things.
c) Whathe sees.
GRAMMARCAPSULE:
Conneclors
Connectors are wordsor expressions that are usedto connect

ideas,such as so, otherwise, then, on the contrary, on the other
hand.Whenspeakingaboutthe syntacticstructureof the sentence,
theseconnectors are calledconjuncts.Conjunctsare unitswhose
mainfunctionis to join togethertwo or moreutterances whichhave
a semanticrelationshipbetweenthem. They express textual
relationships.
Theyare connectorsof structure,and as such,theycan
connectphrases,clauses,sentences andparagraphs:
E.g.: He was a liar andfurthermorea criminal.(Nounphrases)
He neverstudiedfor hisexams.However,he passedthem
all with verygood grades.(Sentences)
In spokendiscourse, conjunctsare very frequently
usedto mark
the beginningof a turn in conversation,
and as such,they are also
consideredto be discoursemarkers.Among the most common
discourse markersarewell,now,now then,so, then,etc.allof which
can be usedto makedifferent typesof semanticconnections.
UNIT
2> Pul the followingsentencesfogelher us¡ngfhe
oppfopriqle connector
a) MonaLisais a mystery.
Heridentityhaslongpuzzled scholars(because/until).
b,) Schwartzwastestinga computerprogram.
Shecompared thetwopictures (inorderto/while).
d Shescaledthetwopictures.
Shematched eachoneon thecomputer (that/before).
d) Thefeaturesmatchedprecisely.
Sheconcluded thatMonaLisawasLeonardo (since/in
case).
e/ Schwartz's explanation
makessense.
Manyexpertsdisagree (whenever/although).
f) Leonardo tookthepicturewithhim.
He travelled(wherever/u
ntil).
g) Manyhistorians believethat Leonardo was probablyhomosexual.
The MonaLisamayhaverepresented "a sideof himselfthat he
treasured"(therefore/although).
h,) MonaLisamaybe Leonardo himself.
Manyart expertsremainunconvinced
(unless/yet).
3) ORAI PRODUCTION:
Describingon evenf us¡ng
connecfors
Describe recenteventin yourpersonal
an important lifeanddiscussit
withyourclassmates/tutor
in classor in a videoconference.Whywasthis
eventimportantto you?Howhas it affectedyou?Ask othersfor advice.
USEconnectors/ discoursemarkers(e.9. First,Then,Nor¡2,etc.)to join
yourideasandmakethemcohesive andcoherent.
4> MAKEA LIST,

WRITE
ANDSUMMARIZE
a) Makea listof the mostconvincing
reasonsfor believing
thatMona
Lisais actuallyLeonardo.
b/ WouldyouagreewithSchwartzor withBeck?Explainwhy.
thepassageusingthefollowing
c) Rewrite notes:
. Mona Lisa'sidentityis a mystery- wife,widowor mistress?
answerpoetically
Schwartz's rightbutfactually
wrong?
30 sTRANDS (Bt-PART
oF LANGUAGE t)
L e o n a rd o 'sse l f-p o rtra iand
t M ona Lisa technologically
compared.Similarityof featuresmore than coincidence?
Mirrored smile.
Riddletypicalof Leonardo,lovedparadoxes. No recordsof
paymentforwork,tookit withhimeverywhere. Possibly painting
representsa secretaspectof himselfthat he treasured. Art
worldunconvinced? Similarities amongLeonardo's other works
makecoincidence a "matterof style".Doestheartistpaintreality
or was Leonardo's realityitselfa puzzle?
D) TACKHNGVOCABUTARY
BUILDUPYOUROWNGLOSSARY OFTERMSFOB UN|Tt: Look up
the following words in a monolingual (English-English) dictionary
as well as any others you find difficult to understand in the text:
(n)
a) sensuality d) obvious(adj.) g) famed(adj.)
b) identity
(n) e) match(v) h) argue(v)
c) mistress(n) f) striking(adj.) i) fool(v)
I ) Findin the fext fhe oppositeor neqr oppos¡le

of the following words
a) ambiguous
b) wrong
c) ooscure
d) unknown
e) vaguely
0 frown
g) agrees
h) different
i) public
UNIT
l : S M l L E l 3l l
2> Complete these sentencesw¡th fhe oppropr¡ote
word from those listed below
sensuality identitity magazines publisher

features mind nonsense
a) These days you can find a aboutalmost

beauty,sport,cars, and many other subjects.
anything;fashion,
b) What he said was ; he neverseemsto say
anythingsensible.
c) The police couldn'tdiscoverthe of the
criminal,as no-one had seen him committhe crime'
d) She never thought she could write a book, but the
toldhershehada lotof talent.
e/ The of womenis somethingthat painters
oftentry to capturein theirwork.
f) The power of the has always been a
favouritesubjectfor psychologists.
s) H e r but
are nothingspecialindividually,
togetherthe effectis quitebeautiful.
3) Include one of fhe following verbs in the

oppropriote tense in lhe blqnk spqces below
fo complete the meoning of these sentences
draw carry remarn

match conclude argue
a) As she was alreadytwo hourslate,he that

shewasn'tcomingto the PartY.
b) | in Spainfor a weekafterthe othersleft,
becausethe weatherwas so good.
c) He lovesto portraitsof peoplein cafés,
if theyare notawarethathe is doingit.
especially
32 STRANDS (Bt-PART
oF LANGUAGE D
d) They for hoursaboutpoliticalissues,but
everyone stillthoughtthe sameafterwards.
a ) Thissweater doesn't thesetrousers; I think
l'llreturnit to thestoreandaskfor a refund.
'
f) H e my suitcasesall the way up to the fifth
floor,whichhurthisbackquitebadly.
4> Findlhe phrosesin lhe lexf thEt completethe

following$enlences
d/ theday,l'm too tiredto go out.
b) Heturnedtheglass and spilledmilkall over
thefloor.
¡l lf youworkharderthanotherpeople,it that
youshouldearnmoremoney.
d) A goodstudent should of allhislectures
and
classes.
o ) She lovedhimso muchthatevento himfor
a day was difficult,
f) To be good at a sport is usuallyas m uch
oracticeas of talent.
s) Theytellso many that peopleneverknow
what they are laughingabout.
5) l. Findffie odjecfiyes or o'dverbsin the text

lhot medn the following
a) clear,blatant.
b/ immediately impressive.
c) wellknown.
d) according to whatis generally
thought.
2. filou¡include the appraprioté ward from fñose

you found above (rn exercise I ) in the blank
spüces
a) Her beauty was all over the country;
hadheardabouther.
everybody
UNIT
Tome,thesolution problem
to yourmoney is
youshouldgeta jobthatpaysyoumore.
c) he is havingan affairwith anotherwoman,
but I don'tbelieveit.
d) Van Gogh'spaintingsare usually because
of the brightcolourshe uses.
ó) Solvelhe crossword us¡nglhe clues below
34 STRANDS (BI-PART
oF LANGUAGE D
DOWN
1. a womanwhohasa continuing 10. thoughts, spirit.
illicitrelationship
witha man.
12. pertainingto thesenses.
2. deceive. 14. register,
keepdata.
3. reacha judgement. 15. continueto be.
6. discuss. 17. impressive,obvious.
7. sketch. 18. resemble. coincide.
9. a personwho publishes books
or ileriodicals.
ACROSS;
4. painting
of oneself. 16. characteristics.
6. well-known. 18. publication.
8. as it seems. 19. to takewithoneself.
11. picture. awareof itsexistence.
20. identified,
1 3 . n o b l e ma n . or likeness.
21. sameness
E) NOW HOW'SYOURSPETUNG?
ln the text we find wordssuch as scholars,duke, opticaland Beck.
Canyoutellthedifference in theirspelling?
I ) Add ch, k, ck, or c fo the following words
knoa-
=
lusy_-olo$r
la
UNIT
2) Wordsend¡ngin -y following$ consonsnf
chcnge the y to i beforesdd¡ng o suffix
- laboratories,
E.g.:laboratory history- historians.
Thisis notthecasewiththesuffix"ing";carry- carrying.
Addy, i, or ie in the blankspaces:
obe_ed cherr_s funn_er sunn_er

stead_ly fl_ing worr_d stud_ing
SP_-S happ_ly stor_s cr_s
After checkingyour answerstry to formulatethe corresponding

spellingrules.Go to your grammarbook if necessary.
F) AND... HOW'$YOURFORMATTON
OF WORDS?
Noticethe words congruenceor emergency. The endings-ence,
-ance,-ency,-ancyare oftenusedto formabstractnouns.
I ) Formnew words by using one of Él'rese

suffixes
different convenient
efficient consistent
dependent assure
acquaint accept
annoy predom
inant
absent allow
3ó STRANDS
oF LANGUAGE r)
Gr-PART
2> The_negqfive ptef¡xesun-,qs in "unconvinced",
ond d,s-os ¡n disregordore frequenilyused.
Add eitherone of themto the follbwingwords:
_illusion -happy
order grateful
_important advantaoe
aqree -loyal
WISE aporove
healthv ooeorenl
3) Look qt the words "precluden',"conclude",

"include"n "excludeo'.-clude is the bEse
fo which differenf pref¡xes ore ddded
Seehow manywordsyou can makeby joiningthesefour prefixes
(con-,ex-, in-, per-) to the following bases:
_ceive _fect _cept -form

ject -sist _vert -mit
G) US|NGENGUSH APpROPR|ATETY
AND PUTTING
IT INTOMOTIOH
Possessivesappearvery often in the Mona Lrbatext:
E.g.:"A duke'swidow."
"Leonardo'smostfamouspainting"
"...The MonaLisa'sfamedsmileis theartist's"
". . . in L e o n a rd omi
's n d "
UNIT
lf¡
The genitive cose: 's / of
GRAMMARCAPSULE: €
Examinethe instances in whichthe genitiveis usedin TheSecret

of the Smile.Someof them are:the wifeof Francescodel Giocondo,a
duke'swidow,Leonardo'smost famouspainting,the right side of the
MonaLisa, elc.
As we can see in these examples,sometimesthe construction
NP's(NounPhrase+'s) is usedandsomeothertimestheformulaNP -
+ of + NP is preferred.In spite of the fact that there are usually
compelling reasonsfor preferring in a
one or the otherconstruction
givencase,the degreeof similarityand overlaphas led linguiststo
regardthe two constructions as variantformsof the genitive.
In general,the genitiveconstruction 's (traditionally
knownas the
Saxonpossessive) is preferredfor humannouns:
E.g.: a duke'swidow
Leonardo'smind
This constructionis preferredto a lesserextentfor animalnouns

(thecat'sears)and humangroupnouns(thegovernment's policy).
However, this rule is not alwaysobserved,as we can see in this
examplefromthe text:fhe wifeof Francesco del Giocondo, wherethe
nounphraserefersto a humanbeing.
The constructionwith of (traditionally known as the Latin
possessive),is generallypreferredfor inanimateobjects,massand
abstractnouns.
E.g.: Theleft sideof the self-portrait.
is also preferredwhen the modifyingnoun
The of-construction
phraseis long:
E.g. Thearrivalof the 10:30planefromManchester.
38 (Bt-PART
oF LANGUAGE
STRANDS t)
I ) f{er_-consullingthis point in your grommqr book,'
join lhe following nounsusing 's oi simply t
(opostrophewitñouf s)
a) Charlesthe Second/ his reign
b) The house/ Tomand Mary
c) MiltonandShakespeare /'theirworks
d) The backyard / our neighbours
- e) Bismarck / hisGermany
f) Europe/ its difficulties
g) Bill'sfather/ hisfriend
h) John/ oneof his nephews
i) My smallsisters/ theirtoys
j) The ladies/ theirctothes
k) . My son-in-law/ the bicycle
l) Jimand Elisabeth / theirchildren
m) Yerdiand Puccini/ the operas
n) The portrait/ Mr.Brown
2> Explointhe ditferencebelween the following

expressionsby sloling whqt eqch one meqns
a) A goodbusiness deal/ A gooddealof business.
b) A wineglass/ A glassof wine.
c) A pay-day/A day'spay.
d) A horseracelA racehorse.
e) A sportsfield/ Fieldsports.
3) Note-fh9 u9e of lhe prepositionsat, in, oi, on,

ond lor tn lhe texf ond ofter reqding oboul fñem
in o grommqr book, fill in Íhe blonk-spqcesw¡ih
fhe oppropriqte one
a) Mr.Smithhaslivedhere two years.
b) Shewaswearingseveralrings herfingers.
UNITl: SM|LEll39
c) Thereis no room themin thishouse.
d) He is working a newproject the moment.
e) The childrenwrote their names the screenof their
computers.
0 The man ljust methim
thegreycoatis a detective.
thepub.
s) Wecouldhear he saidbecausehe spoke
everything
voice.
a veryloud
h) Marysmells lavender.
i) Youshouldtry to keepwhatI havetoldyou m i nd.
¡) I haveboughtthesebooks Dillon's.
k) They all came home Christmas, no matterhow far
awaythey might have been.
t) l'llstop thesupermarket mywaynome.
m) Allthe menshegoesoutwithare theirth i r ti es .
n) He studiedChemistry the Universityof Kansas
fouryears.
4, In the text we find fhe expressions

"makessense"
;"madeno records".
in meaningand usagebetweenthe verbs

Do youknowthe difference
to do andto make?
MAKEI dO
GRAMMARCAPSULE: &i
Spanishspeakersoften have problemsdistinguishing between
make and do becausebothverbscan be translated intoSpanishas
hacer.To make means to buildor producesomethingand can be
To do meansfo
translatedas hacerin the Senseof fabricar,elaborar.
carryoutandcanbe translated as hacerwilhthe meaningofrealizar,
Itevára cabo.Ultimately, the choiceof theseverbsdependson the
wordswithwhichtheycollocate:
40 (Bt-PART
oF LANGUAGE
STRANDS l)
You make: an accusation, allowances, an appointment,
arrangements, an attempt,a bed,the bestof ..., a cake,certainthat...,
a change,a choice,a comment,a complaint,a confession,a darc,á
decision,a demand,a liscgvery, a dress,an effort, an enquiry,'an
estimate,an excuse,a fire, friends(with),fun of ..., a gesturé,á fuss
of..,.,. a good/bad impression,a journey, a living, á loss, love, a
mistake,.money,the mostof ...,.a movement,a noiáe,an offer,peace,
war,a phone call, a plan, a point (of ...), a profrt,progress,a wish,a
promise,a proposition,a remark, useof, a statem'ent, etc.
. You do: your best, business,a course,the cleaning,the cooking,
damage,the dishes,your dyty,evil,an exercise,a favourlthegardeniíg,
qood,your hair, harry, one's homework,honour,the housetiork,a jo-b,
justice, research,right, the rooms,the shopping, - a srJm,a translaiioni,
the washing,wonders,some work,wrong,eic.
After readingthe grammarcapsuleand some more information

aboutthe use of theseverbs in a grammarbook,includeeithermake
or do, in the appropriatetense,in the followingsentences:
a) "Whatare you ?""l'mreading

a book".
b) She enjoys exerciseearly in the
m o rn i n g .
c) The dogs so muchnoisethat it was
impossible
to sleep.
d) Sh e all herclothesherself.
e) Everyone
must hisbedbeforeleaving
the house.
f) "Whatdo you "1workas
fora living?"
a secretaryin a Canadianbank".
s) H e- a mostuninterestingproposition
whichnobodyaccepted.
h) Whydon'tyoujust the bestof it and
enjoyyourselfinsteadof complainingso much?
i) The children their homeworkand
thenwentout to the gardento play.
Wouldyou me a favour?
coffee.
UNIT
k) What will you for the Christmas
holidays?
t) Please,
don't that,it bothersme.
m) D o n 't that,you're a fool
of yourself.
5) Thesentenceprecedingnor olwoys
hos o negqt¡vemeqn¡ng
E.g.:"Hemadeno records...nor washe everpaidforthework".
parentsneverforgave
Hisgirlfriend's him,nor did hersisters.
neither
But the mostfrequentuse of nor is with the coniunction
pair.
forminga correlative
Rewritethe followingsentencesas in the example:
didn'go
E .g .:Jo hn t to thecinem a. t to thepub.
Hedidn'go
Johnwentneitherto thecinemanor to thepub.
didn'tquarrel.
a) Thechildren Theydidn'tfight.
b) The examwasn'tshort.lt wasn'teasy.
c) Thatoldmancan'tread.He can'twrite.
d) Tommustn'twork.He mustn'tstudy.
e) Shecan'trun.Shecan'tparticipate
in sports.
f) Theycan'teat fish.Theycan'teat meat.
ó) Theword himselfis used emphoticolly

in this lexl
"MonaLisais noneotherthan Leonardoda Vincihimself",
"a
It is also used as a reflexivepronoun: side of himself that he
treasured".
42 (BI-PART
oF LANGUAGE
sTRANDS t)
GRAMMAR CAPSULE:
Empholic qnd reflexive pronouns
The pronounhimselfis usedin the MonaLisatext(The secretof

the Smile)bothas a reflexiveand as an emphaticpronoun.
we usethe reflexivepronounswhenthe subjectand the object
of an actionare the same, i.e., reflexivepronoúnsreplacea co-
referential
nounphrase,normallywithinthe samefinitevérbclause:
E.g.: Suecut herselfwiththe razor.
He lookedat himselfin the mirror.
I promisedmyselfI wouldbehavebetternexttime.
Emphaticreflexivepronouns:Reflexive pronouns aresometimes
placedin apposition forthesakeof emphasis and/orend-focus.
In this
case,andfromthe discourse pointof view,theycannotbe saidto be
proper,for theydo notfulfilthe objectiunction
reflexive andconveya
differentmeaning.They are used emphaticailyto indicatethat
someone,and not someoneelse, did something. This could be
translatedintoSpanishas uno mismo,en persona.
E.g.: I myselfsowedthe dress.

lsowedthe dressmyself.
A: Canyoudo the shopping?

B:Whydon'tyoudo it yourself?
After reviewingemphaticand reflexivepronounsin the capsule

and in your grammarbook,f¡ll ¡n the gapswith the appropriateiorm:
a) The President receivedthe journalists

and
explained thesituation
to them.
b) Thatold manis alwaystalkingto
c) I live by in an old housein the country.
d) DidSuehurt with the knife?
e) Lookat in the mirrorwiththatsillyhat.
f) They must solve all the problemsby
otherwise theywon'tlearn.
UNIT
s) We havebought a lovelynewcarbecause
theoldoneno longerworkedproperly.
h) Stopfeelingsorryfor to
anddo something
get out of so muchtrouble.
i) She makesall her clothes and she does
quitea goodjob too.
i) Theseboysalwaysseemto begetting into
trouble.
You can check the answersto all exerc¡sesand tasks in the KEY
TO EXERCISESANDTASKSat the end of the book.
TIMETORELAX:Now let'srelax,sit down,and watchsome

withthe topicof this uni{_
videosin connection
interesting
re=relat€d
?v=mPeeTbiTPCU&featu
http://www.youtube.com/watch
lwEM&feature=related
?v=lEdGhfO
http://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=ffej15-DglO&feature=fvst
hüp://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=eskXn
be.com/watch
http//www.youtu bVYr3Y
?v=nCpD72b-df
http://www.youtube.com/watch s
M STRANDSOF (BI-PART
LANGUAGE D
Self-EvaluationUniI I
_^ o_9llg_tollowing
exercises
and thencheckyouranswersin the KEy
TOEXERCISES AND TASKSat the end of thebook:
I ) Ghoosefhe opposife or neor oppos¡teof these

words
1 . a m bi g u o u s a) laugh
2. unknown b) private
3. frown c) smile
4. different d) famous
5. public e) indifferent
f) obvious
g) similar
2> Complefe lhese words with lhe correct opf¡on

1. emistry
a) ch b) k c) ck d)c
2. fantasti
a) ch b) k c) ck d) c
lu_
we2
a) ch b)k c) ck d) c
5 . psy-ology
UNITl: SMlLEll45
3) Choose lhe correct oPfion
I. A good deal oi business

a) A lot of business.
b) A profitablebusiness.
c) A welldonebusiness.
2. A wine grdss
a) A glasswithwinein it.
b) A glassusedfordrinkingwine.
c) A glassof wine.
3. A day's pdy
a) A payof one day.
b) A dayon whichone is Paid.
c) A pay-day.
4. A race horse
a) A horserace.
b) A racein whichhorsesparticipate.
c) A horsefor racing.
5. Field sporls
a) A fieldwheresportsare practised.
b) A sportsfield.
c) Sportspractised
outdoors.
46 STRANDS (Bl-PART
oF LANGUAGE D
4> Choosefhe correct opt¡on lo complele lhe
meqning of lhe following senlences
1. Whatdo you for a living?
a) to make b) make c) to do d) do
2. I lovehome bread.
a) doing b) making c) made d) did
3. I my bedandcleanedthe housebeforeleaving.
a) did b) made c) do d) make
4. WhathaveI to deservethis?!
a) to do b) made c) done d) to make
5. Stop so muchnoise!You're
disturbing
us.
a) doing b) make c) do d) making
UNIT
ffiruffiH
ffi=
,#ffiffiffiW
&ffiffiffi#ffie###ffi
A) WARMTNG
UP
1) Whatdo youthinkwe aregoingto studyin thisunit?Why?
2) Areyoua romanticperson?Why/Whynot?
3) Wouldyou liketo livea lifeof luxury?
B) ORAI DISCOURSE:
DESCRIBING
EXPERIENCES
1. CANDOs: 1) Describea placeand discussdreams,hopes
and ambitions.
2l Narratea story.
3) Relatedetailsof unpredictableoccurrences.
lislen fo Meg ond Lindsoy's conversolion
(Meg and Lindsayare watchinga TV show aboutthe top ten

luxurioushotelsin theworld)
Meg:Wow!| certainlywouldliketo takemy significant
otherto a
placelikethat!
UNIT
2: LUXURY
ANDROMANCE5l
Whatdidyousay?Yourwhat?
a minutel
Lindsay:Wait
other.That'sit.
M: My significant
L : Oo o h ...w e l l ,w e l l !T h a t'sver ygoodnews!ldidn' tknowther e
wassucha personin yourlife...Tellme all aboutit,younaughty girl!
M : We l l ....l 'm n o t g o i n gto tell you the detailsbut...hejust

appeared in my lifewhenI leastexpected it...lt wasmagic!Myknight
in shiningarmorcameto my rescuewhenI no longerhadanyhopes
o f b e i n gsa ve d ...frol m Andltell you:I' mnowhaving
o n e l i n ess... the
t i m eo f my l i few i thh i m!!!
a t u n d so
L :Wo o o h l T h so Luckyyou!lI wishI couldsay
s e x citing!!!
t h es a m e . . .
M:Yes.lt lS exciting, and SOOOROMANTICI!
hallucinating So I
wantto planan escape withhim to a dream placelikethoseon FV...
Whatdo you makeof it, eh?
L: I thinkit'sa fantasticidea!lf I maygiveyousomeadvice,I have
a greatplaceto recommend, but it's none of thosetop ten world-
f a m ou sh o te l s...
i t's...
, l lme ,te l lme !I'mallear s...
M :Y e a hte
L:Well,thisis a dreamplacein thevillageof Mondariz, in Spain. '.
so high-sounding
nothing as thosetoptenhotels, youknow,butit has
thesoberIuxuryandelegance European
of high-class style...lt'sthe
MondarizSpa, one of those magical places where you can isolate
fromthe restof the world in an atmosphere of enchantment, tradition,
peaceanda particular "BelleEpoque" kindof luxury...
in Spainis that?
Whereabouts
M: Really?
to thenorth-west
areain Galicia,
L: lt'sin a beautiful '.an
of Spain..
areathathasbeenableto bringtogether artists,politicians,
thinkers,
loversandall kindsof peoplein searchof an ideal...A fantastic place
i n d e e d !l !
t's si cto mYear s!!!t
M :Ww w ..T h amu
L: In the hotelyou notonlycan bathein thermalwaters,butyou
can alsoreceiveall kindsof beautytreatments at the sametimeyou
are havinga romantic, luxurious,
and - l'd dare say - out-of-body
experience withyour "significant
other"...
52 (Bt-PART
oF LANGUAGE
STRANDS t)
M: EnoughlI takeit! l'llgo on the internetrightawayto makethe
reservation
for our weekvacation! Thanksa lot! l'll tell you all about
ourSpanish adventurewhenwe'reback!!!!
e
!
)L
lt
S
A
b) Now discussthe follow¡ngwilh your lutor or

clqssmotesin lhe forum/-virtuqlcloss
1) What does the expression "my significant other"mean?lf you
haven'theardthe expression before,makea guess.
2) Whatdo youthinkMegmeanswhenshesays:,,|'rn notgoingto tell
youthe details"withrespectto her loveaffair?
3) Howdoesshedescribe therelationship?ls sheveryenthusiastic?
4) what do youthinkof the description of Mondariz? Doesit sound
likea niceplaceto you?Explainwhyor whynot.
5) Narratea romanticeventor storyaboutyourselfor someoneyou
know.
l.
c) MULTI-TASKING
ACTtVtTtES
THELUXURYDAIMLER:LOOK,READ,L|STEN,STUDYand WRTTE
step t. Go to the followingwebpageon the internetto see different

picturesof GuySalmonluxurycars:
http:i/images.
google.
es/images?hl=es&q=Guy+Sal
mon+cars&btnG=
Buscar+im7"C3%A1genes&gbv=!g.¿q=f
Ssq=
u step2. READthe relatedtextand LlsrEN to itsspokenversionto make
sureyou knowhowto pronounce and givethe correctintonation
to it.
Y
UNIT2: LUXURY
AND ROMANCE 53
This is the true story of a lady,a gentleman,a Guy Salmon
chauffeuranda dozenred roses.Or,to be strictlyaccurate,twodozen
red roses.The roseswereorderedto be placedin a chauffeur-driven
Daimler, reservedrecentlyby oneof our clients.
The roses- and the Daimler- wereto markthe occasionof his
ladyfriend's birthday. Hisintentionwasto presentonewhilsttravelling
in the otherto a fashionable and elegantWestEnd restaurant for a
surprisebirthdaydinner.
To start the eveningin a suitablycelebratory manner,he also
ordereda bottleof PolRogerlobe chilled and waiting in thelimousine.
Havinggivenhis instructions, the gentlemanknewhe couldlook
forwardwiñ pleasantanticipation to an eveningto remember. Forthe-
Guy Salmonchauffeur, however, the eveningstartedmuchearlierin
the day.
EachGuy Salmonlimousine is the responsibility of one particular
chauffeur. lt is hisdutyto ensureit is maintained in perfect mechanical
order, and washed and valetedto perfection. So, althoughthis
particularDaimlerhad madeonly one trip sinceits last wash,the
chauffeur washedit again.He polishedit too.He brushedeveryinch
of the upholstery. He vacuumedthe carpets.He polishedthe wood
workand cleanedthe windows.He evenwashedoutthe ashtrays'
The limousineprepared,the chauffeurchanged into his
immaculate Thenhe placedthe champagne
livery. in the Daimler's ice
bucketandthedbzen redroses on the back seat before settingoff.His
destination wasa privateaddressin SouthLondon.
He intendedto arrive,as always,ten minutesearly,savinghis
clientsfromanylastminuteworrythattheirlimousine maybe late.His
timing,as always,was perfect.He knocked,informedthe gentleman
his limousine hadarrived,andwaited.
In a fewminutes,his passengers wereready.The gentleman was
suitablycharming. The lady was suitably impressed. Thanks to the
chauffeur's drivingskills,for oncethe course of true love ran smooth.
Nota dropof champagne wasspilt,andthe couplearrivedin the best
of spirits.
Fourhourslater,thelimousine returned.Theladyembarked, whilst
the chauffeur tookthe gentleman to one side.'l hope you don't mind,
54 (Bt-PART
oF LANGUAGE
STRANDS l)
sir,but I felt the roseswereperhapsnot of the standardthev mioht
havebeen,'heexplained.'And foui hoursin the backof the Óaimier
wouldnothaveimproved them.So I tookthe libertyof replacing
them
withanotherdozenroses,sir.I hopeyoudon'tobject'.
The gentleman certainly
didn't.Nordid his ladyfriend,
whofound
her roses mysteriously lookingeven fresherthan when she first
received them.But howdid the chauffeur finda dozenfreshrosesat
in centralLondon?Well,he was a Guy Satmonchauffeur,
:]i:l'3f.,,
Punch,Publicity.
step3. Do thefollowing
exercises
andsruDY thegrammarexplanations
whennecessary:
I ) Ghoosefhe coruecfqnswerfrom the ones g¡ven

below
1. T h ech a u ffe uclre a n s...
a) the ashtrays.
b,) the upholstery.
c/ the entirecar.
2. Thechauffeur
putsthe roses...
a) on the backseat.
b) in the ice bucket.
c) on the frontseat.
3. He leavesten minutes
early...
a/ becausehe wasoncelatedue to trafficproblems.
b/ to avoidhisclientsgettingimpatient.
c) in orderto buythe flowersbeforearriving.
UNIT2: LUXURY
AND ROMANCE 55
I
4 . Thecarpicksthe clientsup...
a) at theirhouse.
b) at a restaurant.
c) al a hotel.
5 . Thanksto thechauffeur's drivingskills...

a) the champagnewas notsPilt.
b) theyavoidedthe trafficjam.
soonerthananyoneelse'
c,) theyarrivedat the restaurant
6 . Theyspentthefourhours...
d at an EastEndrestaurant.
b) at a WestEnd restaurant.
c) havingdrinksin the car.
7 . Theadvertisement mainlysells...
a) a practical
service.
b,) luxury.
c,) speed.
8 . Thedriver's qualityis thathe...

mostoutstanding
a) drivesveryquickly.
b) repairsthe car himself.
c/ foreseeseverything.
GRAMMAR CAPSULE: Conneclors ogo¡n! Lel's

fevise whql we leqrnt in Unit I
Connectors are wordsor expressions that are used to connect

ideas,such as so, otherwise,then, on the contrary,on the other
hand.Whenspeakingaboutthe syntacticstructureof the sentence,
theseconnectors are calledconiuncts.Conjunctsare unitswhose
mainfunctionis to join togethertwo or moreutteranceswhichhave
a semanticrelationshipbetweenthem. They express textual
5ó STRANDS (Bt-PART
oF LANGUAGE D
relationships.
Theyareconnectors of structure,
andas such,theycan
connectphrases,clauses,sentencesand paragraphs:
E.g.:He was a liar andfurthermorea criminal.
(Nounphrases)
He neverstudiedfor hisexams.However,he passedthemail with
verygoodgrades.(Sentences)
In spokendiscourse, conjunctsare very frequently
usedto mark
the beginning
of a turn in conversation,
and as such,theyare also
consideredto be discoursemarkers.Among the most common
discoursemarkersare Well,Now,Nowthen,So,Then,etc.all of which
canbe usedto makedifferent typesof semanticconnections.
2> Join the following sentences by us¡ng one

of lhe connecfors qnd including fhe necessqry
puneluqlion qnd chqnges
a) Thegentleman hadgivenhisinstructions.
He thoughthe couldlook forwardto an eveningto remember.
(once/while)
b) Theyentered the limousine.
He ordereda bottleto be chilled.(before/ although)
c) EachGuySalmonlimousine is the responsibility
of oneparticular
chauffeur.
It is his duty to maintainit in perfectmechanical condition.
(however /therefore)
d) Thisparticular Daimler hadmadeonlyonetrip.
It hadto be washed.(once/ although)
e) He brushedeveryinchof the upholstery.
He alsovacuumed the carpets.(andI as a result)
f) He wantedto arrivewithenoughtime.
Hisclientswouldnot haveto wait.(sothat/ but)
g) He hadplacedthe champagne in the Daimler.
He set off.(once/ while)
h) He leftthenminutesearly.
Histimingwasperfect.(once/ so)
UNIT2: LUXURY
AND ROMANCE 57
He knockedat the door.
He informedthe gentlemanhis limousinehad arrived.(until/ in
order)
He waited.
Theywerenotquiteready.(therefore/ because)
k) The roseswerenotof the standardtheymighthavebeen.

hadto buysomenewones.(since/ in contrast)
The chauffeur
3) ORAIANDWRITTEN PRODUCTION: Describeqnd

discussdreoms,hopesond ombitions;nonqfe o
slory; relqle detoils of unpredicloble
occurfences
t. Answerthese questions
a) Whatdoestheslogan"We'renotnumberone;youare"suggest
to
you?
b) Commenton someof the advantages offeredby thisservice.
c) Whatsort of personmightbe interestedin rentingone of these
chauffeur-driven
cars?
d,) Howdo youthinkthe chauffeur
foundthe roses?
e) Wouldyoudreamof hiringa servicelikethiseverin yourlife?
2. lmagine you dre inlerestedin impressingthe

daughter of d local millionaire with d view to
marrying her eventually. Everything must be
perÍecl and money is no object, Explainyour
requ¡remenfscrnd plans to ]he Daimlerdgent in
l5O words (obout two or three psragro,phs)
VOCABULARY
D) TACKLTNG
BUILD UP YOUROWN GLOSSARYOF TERMSFOR UNIT2: Look
up the lollowing words in a monolingual (English-English)
58 (Br-PART
oF LANGUAGE
STRANDS r)
dictionary, as well as any others you tind difficutt to understand in
the text:
a) strictly(adv.) d) ensure(v) g) skill(n)

b) accurate(adj.) e) polish(v) h) ice bucket(n)
c) suitably(adv.) f) spill(v) i) intend(v)
| ) Find fhe oppos¡le or neqr oppos¡le of fhe

following words in the texf
WORD OPPOSITE/NEAR
OPPOSITE
a) false
b) vaguely
c) unstylish
d) inappropriately
e) horrible
f) unattractive
g) inability
h) obviously
2> Someof the words in lhe texl ore reloted to

cleoning.Trylo find the qppropr¡qleverb
fo complefe eoch senfence
clean wipe polish

vacuum brush wash
a) Youshould yourshoesbeforeyougo out.

b) I haveto my hair;it'sverydirty.
c) He always histeethtwicea day.
UNIT2: LUXURY
AND ROMANCE 59
d) Thisrugis fullof dust,youwillhaveto
e) Please havespiltmilkalloverit.
thetable;you
3)- Complete fhe following senfenceswith o verb

in the oppropr¡ofe lense from fhose listed below
order ensure tmpress

reserve maintain mind
intend present mark
inform replace improve
a) It is important to whenyou
highstandards
a r e r u n n i n ga b u s i n e s s .
b) lf you wantto youmuststudY
yourEnglish,
and practicehard.
c) We becausewe
a tableat the restaurant,
knewit wouldbe verycrowded.
d) Whenhe leftthe comPanY,theY h i mw i t ha
gold watchfor his years of service.
a) to cometo the party,butat the lastminute
the bossgaveme someextraworkto do.
f) H e thatthe housewassafeby lockingallthe
doorsand windows.
s) Theywere very by the flowerswe bought
them;theysaidtheyhadneverseenanyso beautiful'
to
h) Everyyearwe opena bottleof champagne
thedayon whichwe gotmarried.
i) He sayshe doesn't taking us to the airport
on Saturday,becausehe has nothingelse to do.
i) Whenhe brokethe glass,he hadto it with
anotherone,as it wasveryvaluable.
k) two bottlesof wine, but the waiterhas
onlyone.
brought
t) They- himof hismother'sillnessaSSoonaS
he camebackfromhis holidaY.
ó0 (Bt-PART
oF LANGUAGE
STRANDS l)
4> Cg.mp!-etelhe sentencesus¡ngthe qppropriqfe
odjecfive or qdverb from those listed belbw ond
chonging fhem where necessory
strictly particular
accurate charming
fashionable mysteriously
pleasant suitable
a) Her clothes were very ; she was

appropriately dressedfor the occasion.
b,) Hismoneydisappeared fromhiswallet,and
he neverfoundoutwhotookit.
c,) Theirreporton thesituation in Africawasvery
all of the correctfactswerethere.
d) H es mi l e d ; he wasa veryattractive
man.
e) She wantedthat painting;she wouldn't
acceptanyother.
f) The sun shonevery ; it was neithertoo hot
nortoo cold.
g) Theyalwayswantto go to the most places;
theycan'tstandgoingto unstylish
ones.
h,) His remarkswere not true;I foundthem
rathervagueand exaggerated.
5) Thephrosq¡verb set off meonsto leqve,lo stort

go¡ng.lnsqrfone of the followingverbs¡h the blqnk
spqeesof lhese sentences:fum off (stop by using
q switch), put of (_d.gloy,
postpone); iake o7 (the-
beginningof o flight),be off (go, Iéove),wedr oft
(lose intensity,fqde -9wqy),put (someóne)otf
(discourqge),get oft (corire down from)
a) Please, the light,I wantto go to sleep.
b) As soonas I finishtypingthis reportl'll to
John'shouse.
UNIT
2: LUXURY
ANDROMANCEól
c) The planewas supposedto at 12.00,butit
wasdelayed.
d) thathorse,it'sverydangerous.
e) Don'tworryif the colouris too bright,it will
so o ne n o u g h .
We will haveto goingto Londonuntilnext
month.
g) Sheis veryenthusiasticaboutthe idea;trynotto
her withyoursarcasm.
w¡th the correctform:

ó)' Fillin the blqnk spoce__s
setup (ro¡seinto posit¡on),9ef Pgc\ (deloy)' sef
rn (begin ond cont¡nue),sel ds-id.e (reserve'
keép), seI abouf (to begin_lodo_)' down
set-
(estoOtish),sef off (cogse.lo qct), set out
(begin o courseof oction)
a) We all to lookforthe lostgirl.
b) They the camerasand recording equipment
beforethe actors so
arrived they wouldn'twaste t¡me.
c) All our holidayPlans were by the bad
weather.
d) TheruleswereclearlY by the teacher.
e) The bombcouldhavebeen by the heat.
f) Winterhas earlierthanusualthisYear.
s) She had just doing her work when he
arrived.
h) At the storeI askedthemto the greencoat
for me untilthe nextdaY.
62 STRANDS (Bl-PART
oF LANGUAGE D
7> Solvefhe crosswordusing lhe clues below
DOWN
1 . a b i l i t y, q u a l i ty o f d o i n g 4. precise,correct.
something well.
6. strangely.
2. specific, singular.
10. makebetter.
UNIT2: LUXURY
AND ROMANCE ó3
3. in vogue,uPto theminute. 9. attractive,
Pleasant.
5. in an approPriatewaY. 11. setaside.
to identifY.
6. to signify, of liquid.
12. a smallquantitY
7. affect stronglY,create a 13. tell,r ePor t.
favorableattitude. 14. something whichis givenon a
L substitute. specialoccasion.
E) NOW,HOW'SYOURSPEIIING?
I- l' Thei in q word such qs Siris sometimes
indistinguishoblefrom the letter u when il ¡s
pronounced.Add eitheri ot u lo complele
fhe followingwords
ret--n c_rcus d_rt

s_rvive b_rst fl--rt
c--rve s---rprise P-rchase
sh.-rt f_rm f-rnish
o rpose c_rcle m_rder
s--rface th_rst b_rth
s_rgeon b_rth ---rgent
oppe<rrin the lext

2>Someqof lhese words whichInclude
üte double consonont. it in fhe blqnk
spoce whefe necessofy
chauf-eur ac_urate oc_as_lon

ele-gant din-s¡ even-ing
64 STRANDS (Bl-PART
oF LANGUAGE D
bot le chil_ed rem ember
val eted vacuum-ed
_aculate ad_res_
WOT V ti m i no inform_ed
pas enoers charm_ing
F) AND... HOW'SYOURFORMATION
OF WORDS?
I ) Notice fhe words 'opresent,' ond ,,promise".The

prefixes prc-and prc- hove been odded fo
lhe bqses-senfsnd -mrbeto form these lerms. See
]ro* moly words you cun mqke by joining these
fwo prefixes pre-lpro- lo fhe following bqses
fer tend vide voke

-*-*Pel scribe serve cede
sume duce -pose dict
2) Give fhe odjeclive ond lhe odverb fhot

cofrespond lo lhese nouns:
UNIT2: LUXURY
AND ROMANCE ó5
c) usrNc ENGUSH
APPROPRTATELY
AND PUTT¡NG
IT INTOMOTION
1. Look at the expression "two dozenred roses"(in
Spanishdos
docenasde rosas rojas).Noticethat the word "dozen"(like
hundred,thousand,million)when used with a definitenumber
takesneitherthe pluralsuffix-s northepreposition
of.
GRAMMAR Zero plurol

CAPSULE:
Somenounswhichindicatequantities or measureshavethesame
form in the singularas in the pluralwhenfollowedby a noun,for
example:dozen,foot,hundred,thousand,million,elc.
E.g.: Mexicocityhasaround22 millioninhabitants.

He'ssixfoottwo (inches). [6ft2in.]
Or to be strictlyaccurate,two dozen (red) roses.(Seetext)
Thesenouns,however, addthe plural-s inflectional

morphemeif
they are followedby the prepositionof (e.9.:Dozensof students,
millionsof ants\.
Someanimalnamestakethe zeropluralbut can be usedwith
r n d p l u ra lme a ning,for exam ple:cod, deer ,salmon,
a s i n g u l aa
sheep,grouse,etc.(e.9.'.Onesheep,two sheep,etc.;onecod, a lot
of cod, etc.).
Someothernamesof animalsalso havezero pluralif they are
prey,e.g.:herring,pheasant,
considered salmon,trout,etc.However,
66 STRANDS (Bt-PART
oF LANcUAGE t)
if theyare usedto denotedifferentindividuals
or speciestheytakethe
rg.gulqfpluralinflection(e.g:^Theysaw fivedeer'runningin"thepark;
The fishes of the tndic ocean are different from "those ú tné
Caribbean\.
zeroplurals.
include:a) somewordswithbasesendingin -s:
^ 91h.r
senes,me.?ns,species(one series/ two series, etc.);b) Nati-onality
yorq: endingin -ese: p91lyguese,Chinese,etc. 1onéÉortuguesi
two Portuguese,etc.);c) words such as aircraftanddice qe.i: oné
aircraft/ dice;two aircraft/ dice, etc.)
| ) Now frqnslqte into English

a) Trescientosdólares.
b) Cincuentaeuros.
c) Cientosde libros.
d) Cincodocenasde huevos.
e) Ochomiltrescientas personas.
f) Docenasde flores.
g) Cincomillones de habitantes.
2> look of the use of lhe word evenin the texl:,,He

even wqshed out lhe qshtroys,,(inctuso)
..."lookingevenfresherthanwhenshefirstreceivedthem,'. (aún más)
Fromthe following pairsof sentences
writea newone usingthe word
evenas in the examplebelow:
E.g.: Yesterday
was hot.Todaywas hotter.
Todaywas evenhotterthanyesterday.
a) Maryis beautiful. Sophieis morebeautiful.
b) Thisfilmis bad.The otherone is worse.
c) Londonis big.Tokyois bigger.
d) Tomis thin.Billis thinner.
e) Piccadilly
Circusis large.Trafalgar
Squareis larger.
UNIT2: LUXURY
AND ROMANCE 67
3) Severqlmedal verbs expressilg gp¡:femic or
extrinsiemodalitY qppecrr in fhe text with the
following meonings
-possibility-
,,...the gentleman
knewhe could lookforward...to an eveningto
remember"
-probability-
"...anylastminuteworrythatthe limousine
may be late."
remotepossibility politeness-
withexcessive
"l felt the roseswere perhapsnot of the standardthey might have
begn".
GRAMMARCAPSULE: Modql ouxil¡qries: mayf

might/canf could
arespecialverbs
Modalauxiliaries whichbehavein somewayslike
the primaryauxiliariesbe, have and do, but which have certain
are:
Theirmaincharacteristics
peculiarities.
1. They form the negativeand interrogative accordingto the

noríralauxiliary (e.g.:
paftern He could not speakto his boss;
May I askyou a questionl'
primaryauxiliaries,contractionof these verbs is
2. As with 'in
possible the negative(e'g': can't; mustn't; couldn't;
needn't;etc.\.
3. Theycan be usedto formtag questions(e.9.:Youcan'tswim,
can you?).
4. Theycan be usedin shortanswers(e.9.:A:Canyou swim?B:
No,I can't.),
5. Theycanreplacea verbor clausethathasbeenreferredbefore
and,therefore, avoidredundancy(Shecan'tswim,but I can)'
theyhaveno infinitive
6. In contrastwithprimaryauxiliaries, and
thereforethey cannot be precededby to.
7. They do not add an -s to the third personsingularin the
presenttense.
ó8 STRANDS (Bl-PART
oF LANGUAGE D
8 . All modalverbsare followedby the bare infinitive,
exceptfor
ought to and used to (Shemight wantto seeyou).
Theseverbsare defective becausetheyonlyhaveone or two
forms.Theyusuallylacka formfor ths futuie,the conditional
and an -ing form.
After readingthe grammarcapsuleand more informationabout

modal verbs in your grammarbook, do the following exerciseby
adding may,might, can or could in the blank spaces:
a) You usemy classnotesif youarecarefulnotto

losethem.
b) H e stillcome,it'snottoo lateyet.
c) I borrowyourpen?
d) You be right.l'm in no position
to judge.
e) The chairmanaskedpolitelyif he interrupt
his
colleague.
f) The childrenshouldhavebeenmorecarefulwhentheycrossed
the street,they havegot runover.
s) l ' msu reI paintthe roomin two days.
h) You keepyourrooma littlemoretidy.
i) I speakFrenchfluentlywhenI wasyounger.
i) Long it last!
4) Answerthe following quesf¡onsu$inglhe words

in brqekefs
. E.g':whyisn'the home?(mayrgo cinema)He mayhavegoneto the

cinema.
a) Whydidn'the writeto us?(could/ forget)
b) Howdid he knowaboutourplans?(couldi guess)
c) Whyisn'tshewaitingat the busstop?(mayldelay)
UNIT2: LUXURY
AND ROMANCE 69
d) Whydidn'the cometo visitus?(might/ busy)
e) Whyis he in bed?(might/ ill)
qnd
5)' Notice fhe use of the prepos¡tionson, in, of
for, which qppeqr frequently in this text' qnd
qft'erreviewing them, fill in the blonks with fhe
oppfopfiote one
a) I hopeto be withmYdaughter her birthday.
b) She lives the third floor of that building

a big apartment.
c) Theyalway s get up earlY them or ning.
d) She was not sufficiently dressed the
occasion.
e) Thepaint thewallis stillwet.
f) We knocked thedoorbutnobodY answered.
s) Germanytheyusuallyopentheirpresents
Eve.
Christmas
h) They had a quick mea thetrain.
i) He has worked France
two years.
j' ) T h e p r o b l e m w i t h | i v i n g t h e c o a s t i s t h
therearetoo manytouristsduringthesummer'
k) Theysaythatcrimedoesn'tPaY theend.
t) We can meet Wednesday,
frontof youroffice.
m) Theywentoff to the mountains theweekend.
"Hoving given his.

ó)' Noticethe sentence:
¡nslruct¡onsothe genllemon knew..."In lhe first
clouse of ftrisexómple,the speoker/wtitet
expressessomethingthol is finished.In the
seéondclouse onotheroctivity is storted,in
which cose the Post simPleis used
70 oF LANGUAGE
STRANDS l)
(Bl-PART
GRAMMARCAPSULE:
Tenseond time
. In mostlanguages, includingEnglishand spanish,verbaltense

doesnotnecessarily coincidewithreártime.Tenéeis the grammatical
ggleggry (linguisticexpression)that we can identifyas verbal
inflection.
In English,for example,we can distinguish two tenses;
presentand past (Englishhas no futureinflectedform of the verb),
whereaswe, as humans,can identifyeventsoccurringin the pasi,
presentor future.Inthesameway,we canusedifferent ténsesto'refer
to variousmomentsin time; for instance,we can use the simple
presentformsto referto a timedifferent
fromthe momentof speaking.
E.g.: Thenthe FrenchinvadeEngland. presenttense
(Historic
- pasttime)
I hear she has been givenan award.(presentusedwith
verbsof communication- pasttime)
Derekleavesfor Rometomorrow. (presenttense- future
time)
lf Sallywere here today,she wouldbe sad. (past tense
- presenttime)
After studying the different tenses and their relationshipto

aspectin your grammarbook,put the followingsentencestogeiher,
as the exampleshows:
E.g.: He finished
hislunch. He wentoutto play.
Havingfinished
hislunch,he wentoutto play.
a) | wonthe firstprize.I receiveda sportscar.

b) He finishedreadingthe book.He gaveit to hissister.
c) | studieduntilverylate.ThenI wentto bed.
d) He lostthe keysto his apartment.
He spentthe nightat a friend's
house.
e) Shefinished
lunch.Shewentoutfora walk.
UNIT2: LUXURY
AND ROMANCE 7l
- Note the use of the definiteqnd indefiniteorl¡cle
7>
in the text, ond fhen include eilher o(n), the'
ot O (no orticle) in the blunk spoces
a) Heonlyhad hard-boiled eggand

applefor lunchbecausehe is on diet.
b) Theymade bedsandcleaned
room.
c) We livedin countryfor
coupleof years.
d) Do youplay piano?No,but l'mverYfondof
music and I play -
guitar bir.
e) What daylYes, it'scertainlybeen
dayto remember.
0 Japaneseis language
difficult to learn.
g) firstthingtheydidwhentheygotto - Madrid
wasvisii Pradomuseumbecause theywanted
to see Meninas.
h) 'Wouldyou prefer "-orange bananaor -'-
orangeÍor dessert?" please,I love
oranges".
úE: TIMETO RELAX:Now,let'srelax,sit down,andwatchsome

\P interesting withthe topicof thisunit:
videosin connection
?v=4caOwK7Vq2
http:i/www.youtube.com/watch E&feature=relaled
com/watch/
metacale.
http://www. r
165312/this*is_realy*good-for-you
_perfomanees/
72 (Bt-PART
oF LANGUAGE
STRANDS l)
$elf-Froluation LlnitZ
Do the followinoexercises
TO EXERCTSES A-ND|ASKSái iñ" ."0 of rhebook:
t ) Choosethe oppos¡teor neEr oppos¡leof lhese

w0rds
1. false a/ skill
2. unstylish b) suitable
3. inappropriate c) true
4. obviously d) fashionable
5. inability e) clearly
f) unfalse
g) mysteriously
h) clearly
2> Choosethe correcf opfion to complete

- the
meqningof lhe followingsenteneds
1. I thinkhejustwantedto us by spending
muchmoney. so
a) impact b) impress c) impressing d) impression
2. Tom'sgradeswon't if hedoesn'tworkmuch
harder.
a) ensure b) improve c) good d) to improve
3 . This medicinewill youa goodnight'ssleep.
a) improved b) ensured c) ensure d) assured
4 . What he said was
_as a joke,buttheytookit
seriously
andwereveryangryat hirn
a) intented b) intended c) intent d) intending
UNIT2: LUXURY
ANDROMANCE 73
5. Harryhas John as caPtainof the football
team.
a) substitute b) respondedc) respond d) replaced
3) Chooselhe correcl opt¡on fo complete ihe

meoningof the followingsenfences
1. Youcanphonehimnow,he'salwayshome
the evening.
a) on b) in c) for d) at
2. Do you know when the train Segovia

arrives?
a) at b) for c) o n d) in
3. We can meet Tuesdayif You'refree.

a) at b) in c) for d) on
4. Mary has alwaYsworked her father,who

ownsa big clothingcompany.
a) for b) on c) in d) at
5. Hesaidhewouldwaitforus theairportuntil
we arrived.
a) at b) in c) on d) for
4> Choosethe correct option to complete fhe

followingsentences
1. I lovewatching television.
a) a b) an c) the üa
in
doctorsaysyoushoulddo moreexercise
2.
orderto keePfit.
a)a b)an c) the d)a
74 (Bl-PART
oF LANGUAGE
sTRANDS l)
mathematics
is my favouritesubjectthis
Year.
a) a b) an c) the d)@
4. MyfriendJohnSmithwasbornin
a) a b) an c) the üa
5. Theysay applea daykeepsthe doctoraway.
a ) a b) an c) the üa
UNIT
2: LUXURY
ANDROMANCE75
t NIT3: TEALOVER$
A) WARMINGUP
1) Whatdo you usuallyhavefor breakfast, tea or coffee?
2) Do y_ouhavepreference for any kindof tea (green,black,white,
etc.)?
3) Do youthinktea is goodfor yourhealth?lf so, in whatrespects?
B) ORAI DISCOURSE:
PUTTING
A CASE
(rN A CONVERSATION)
CAN DOs: 1 ) Briefly give reasons and explanations for
opinionsand/oractions.
2l Developan argumentwell enoughto be followed
without difficultymost of the time.
o) Lisfenlo Tony ond Shqron's conversqlion:
Wl *
(Tonyand sharon are working,and it is now time for a break)
Ughl l'm overwhelmed

--Ton_V: withso muchwork.I needa cup of
coffeefor energy.
sharon:coffee?oh prease,Tony,you shourdbe more hearth-
conscious. Coffeeis not...
UNIT3: TEALOVERS79
T:Well,whatdo youwantme to drinkinstead? | needsomekind
of invigorating stuff.
S: TEA is your bestoption.lt's invigorating AND healthyat the
s a m eti me A . n d ,i f p o ssi b l e ...
dr inkGREEN TEA... Youcan' timagine
all the goodproperties thisbeverage has.
T: Tea?No way! No! | find it disgusting, sorry.Thankyou very
much.
S:Well,it'sincredible youdon'tliketea,considering yourEnglish
o r i g i n s...
T:Yes,I'mtheblacksheepof theU.K.I knowit.l'vealwaysrebelled
against traditions andconventions. I don'tthinkI shouldliketeajustfor
themerefactof beingBritish.... l'venevergonealongwiththecrowd...
It'sa question of principle.
S: I seeyourpoint,butif whattheydo is goodforyourhealth,you
shouldat leastconsider it, don'tyouthink?... Look,l'llgiveyoumany
reasons whyyoushoulddrinkgreentea...Andyes,don'tdrinkit like
yourfellowcountrypeople, becausein factyoushouldn't putanymilk
i n i t ....l t h a sto b e d ru n kw i thNO milkandNO SUGAR....That' thes
r i g h th
t i n gto d o ...
T: Oh Sharon,youmustbe bonkers. Youwantme to drinktea,and
on top of that you're I
tellingme shouldn't putsugarin it??!!.Howon
earthwill I be ableto swallow then? it, At leastI shouldbe allowedto
coverup the disgusting taste with somesweetness!
S: Look,sweetie,youtakeit or you leaveit, but if youdo whatl'm
tellingyou,youwillbe protected againsta longlistof incurableand/or
unwanteddiseases,such as cancer,heartdisease,arthritis,tooth
decay...AND,besides, youwillloseweight!Because... -FYl- green
tea raisesyour metabolismand causesthe body to burn more
calories... Canyouthinkof a betterdrink?
T: I sureCAN'T,Sharon.HowcouldI everhavethoughtthatI could
c o n tra d iyo ct u ?Y OUWl N ,S H ARON, YOUW IN!!l!!
b) Now discuss lhe following w¡th your lutor or

c¡ossmqles in the forum/virtuql closs
1) Why does Sharonthink tea is betterthan coffee?Wouldyou
agree?
80 (Bt-PART
oF LANGUAGE
STRANDS t)
2) H.owwouldyou describeTomaccordingto what he says about
himself?
3) Whatkindof personis Sharon?
4) Whatdo youthinkconvinces Tomto drinktea at the end?
5) \gry lt'rgt_Vou
knowall aboutthe benefitsof greentea,wouldyou
drinkit? Saywhyor whynot.
c) MUrT|-TASKING
ACTTVITIES
DRINKINGTEA IN BRITAIN:
WATCH,READ,LISTEN,STUDY
and WRITE
stgp 1. Go on the internetand wATcH the followingvideosabout

drinking
tea in England
youtube.com/watch?v=qiqEp RkLbck
http://www.
http://www.
youtube.com/watch?v=GFqJOxJseTe
step 2. READthe relatedtextand LlsrEN to its spokenversionto make
sureyouknowhowto pronounce andgivethe correctintonation to it.
"n,:lñ5i,1iJ".":iiJ;,il:,li3lilfl
q3oe complicated
biological
l3!;iLiJ;,?ilElf.::lff
experiments
lh:l
3n! to finda wayof s-poiting
it.To the eternalgloryof Britishsciencetheirlabourboréfruii.Theü
suggested that if you do not drinkit clear,or with lemonor rum aná
sugar,butpoura fewdropsof coldmilkintoit, and no suoarat all.the
desiredobjectis achieved.once this refreshing, aromátic,oriental
beverage was successfully transformed intocolourless and tasteless
gargling-water, it suddenlybecamethe nationaldrínkof GreatBritain
and lreland- stillretaining,indeedusurping, the high-sounding titleof
tea.
Therearesomeoccasions whenyoumustnotrefusea cupof tea,
othenryise you are judgedan exoticand barbarousbirdwithoutany
UNIT3: TEALOVERS8l
hopeof everbeingableto takeyourplacein civilisedsociety.lf you
are invitedto an Englishhome,at fiveo'clockin the morning youget
a cup of tea.lt is eitherbroughtin by a heartilysmilinghostessor an
almostmalevolently silent maid.When you are disturbedin your
sweetest morning sleepyoumustnotsay:"Madame (orMabel),I think
you are a cruel,spitefuland malignantpersonwho deservesto be
shot".On the contrary, you haveto declarewithyourbestfiveo'clock
smile:"Thankyou so much.I do adorea cup of earlymorningtea,
especially earlyin the morning". lf theyleaveyoualonewiththeliquid,
you maypourit downthe washbasin.
Then you havetea for breakfast; then you havetea at eleven
o'clockin themorning;then afterlunch;thenyouhaveteafortea;then
aftersupper;andagainat eleveno'clockat night.
Youmustnot refuseanyadditional cupsof tea underthe following
circumstances: if it is hot;if it is cold;if youaretired;if anybodythinks
you mightbe tired;if you are nervous;if you are gay*;beforeyou go
out;if you are out;if you havejust returnedhome;if youfeellikeit; if
youdo notfeellikeit;if youhavehadno teaforsometime;if youhave
just hada cup.
Youdefinitely mustnotfollowmy example. I sleepat fiveo'clockin
the morning;I havecoffeefor breakfast; I drinkinnumerable cupsof
blackcoffeeduringthe day;I havethe mostunorthodox and exotic
teasevenat tea-time. The otherday,for instance -l jusi mentionthis
as a terrifying
exampleto show you howlowsomepeoplecansink-
I wanteda cup of coffeeand a pieceof cheesefor tea. lt was one
of those exceptionally hot days and my wife (once a good
Englishwoman, now completelyand hopelesslyled astrayby my
wickedforeigninfluence)madesome cold coffeeand put it in the
refrigerator,
whereit frozeand becameone solidblock.On the other
hand,she leftthe cheeseon the kitchentable,whereit melted.So I
hada pieceof coffeeand a glassof cheese.
GeorgeMIKES,Howto be an Alien
- Note
that this text was written in 1946, when the modern use of gay (meaning
homosexual)was not known. In this text gay is used as an adjectiveand it means
"happy".Gay meaninghomosexualis
consideredto be a neologism,and can also be
useo as a noun.
82 STRANDS (Br-PART
oF LANGUAGE r)
Step3. DO the following
exercises:
I ) soy whetherthe following siofemenlsore frue or

fqlse qccord¡ngto the possqge;when folse,g¡ve
lhe correcl vers¡on
a) Teawasoriginally an unpleasantdrink.
b) A groupof Britishscientists
decidedto makeit better.
c) Theysuggested you shouldput a sliceof lemonin it to makeit
drinkable.
d) Teais the national
drinkof GreatBritainand lreland.
e) Peoplewho are not fond of tea are considered*exotic,,and
"barbarous,,by the British.
f) The writer loves being woken up early in the morningby
somebody whooffershima hotcupof tea.
g) TheBritishdrinknumerous cupsof teaat anytimeof theday.
h) The author'swife, as a good Engrishwoman, arwaysrespects
nationalcustoms.
i) Thewriterhasleftasidehis pernicious foreignhabitsand hasgot
usedto the Englishwayof life.
2, order the followilg elemenfsto form meqningful

senlencesqccording to the pqssoge
a ) t h e r e/ c up /o f /o cca si o n/w
s h e n/ r efuselnoV some/ must/you
/arelaltea.
b) tea/ morning/ adoreI do I I I cupI a I earlyI ot.
c) definitely
I you lnot / must/ example / follow/ my.
d ) i n n u m e ra b lbel/a ck/co ffe/ er /cu ps/dr inkI of I dayI r heldur ing.
e) refrigerator / coffeeI theI andI frozeI it I in I theI put / we.
f ) u n o r t h o d /olx/ t e a s/ e x o t i c /m o s tl t h el h a v e l a n d .
UNIT3; TEALOVERS83
Answerlhese queslions
3) ORALPRODUCTION:
a) DoyouthinkBritishscientists evermadebiological experiments in
order to tell peoplehow they shoulddrink tea? Explainyour
answer.
b) Do you believethe authorexaggerates when he quotesthe
innumerableoccasionson which British people drink tea
throughout the day?Givea reasonfor youranswer.
c) The bookfromwhichthispassagehasbeentakenwaswrittenin
1946by a Hungarian authorafterhe hadlivedin England forsome
years. Do you know if Englishpeople'scustomshave now
changedin thisrespect?lf so, howhavetheychanged?
d) Canyoufindanyironicstatements in thetext?Quoteat leastthree
of them.
e) Whichis, in youropinion,the funniestparagraphin thistext?
D) TACKLINGVOGABUTARY
BUILD UP YOUROWN GLOSSARYOF TERMSFOR UNIT3: LooK
up the tollowing words in a monolingual (English-English)
dictionary, as well as any others you find difticult to understand in
the text:
a) spoil(v) (adj.)
d) high-sounding g) spiteful
(adj.)
b) drop(n) (adv.)
e) otherurise h) sink(v)
c) achieve(v) f) heartily(adv.) i) wicked(adj)
| ) Fill in the gops using fhe following verbs in fhe

oppfopriule form
achieve refuse disturb

deserve suggest sporl
84 STRANDS (Bt-pART
oF LANGUAGE D
a) He is an honestman. He doesn't such
treatment.
b) Lastyear'sorangecropwas by hail.
c) Don't them.Theyhavehada verytiringday.
d) He will never successif he behavesso
timidly.
e) Whydid you theirinvitation?
f) She thatwe shouldwalkfasterif we wanted
to reachthe top beforedark.
2) Gomplelethesesenlencesw¡thlhe expressions
in fhe box
a) You can't rely on her;the otherday, , she

hadan important appointment
and shedidn'tturnup.
b,) "Shallwe go to the cinema""No,I don't it."
c) He didn't acceptthe other'sopinion. he
maintained thathe was notto blame.
d) Mrs.Martin,for havingpostedthe letters
for me.
e) I don'tfeelwell;l'llhave food
f) Youcan'treallysay he is a hardworker,but
he is alwaysreadyto help.
UNIT3: TEALOVERS85
3) The words motching the definilions qre h¡dden in
the word squore; lhey moy hove q horizonfo¡,
verticql, or d¡qgonol position (the firsl one hos
been done to show you)
S F T L € I N F o
T R z P o U R X H
F E T o M S E L o
A E D R o P A o S
M z W E o W N I T
R E M H M U J L E
V T A W E S B W S
o c I R L A P L S
U c D M T P A A E
a) Go downbelowa surface,fallto a lowerlevelor position.

b,) Hardenintoiceas a resultof greatcold.
c) The expectation
of somethinghappening
as onewishes.
d/ Causeto flowsteadilyand rapidly.
e) Femaleservant.
f) Worry,annoyance,risk.
g) Theamountof liquidthatfallsin oneroundmass.
h/ A womanwho receives guests.
i) Becomeliquid.
8ó STRANDS (Br-PART
oF LANGUAGE D
4) Decide which of fhese odjectives from the text
ccn modily the tollowingnouns.Someof the
udjecfivescon suif more lhon one noun
E.g.:civilised society,civilised customs.
ADJECTIVES
civífised foreign
smiling sm ile
silent witch
spiteful laughter
malignant society
gay customs
unorthodox prayer
wicked look
child
reading
colours
ideas
expressions
See the use of bring rn in the text.
ln os on odverbiol porlicle
GRAMMARCAPSULE:
gl
particle
ln usedas an adverbial canhavethefollowing
meanings:
Usedwithverbsof movement it means"enter"(comein. drivein.
rush in, walk in).
Usedwithverbswitha directobjectit canmean"help"or "inviteto
enter"(askin, bringin, carryin, let in).
UNIT3: TEALOVERS87
Be at home(be in, stay in).
Keepinside(fastenin, shut in).
Visit (cal/in, drop in).
5) Jrlo* complete the sentencesby using one of

fhese verbs in the qppropriofe form: ásk, lef,
shut,drive, drop, be
a/ Don't the childrenin yet.Dinnerisn't
ready.
b) He usually in for a coffeeafterwork.
c) lf the dog is too noisy, h i mi n .
just
d) Youneedn'tparkyourcaroutside, In.
e/ Aren'tyou yourfriendin?
f) Stevein?
E) NOW HOW'S YOUR SPELI¡NG?
I ) Fillin the gops w¡th one of lhe vowel

comb¡nqlions-ieo¡ -ei
consultyourEnglish
dictionary
wherenecessary;
usearsoa phonetic
to checkpronunciation.
dictionary
ach ve o c e conc___ve c_ling

rec_ve bel f s_ze rel f
dec___ve c h f th f f_td
88 sTRANDS (Bt-nART
oF LANGUAGE D
I
?) Decide whetherthe follow¡ngwords from fhe lexl
crrespelt eitherw¡th ü singleor wilh u double
consonünl;includethe second consonünfwhen
necessüfy
sug_est suc_es_ful_y
stif_ sud_enl_y
colourles_ oc_as_ion
heartil_y hos_tes_
especial_y sup_er (themeal)
ad_it ional fol_ow
ter_ifying cof_ee
F) AND...H(}W'SYOURFOnMATION ll thing 2 dol
OFWORDS? [i trü'J,¿ül
GRAMMAR CAPSULE:
-less I -lul
Adjective formqtion: g
a) Abstractnounsreferto a qualityor idearatherthanto a physical
object.The suffix-ful is usuallyaddedto abstractnounsmeaning
"havingthequalityof" or "fullof":
E . g . : s p oo n spoonfu/
beauty beautiful
b) The suffix-/esscan be addedto nounsto formadjectives
with
the meaning of "nothavingthequalityof":
E . g . : p e nn y penni/ess
spot spot/ess
wotethatwhilesomenounscantakebothendings,
othersaddeitheroneor the
other.
UNIT
3:TEALOVERS89
I ) Turnthe follow¡ng nouns into odiectives qnd
ploce them under one of lhe heodings in the
toble below. Mqke qny chonges in spelling you
find necessofy
help harm meaning fright breath
rest sleep pain colour thought
heart hair success penny revenge
-less/ -ful -less -ful
2> Look ot lhe following odverbs in lhe texl

SuccessfuIIy, suddenly, heartiIy, especially, definitely,
excepti onalIy, comp leteIy, hopeI essly.
Theyhaveall beenformedby addingthesuffix-ly to an adjective,
this
beinga commonwayof formingadverbsof manneror viewpoint. ln some
hasalsobeenmadefroma noun:
casesthe adjective
E.g.: success- successful- successfully

heart- hearty- heartily
exception- exceptional- exceptionally
hope- hopeful
- hopefully
90 (Br-PART
oF LANGUAGE
STRANDS t)
Adverb formqlion: -ty
GRAMMARCAPSULE:
Adverbsin Englishcanbe formedby addingthederivationarsuffix

-ly to adjectives.
In mostcases,the resultingadverbis an adverbof
manner:
E.g.: kind kindly

legal legally
Someadverbsof time (frequency adverbs)can also end in -ly:
monthly,weekly,hourly.
This type of adverbcan be placedin almostany positionin the
sentence.lt cango in initialposition:
E.g.: Slowly,Jessydroveto herdestination.
Middleposition:
E.g.: Jessyslowlydroveto herdestination.

Finalposition:
E.g.: Jessydroveto herdestination

slowly.
Now give the noun and adjectivefrom which theseadverbshave

beenformed:
NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB

personally
carelessly
fashionably
dirtily
faithfully
noisily
endlessly
UNIT
3:TEALOVERS9l
confidentially
funnily
contemptuously
intentionally
G) US|NGENGUSHAPPROPRTATETY
AND PUTTING
IT INTOMOT¡ON
I ) After reqd¡ng lhe grommor copsule, do fhe

exercise below
GRAMMARCAPSULE:
Somef Any E
The use of some:
Thepartitivesome,as opposedto any,is markedaffirmatively
and
has the meaningof an indefinitequantity"a certainnumberor
amount".lt canmodifybothcountable
anduncountable nouns.
Examplein the text:/.../ to showyou how low somepeoplecan

sink.
Someis usedwhenyou are interested in the quantitybut you do

notwant(or need)to be veryspecific.lt is pronounced /snm/.
livein Sydney.
E.g.: Someof my relatives
Somecanalsobe usedwhenyouareinterested in theobjectitself

ratherthan in the quantity.
In this caseit wouldbe the pluralformof
a/an and one with the meaningof "a numberof" or "a few of". lt is
pronounced isEm/.
please.
E.g.: Giveme somecookies,
92 sTRANDS (Br-PART
oF TANeUAGE r)
As a rule,some is used in: a) affirmative
sentences(e.g.:He
wantedsomesugar;b) offersandrequests (e.9.:Would
youlike-some
wherethe answer"yes"is expected(e.g.:Why
wine?);c) questions
don'tyoubuysome of thosepastries?)
The use of any:
Thewordany is alsousedlo referto an indefinite

quantityand is
not markedaffirmatively
or negatively.
As a rule, we use any in
negativesentences:
Therearen'tany peoplein the street.
We use any in normalunemphatic questionswhere both an

affirmative
anda negativeanswerare possible.
Arethereany newbooksto buy?
We can also use any in affirmative sentencesas a determiner
referring
to something or someonewhoseexactidentityor natureis
irrelevant.
In this case,any will havethe meaningof cuatquier(a)in
Spanish.
E.g.: Any personcando thísjob.
Nowput in someor anyto complete

the sentences:
a) "Can I offeryou morecake?""No,thankyou, I
don'twant more."
b) He wasworkingfor firmin Sheffield.
c) There'shardly milk left.
d) lf I couldfindmy records,
l w o u l dl e ndyou
a) He nevershowed consideration
forourfeelings.
f) We gottherewithout trouble.
s) Youcanvisitus time.We are alwaysat home.
h) Theremustbe placeto leavemy luggage.
UNIT
3:TEALOVERS93
Why don't you invite friendsto your country
house?
"Whichdo youprefer?"" willdo."
D
2> fncfudeone of fhe compoundsof some,dny, no,

ot every (nobody, no one, crnybody,everybody,
nowhere, crnywhere,everywhere, anything,
noth¡ng,dnd everylhing) to complete the
meon¡ngof thesesenlences
a) I waitedfor a longtimebut came.
b) Thegameis veryeasy; can playit.
c) We are going nextweekend.We are stayingat
h o me .
d) yousay maybe usedagainstyou.
e) shesaidwastrue.
f) There was _ in the theatre. had
alreadyleft.
g) The weatherhere is hotterthan else in the
country.
h) Yourtoysare lying ; pickthemup,please.
3) Note lhe superlqfivesin the lext

"...agroLtpof the mosteminent..."
"...in your sweetestmorningsleep" "...withyour best five o'clock
smile"
"...themost unorthodoxand exoticteas"
Now translate into English:
a) Se pusosu mejorvestidoy se fue a la fiesta.

b) Es el niñomásaltode la clase.
c) Es el mássimpático
de lostreshermanos.
d) Creoque haselegidoel peorregalo.
94 sTRANDS (BI-PART
oF LANGUAcE r)
e) Es la másinteligente
de la familia.
f) ¿EsMoscúla capitalmásfríade Europa?
g) ¿Porquéte compraste el trajemáscarode la tienda?
h) Es unode los paísesmáspequeños del mundo.
4> After reod¡ngfhe grommqr point, do ihe exercise

below
GRAMMARCAPSULE:
Some spqce preposifions
In front of / behind:
Bothin front of andbehindexpressrelative
positionin a horizontal
way {in contrast,above and below are exampiesof verticalrelative
position).
Thesetwo prepositionscanbe seenas converse opposites:
Peteris sittingin frontof Mary= Maryis sittingbehindpeter
(Noticethatin thiscasewe cannottranslate
in front of intoSpanish
as en frentede.The appropriate
translation
wouldbe delantedá.
Out ofl into

Out of can be seenas the converse
of into.
E.g.: Shesteppedout of the car// Shesteppedinto the car.
out of can alsosignifymaterialor constituency

as in the following
example:
E.g.: Theymadea modelout of clay.
Outside/Inside
lnsidecan be saidto havethe samemeaningas in, and outside

can substitutefor out (of). Both prepositions
aie usedwith stative
verbs,butcanaccompany a dynamicverbas well.
E.g.: He wentoutsidethe room.(= outof)
I havemy cellularphoneinsidemy pocket.(= in)
UNIT3:TEALOVERS95
Now,fill in the gaps with one of the prepositionsstudiedin the
GrammarCapsule:
a) Whenshe heardthe telephonering,she ran
the house.
b) The puppyis sitting you;be carefulnot to
stepon it.
c) He was standingright me but I hadn'tseen
him.
d) His letteris thatdrawer.
e) She took her glassescalmly her bag and
inspected
the newcomer.
f) Don'tstay ; it'sverycold.
5) Putfhe frequencyodverbsin the correct plqce:

a) He kepton promising he wouldcomeand see us but he did
(never).
b) | go for a walkafterlunchbut Marydoes(often,hardlyever).
c) She lovesgoingto the theatrebut she is free in the evenings
(seldom).
her beauty(always).
d) | shallremember
e) Haveyouwrittena poem?(ever).
f) They have lunch at work but they have it in a restaurant
(sometimes,
generally).
ó) Sfudy the use of these lime phroses (Noie thct

they generollyoccur at the end of the sentence)
at five o'clock in the morning early ln the morning
after supper at eleven o'clock at night
during the day at tea-time the other day
after lunch
96 sTRANDS (BI-PART
oF LANGUAGE r)
Now translate into English:
a) Voya cogerlasvacacionesen septiembre.

b) Vamosa ver a Helenpasadomañana.
c) Porla nochesiemprevenla televisión.
d) Mi cumpleaños
es el 10 de noviembre.
e) Me gustahacerla compratempranoporla mañana.
f) Terminarán la nuevaestacióndentrode unosmeses.
g) Ayerpor la tardefuimosal cine.
h) Anteayerrecibimos unacartasuya.
r) Nosllamaron
porteléfono
haceunosdías.
-,F.-, TIMETO RELAX: Now, let'srelax,sit down, and watch some

interesting with the topicof this unit:
videosin connection
Y
youtube.comiwatch
http:/lwww. rCn49
?v=vnvYym
http.//www.youtube.com/watch Hl3mks&featu
?v=2ooT1 re=related
youtube.com/watch
http:/iwww. ?v=BpWqCzru5zk&featu
re=reIated
http://www.youtu ?v=|UcH5lSVTCg
be.comiwatch re=related
&featu
UNIT3: TEALOVERS97
SelÍ-EvaluotionUnit 3
__ D_othe followingexercises
TO EXERCISES ANDTASKS at theendof the-book:
| ) Circle fhe correcf onswer

1. Therewas hardly in town becauseit was a
holiday.
a) nobody b) none c) anybody d) everybody
2. Sherefusesto have to do withherex-boyfriend.
a) nothing b) everythingc) anything d) anywhere
3. There's I cantalkto becausetheydon'tspeakmy
language.
a) nobody b) everybody c) nothing d) nowhere
4. His parentsreallyspoiledhim;theygavehim he
wanted.
a) nothing b) everything c) anywhere d) everywhere
5. He was very depressedand claimedthat cared
a b o uh
t i m.
a) anybody b) everybody c) nobody d) nothing
2> Circle lhe letferwilh the correcl spellingof the

followingwords
1. a) succesfuly b) sucessfuly c) successfully
d) successfuly
2. a) sudenly b) suddenty c) suddenlly d) cudenly
3. a) aditional b) adicionat c) additionat d) addisional
4. a) occasion b) ocassion c) occassion d) ocasion
5. a) terifing b) terrifyng c) terrifying d) terryfying
98 sTRANDS
oF LANGUAGE
(Bt-IART
t)
3) Choose lhe suffix thqt ctln be qppl¡ed lo the
following nouns lo turn lhem inlo odjecl¡ves
1. harm
a) -less/-ful b) -less c) -ful
2. meaning
3. breath
4. revenge
5. colour
a) -lesslful b) -less c) -ful
4> Choosethe correct oplion

1 . T o mw i l ln e ve r hisgoalunlesshe worksharder.
a) reached b) achieve c) gets d) access
2. He askedherto marryhim,butshe
a) denied b) deny c) refused d) disagree
3. 1 we finishthisreportbeforegoingoutfordinner.
a) suggest b) want c) believe d) desire
4. She to win becauseshewasthe best.

a) merit b) denied c) deserve d) deserved
5. Theconstant
noiseof thecarswasmost
a) disturbing b) bother c) disagree d) bothered
UNIT3: TEALOVERS99
AND COMPOSITIONI
TRANSTATION
(Units I - 3)
Do exercisesI and 2,andthen handthem in or sendto yourTutor
for correction:
I ) Trqnslotefhe following senlences ¡nfo English

vecinos;es
a) Esteno es el perrode nuestros el de Juany María.
él mismola cartani dejaríaquela escribiese
b) Dijoqueni escribiría
Laura.
c) Llevatrabajandoen Zaradesdehacemásde dosaños'
d) Es muchomásdelgadaquesu hermana peronotanguapacomo
ella.
e) Recibiódosdocenasde rosasrojaspor su cumpleaños'
f) se lavólas manos,se peinóy se miróen el espejoantesde salir
de casa.
2> Composition
what do you think of the text in unit 3 (Tea)?ls it funny?old
fashioned?Tobstereotyped? Doesit representEnglandtoday?U¡tq g
shortessay(about150words) givingyouropinion of thetextandof British
peoplein general.
100 STRANDS (Bl-PART

oF LANGUAGE D
UNIT4:
CRIMEAND DANGER
WARMINGUP
Do you reador watchthe newsaboutcrimein yourcity?
ls thereanyproblemwiththesecurityin yourneighborhood?
Whal
aboutyourcity/town?
Areyou interested
in crimestories?
Whatdo youknowaboutSherlock Holmes?
B) ORArDTSCOURSE
CANDOs: 1) Exchangeideas.
2) Give opinions on the meaningsof certainwords
or expressions.
t) Lislento the conversqfion between Fred qnd Jqck
Fred:My goodness!Life is gettingmoreand moredangerous

sedays.
Jack:Why?Whatmakesyousaythat?
4: CRIME
UNIT ANDDANGEB 103
F:Whatmakesme say that???Don'tyou reador watchthe daily
newsaboutcrimein ourcitY?
J:AhlThat'swhatyoumeant.Yeah, you'reright".That'sprecisely
webinaron...
thisveryinteresting
whyl'm attending
F:An interestingwhat?
webinar.
J: An interesting
F:Whaton earthis that?
J:Youdon'tknowwhata webinaris???Well,you needto learn
moreaboutmodernwebresources... but
A webinaris likea seminar,
on the web.So that thousandsof peoplefromdifferentspotsof the
planetEarthcan be connectedat the sametime,attendinga given
beminaron whatevertopicsthey are interestedin, just by sitting
comfortably at theircomputer desk.'..
F : M m m mI s e e . . .
J: Andof coursetheyareableto interact withthewebinarlecturers
or organizers. Wonderiul, isn't it? Ahh...The marvelsof the new
technological world!
J: lt's aboutcrimeand how to protectyourselffrom impending

dangersin yourcommunity, by simplybeingalertandawareof thefact
thatthesedangersexist.
F: And havetheytoldyou whatthe crimerateis likein our city?
I don'treferto pick-bocketing or pursesnatching, or evenburglary...
I meanmurder, childabuse,rapeor serialkillersin thisarea...
J: Notyet,buttheyare goingto presentthe statistics of the main
citiesin th'eUS and Éuropé ¡n tne nextsession, so I think theywill
includeSan Franciscoas one of them. l'll let you know after the
session...
F:O.K.
J: Or...maybe youwouldpreferto joinus!Yousimplyhaveto fill
in an electronió torniwithyourpersonal dataandtheywillgiveyouthe
password to accessthewebinar'
F:Yeah,right...but I'msureit alsocostsa lotof money"'lt'snot
j u s tfi l l i n go u ta fo rm...
104 STRANDS (BI-PART

oF LANGUAGE D
J: Don'tworryaboutthe money.Be my guest!!!
F:Oh,no...Undernocircumstances willI acceptthat...NO,NO...
J:Oh, comeon, Fred.Be reasonable.You'vealwaysbeenmy best
friend...WHATARE FRIENDS FOR?| WON'TTAKE'NO' FORAN
A N S W ER ! ! !
b) Now discussfhe follow¡ngwilh your fulor or

clqssmqfesin lhe forum/virtusl clqss
1) Whyis Jackattending
the webinar?
2) Whatarethe differences between_a webinaranda seminar?
3) Do they give practicaltips on how to protectyourselfand your
familyat thiswebinar?
4) In generalterms,howwouldyoudescribethe kindof crimeFredis
mainlyinterestedin?
5) Whatdo the expressions: be my guestandI won'ttake"no"for an
answermean?
c) MULTI.TASK|NG
ACTMTIES
READ,LISTEN,STUDYand WRITE
StepL READsomeof the information

aboutSherlockHolmesandcrime
in generalon the web:
http://en.wikipedia,org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes
http://wwwsherlockian.
neV
. http://en.wikipedia.orglwiki/Crime
Step2. READthe relatedtextand LISTENto its spokenversionto make

sureyou knowhowto pronounce andgivethe correctintonationto it.
UNIT4: CRIMEAND DANGEn | 05

Lastyear'sriotsat Broadwater Farmmarkedthe firsttimein living
memorythatfirearms havebeenusedagainst thepolicein a mainland
civil disorder.Accordingto ScotlandYard,weaponsdealersin that
areahavehada bonanza sincethen.Andit is notonlythere.Shotgun
licencesare this yearbeingdemanded and issuedin Londonát a
fasterrate than ever.All over the countrythe Britishare arming
themselves, with a startlingvarietyof weapons.Much of it is
happening in the nameof a cultcalledSurvivalism. I havea friendin
Hampstead, as middle-class an area as you can get. He and his
childrenhavebeenattacked by groupsof youths,his househasbeen
burgled, and to his own dismayhe foundhimselfpickingup a knife
whenhe wentoutfor a walkon the Heathoneday.Myfriendwentinto
one of thosehomesecurityshopswhereyou buy burglaralarms,
windowlocksand everyotherpieceof steelwithwhichpeoplehope
(oftenvainly)to securetheir goods.The shop assistantwas also
frightenedand observedrather ruefully,"Your burglarsare my
neighbours". He livedin northLondonon the sort of estatewhere
televisionsaresometimes dropped fromhigh-risewindows, on carsif
noton heads.He hadbeenmugged threetimesandhiscarhadbeen
continuallytrashed.ln despairratherthanwithgleehe had bought
himselfa powerfulair gun and stoodwith it at the windowof his flat.
When he saw a kid muckingaroundhis car, he shot him, ran
downstairsand found the car spatteredwith blood.My friend
expressed somehorror,but the assistantshruggedand askedwhat
elsehe coulddo to protecthimselfandhisthíngs.
Sometimes it seemshardto find someonewho has not been
mugged,robbed,threatened in somewayor another-or at leasthad
it happento a closefriend.(lronically, I was burgled, for the second
timein a fewmonths, whilewritingthisarticle.)As a resultpeopleare
buyingweapons. Britainis notlikethe UnitedStateswhereweapons
are accumulated with an obscenityalmostbeyondimagination, but
moreand moreof a fortressmentality appearsto be developing. lt is
anotheraspectof Victorian values;a hundredyearsagopeoplereally
fearedto walkmoststreetsof London,and it is startingagain.
The Spectator
i
l0ó sTRANDS (Bt-pART

oF LANGUAGE t)
Sfep3. DO the followingexercises:
I ) Ghoosefhe correci onswer

1. Theriotsof Broadwater
Farmwere...
a) theonlyonesin whichthe policeusedfirearms.
b) thefirstonesin whichfirearmswereusedagainstthe police.
c) lhe lastonesin whichthe policeusedfirearms.
2 . A l lo v e rt heco u n try
th e B ri ti sh ...
a) arelosingtheirarms.
b) areusingtheirarms.
c) arearmingthemselves.
3. Thecultis calledsurvivalism
because...
a/ it hassurvived
a longtime.
b,) it hasto do withpeoplesurvivingattacks.
c) it is impossible
to survivein London.
4. Theauthor's
friendpickedup a knifebecause...
a) he hadbeenattackedbeforeandwasfrightened.
b) he wantedto attacksomeone.
c) he hadseena biganimalnearhishouse.
5. Hisfriendwentintoa security
shopto buy...
a) an insurance
for hishouse.
b) aweaponto defendhimself.
c) thingswithwhichto protecthishouse.
6. Wheredidtheshopassistant live?
a) ln a housewithburglars.
b) ln a houseprotected
by alarms.
c) In a flatin northLondon.
UNIT
4: CRIME
ANDDANGEB | 07
a gunbecause
7 . He boughthimself he wantedto...
a/ defendhis property.
b) shoothimself.
c/ trashhiscar.
8 . Theauthor
thinksthatit is har d...
a,) to findsomeoneto attack.
b,) notto attacksomeone.
c) to findsomeonewho hasn'tbeenattacked.
o Peopleusedto be afraidto walkthe streetsbecause...
a) theywereafraidof QueenVictoria.
b/ Londonwas alsodangerous.
c) theirvalueswereimmoral.
2)' Join these sentencesby us¡ngone of the

connectorssnd includingthe necessory
punctuofion
a) Mañy shotgunlicensesare beingdemanded. The Britishare
armingthemselves. (because
/ with)
b) lt is happeningin the nameof a cult calledSurvivalism.Some
peopleseemto enjoyit. (with/ although)
c) He pickedup a knife.He wentout for a walk.(and/ but)
d) He went to a securityshop.You buy burglaralarmsand locks.
(where/ that)
e) He boughthimselfan air-gun.He had beenburgled.
(because
/
therefore)
f) My friendexpressedsome horror.The assistantshrugged.(if /
when)He askedwhatelsehe coulddo.(and/ so)
g) | wasburgled.
I waswritingthisarticle.
(since/ while)
h) He lived in an estatein the north of London.Televisions
are
sometimes droppedfromwindows. (where/ because)
| 08 sTRANDS (Bt-pART
oF LANGUAGE t)
3) O_RALPRODUCTION: After reoding the text,
discussthe onswersfo fhese quesfionswith your
Tutorond clqssmoles
a) Whyare the Britisharmingthemselves nowadays?
b) why do youthinkthe writer's
friendwasdismayed to findhimself
pickingup a knifewhenhe wentoutfora walk?
c) Whydoesthe authoradd in brackets the words,,often vainly,,?
d) wouldyousaytheshopassistant livedin a friendly
neighborhood?
Giveyourreasons.
e) Whywasthe car spattered withblood?
f) Whatdo youthinkthe authormeansby a ,,fortress mentality,,?
4> WRITTEN PRODUCTTON: Writeo shorf teüer

-
(100 150words)to Mr.Jennings,edilor of o
locql newspoper,comploiningqbout the lqck
of securityin your neighborhood
CANDOs:
a) Writea formalletterof complaint.

b) write straightforward,
connectedtexts on a range of familiar
subjects.
c) Linka seriesof shorterdiscrete
elements
intoa linearsequence.
7/fn, /t t¿'rg¿ 7Vfr. /4¿r4S,4rU¿Ez'Ktal €¿rno

23, S(Aa",Sa¿a 7á¿.4¿¿*"zn 9, ?¿a¿4oeaa¿
0afu¿(/¿,Orca 0a^fu¿//¿.Orca
?/ie"t4en23, 2010
Deaz 7Vln, /¿t4ztzr¿,
1 aw u*an?. ta qna f/¿ p44k tt al ,/<bk/4N¿

ca ozn t4414//a4iio¿,
"e//r4r¿?,
UNIT
4: CRIME
ANDDANGER | 09
1/tart¿ ¿rr4r/r¿(q,
B¿qr4arrlie)
D) TACKLING
VOCABULARY
BUILD UP YOUROWN GLOSSARYOF TERMSFOR UN|T4: Look
up the following words in a monolingual (English-English)
dictionary, as well as any others you find difficult to understand in
the text: .
a) mainland (n) i) mug(v)

b) weapon(n) j) trash(v.)
c) dealer(n) . k) despair(n)
d) issue(v) t) glee(n)
e) startling(adj.) m/ spatter(v)
0 burgle(v) n) shrug(v)
g) dismay(n) o) beyond(prep.)
h) ruefully(adv.)
t ) Findthe opposifesor neor oppos¡tesof the

following words in the texf
I l0 STRANDS (Bt-pART
oF LANGUAGE t)
d) pickup
e) hope
t) weaK
g) easy
2> Findfhe express¡onsor phrqsesin the text fhqt

meqn the follow¡ng
a) whatthoselivingcanremember
b) in theopinionof
c) dueto
d) in whatevermanner
e) increasingly
3) Complefethesesenlencesusingfhe qppropr¡qle
verb from those listed below:
mark observe develoo

issue express
a) She her desirefor privacyby leavingthe

roomandshutting thedoor.
b/ Overthe lastfew months,this childhas
enormousappetitefor sweets;he neverlikedthembefore.
c) Thefireworks thebeginning
of theNewYear
celebrations.
d) Whenshe arrivedin Spain,she that the
weatherwascolderthanshe hadexpected.
e) TheGovernment hasstarted leafletsforthe
peoplewhosmoke,warningthemaboutthe riskof lungcancer.
UNIT
4: CRIME
ANDDANGEB I | |
4> Gompletethesesenfencesus¡ngthe qppropr¡qte
nounflom thosein the box
dealer Iicence variety article

area rate lock youth
a/ Therewassucha of clothesto choosefrom

that I couldn'tdecidewhatto buy.
b) The policesaidthat a with dark hair and a
moustache wasseencommitting the crime.
c,) This of Madridis reallywonderful to livein;
thereare so manygoodbarsandcafés.
d) Afterhishousewasburgledforthesecondtime,he decidedto put
a stronger on thedoor.
e/ | recentlyread an in the newspaper about
howbadit is for one'shealthto drinkalcohol.
f) He is workingso slowlythat at this he will
neverfinishthejob in time.
g,) | didn'tknowwhichcar I shouldbuy,so I askedthe
to showme the bestmodelhe had.
h) lf you don't have a for your hunti ng
weapons,you can be fined a great deal of money by the
Government.
5) Find lhe words in lhe text thql meon the

following
a,) principallandof a country
b/ disturbances,
disruptionof normalstate
c) instruments
for fighting
d) devicefor fastening
or securingdoors
e,) allowto fall
f) hopelessness
l12 STRANDS (Bt-pART

oF LANGUAGE t)
ó) Gompletefhe following senfencesusing the
qppfopriofe express¡onor phrqsefrom those in
fhe box
sincethen if ,not
..
thanever : at
a) lf you go to a foreigncountry,you shouldbe able to speak

a fewwordsof the language.
b/ | startedworkingas a teachermanyyearsago,and
I havestayedat the sameschool.
c/ She alwayslooksbeautiful,but last night I thoughtshe looked
morebeautiful
d) Whenhe movedto the new house.h e decidedto join the local
socialclub,and he madenewfriends.
e) lf you want to be healthy,you shouldtry to take half an hour's
exerciseeveryday, more.
7> Solvelhe crosswordus¡ngfhe clues below.

Discussthe meqningswith your clqssmotes
DOWN
1. district,
zone. 10. be afraidof.
2. hopelessness. 13. strongfastening.
3. disturbance,turmoil. 1 5. youngman.
4. stateintentionto hurt. 19. businessman,personwho
8. exceeding. sellsgoods.
9. numberof different
things,
assortment.
UNIT
4: CRIME
ANDDANGEp I l3
ACROSS
2. evolve,grow. 14. strong,forceful.
5. defend,guard. 16. r emar k.
6. statesomething,
make 17. allowto fall.
known.
18. assault
violently.
7. equipwithweapons.
20. difficult.
1 1 . official
document
or
permission. 21. instrumentsforfighting.
12. pieceof writingfor
magazine, newspaper.
114 STRANDS (Bt-PART

oF LANGUAGE D
s) Now How'sYouRSPELUNG? efuG
: ) Thesound I s / is sl fimes spelled er, os in

writer,qnd olher fimes, or, os in burglar. Fill in
fhe blonk spocesw¡fh eifher e or d
schol_r mast r
begg_r flatt_r
coll_r particul_r
díscov_r must_rd
vineg_r muscul_r
groc_r wiz_rd
regul_r plast r
peculi_r dang_r
2, Add E letfer ln fhe blonk spclces (only when

necessqfy) fo complele lhese wofds fsken from
ihe fext
fir_arms ptc_tng hor_or

ac-ording _nife rob-ed
we_pon ste_l thre-ten
de'-ler as_istant hap_en
Iicen_e netgnoo_rs ironical v
is-ued drop_ed burg_led
mid_le continual_y writ-ing
at-ack blo_d bu_ing
expres_ed fortres_ ac-umulate
ob cenitv f e r develop_ing
UNIT
4: CRIME
ANDDANGEB | | 5
3)' The word "flue" oppeols in the firsi porogroph of
the lexl. Notice thqf fhis ending, -ue, mqy
somefimes be confused with -ew. wtite either 'ue
ot -ew io complete lhese words. Donnfforget -to
look up the pronunciqtion in your dictionory if
necessqfy
1-- ::'- l;=

:,-- í"'_-- I=
f_ purs- tiss_
::',.- :1,-
iss
h
gr-
cr
F) AND... HOW'SYOURFORMATION
OF WORDS?
ComPound words
GRAMMARCAPSULE:
In the firstparagraph of the text,we findcompound wordssuchas

Broadwater,'fireirm's,mainland,or shotgun. Broadwater and
mainfand are exampiesof the Adi. + Nouncombination, while
firearmsand shotgun displaythe Noun+ Nounone'
Examples of the Adi.+ AdJ.combination: red'hot;bittersweet
compound
Inthiscasetheresulting nota noun'
wordis an adjective,
and the syntacticrelations
Thereare variousothercombinations,
of the compounding elements may be indicatedby paraphrases, as
can be seenin theseexamPles:
daydreamer -+ X dreamsduringthe day
hardworking -+ X workshard
I Ió STRANDS (Bl-PART
oF LANGUAGE D
C3 Some compound words Eppedr in the firsl
pcrsgroph of the fext: firesrm$! md¡n¡snd,
shotgun. Put the words that sppeqr in lhe two
columns iogether to form compound words ond
fhe*l include thern under fhe oppropriafe
heading below
table brush
news speaker
loud black
blue cloth
bitter hand
short paper
book face
tooth weight
heavy case
pale hot
red stick
lip sweet
NOUN+ NOUN ADJ.+ NOUN ADJ.+ ADJ.
UNI4
T: C R I M A
E N DD A N G E BI l 7
2> On line 3 of the lexl, the negotive prefix -drs hos
been qdded to the word order lo form disordeq
it could qlso be odded to drming lo form
disarming. Add either dis-, un-, irr.,ot im- to fhe
following lerms lo mqke lhem negql¡ve
intentional -.ui.
forqettable
scientific
appropriate -fair
-*L"
loval orooer
like
credible conscious
-favour
obev
reoard pack
c) usrNc ENGLISHAPPROPRIATEIY
AND PUTTINGIT INTOMOTION
I ) Afler reod¡nglhe grommor cqpsule,do lhe

exefc¡se below
The Pqst Perfecf tense

GRAMMARCAPSULE:
Thereare manyinstances of the useof the pastperfectin thetext.

The Past Perfectindicatespast in the past; it goes back to a
remote,previous time.In thetext,the actionsof beingmugged,being
trashedand buying a gun happenedsometimebeforethe pointin the
pastwherethenarrator placesthe mainactionof thestory.Theactions
in the PastPerfectexpressseveraldegreesof remoteness. Thus,the
PastPerfect refers to a timefurther in the pastas seenfrom a definite
viewpointin the past.
I l8 (Br-eART
oF LANGUAGE
STRANDS r)
Pastsimple/ past perfect
Comparebothtenses:
1) WasTomtherewhenSusanarrivedat the party?
No,he hadalreadyleft.
But:
WasTomtherewhenSusanarrivedat the party?

Yes,but he didn'tsee her.
. Ascanbeseen,yg usgthe simplepastto referto a givenpointof

time in the past,whilethe past perfectrefersto soñiething that
happened before
thatpointof time.
Now,join the followingpairsof sentencesusingthe connectorin

bracketsand putting the appropriateverb into the-pastperfect.
E.g.: I saw the firm.I didn't go to the cinemawith them.(so)

I had seenthe film, so I didn't go to the cinemawith them.
a/ | recognized
himat the party.I methimoncebefore.(because)
b) He atea big lunch.He wasn'thungryat suppertime.(so)
c) | spoketo the director.The meetingbegan.(before)
d,) | lookedin my bag.I rearized
someonestoremy purse.(and)
e/ she was ill for a longtime.she wentto the doctor's.
(before)
f) | wentout.He arrived.(bythetime)
g) Theywereat homeail day.Theywantedto go for a wark.(so)
h) we drankthreebotilesof wine.we arrivedat the partyrathertipsy.
(so)
UNIT
4: CRIME
ANDDANeEn I l9
2, In eqch sentenceihere qre fwo verbs in
brqckefs;include one in fhe po$f simpleqnd lhe
oÍher in lhe palsl pértecf fense:
a) Allthe stores(close) by the timewe (arrive)
in town.
b) A lady (come) in with a dog that (justbe)
run overby a bicycle,
c) He (keep) staringat me wonderingwhere
he (see) me before.
d) They(finish) all the drinksby the timeI
(arrive) at the party.
e) Whenthepolice(come) the bandits(already
escape)
D He (no finish) eatingwhen we (arrive)
g,) When we (get) home we found a note

sayingthatthey(go) for a walk.
h) She (notfinish) writingthe articlebut she
(decide) to stopfor a rest.
3) Notice fhe use ol wherein lhese relqtive clduses

"... homesecurityshopswhereyou buyburglaralarms..."
"... thesortof estatewheretelevisions
aresometimesdroppedfrom..."
Writeother sentenceslike theseby combiningthe followingpair

of clauses using either when, where,or why. Makethe necessary
changesas in the examplebelow:
E.g.: I visitedthe hospital.
My sisterworkedthere.
I visitedthe hospitalwheremy sisterworked.
a) | neverlikedthe house.I wasbornin it.

b/ Thatis the reason.
Theyleftearly.
l2O STRANDS (Br-PART

oF LANGUAGE D
c) | boughtthiscoatlastmonth.I was in Germany.
b/ | met her at the pub.She wasworkingas a waitress.
c) We all lookedat the house.Shakespeare had livedin it.
d,) | sawhimthismorning.He wasgoingto the office.
e/ YesterdayI wentto a bookshop.I met Elizabeth.
f) Thisis the house.He liveshere.
g) Theyarrivedyesterday. We hadgoneout for a walk.
4> Ditferenfusesof personolpronouns(subjective,

objecfive,possessiveqnd reflexive)bnd-
possessive odjeclivesqppeor in thb pqssqge
subjective:
He livedin NorthLondon
objective:he shothim
reflexive:armingthemselves
he had boughthimself a powerfulairgun
possessiveadjectives: his childrenhavebeen attacked
to his own dismay
Read about the use of pronouns in the grammar capsule

and then choose the appropriateone to complótethe sentences
below:
GRAMMAR CAPSULE:Pronouns:subjeclive,
objective, possessive,reflexive. posseósive
odjeclives
pronouns:Th:eyreBlacea nounor a nounphrasein a

. P.ersonal.
neighboring(usuallypreeeding)
clause:
E.g.: Jackwentto the bankbeforehe leftthe town.
. Personalpronounshavetwo setsof case-forrns:'a)

the subjective
formsand b) the objectiv€,forrns,
UNIT
4: CRIME
ANDDANGER l2l
a) Thesubjectiveforms are usedas subjectsof finiteverbsand
oftenas subjectcomplement:E.g.:She is my friend.(Subject)
b) The objective forms are used as objects and/or as
prepositionalcomplements.E.g.:I saw her walkingin the street.
(object)
Reflexivepronouns:We use the reflexivepronounswhen the

subjectand the objectof an actionare the same, i.e., reflexive
pronounsreplacea co-referential
noun phrase,normallywithinthe
samefiniteverbclause:
E.g.: Suecut herselfwitha cookingknife.
Emphatic Reflexive pronouns: Reflexivepronouns are

sometimes placedin apposition for the sakeof emphasisand/orend-
focus.In thiscase,and fromthe discoursepointof view,theycannot
be saidto be reflexiveproper,for theydo not fulfillthe objectfunction
and convey a differentmeaning.They are used emphaticallyto
indicatethat someone,and not someoneelse,did something. This
couldbe translatedintoSpanishas uno mismo,en persona.
E.g.: I myselfpaintedthe living-room.
Possessiveadjectivesand possessivepronouns: Possessives

in Englishmay functionas determinersbeforenoun headsor as
independent nounphrases.The firstfunctioncan be fulfilledby any of
the possessiveadjectives(m¡ your, his,her, its,our, your, theif and
the secondone by the possessivepronouns(mine,yours, his,hers,
ours,yours, theirs)
E.g.: Thatis his bike.(Determinerfunction,possessive

adjective)
Hersis the bag I found. (Subject
function,independent
NP,
possessivepronoun)
1 . I havegiven(a) my / (b) mineopinionbutthe finaldecisionis (a)

their/ (b)theirs.
2 . Youshouldbe ashamedof (a)yourselves/ (b)yourownfor making
so muchnoisewheneveryone is sleeping.
122 sTRANDS (Br-PART

oF LANGUAGE D
3 . (a) My / (b) Mine parentssay they want to take a trip by (a)
themselves / (b)theirselves.
4 . My brotherand (a) me / (b) | havealwaysgottenalongverywell
with(a)ourselves / (b) eachother.
5 . Wouldyoudo allthistyping(a)yourown/ (b)yourself if youwere
(a)me/ (b)myselft (c) | ?
6 . l'm surethisdrinkis (a) mine/ (b) my becauseI prepared it (a)
myself/ (b)my own.
7 . Johnand (a) me / (b) | livedon (a) our own/ (b) ourselvesfor a
week.Thenthe restof thefamilyarrived.
8 . (a) He/ (b)Himandhiswifearegoodfriendsof (a)us / (b)ours/
(c)ourselves.
He wantsto writeall the invitations
(a) himself/ (b) his own/ (c)
him,so a) we / (b)ourselves/ (c)us havenothing to do.
5) Noticethqf the followingsenlencebeginsw¡th

the prepositionfo
Tohis own dismayhe foundhimselfpickingup a knife ...
Changethe followingsentencesto makethem start in the same
way:
E.g.:
He was amazedthattelevisions
weresometimes
droppedfromhigh-
risewindows."
To his amazement,
televisions
weresometimes
droppedfromhigh-
risewindows.
a) Hewasastonished
to seethe increase
in demandforweapons.
the demandfor weaoonshad increased.
b) He was irritated
to seea kid muckingaroundhiscar.
a kidwasmucking aroundhiscar.
c) He was horrifiedto find the car spatteredwith blood.
, the carwasspattered withblood.
d) He wassurprised
to seethatthesituation wasgettingworse.
, the situation
was getting
worse.
UNIT
4: CRIN/E
ANDDANeEn | 23
Hg WaS qlsgUSteU tU UEIJ Ftlllvllt/dllD r''uyrrrV Yveqyvrre'
werebuYingweapons.
Americans
ó) Reported speech is used in the senlence

... but the assistantshruggedand asked what else he could do to
protecthimselfand his things.
. The direct question would be= what else can I do to prgtect_
.yséf 2nd my iningsZ (Noticethat both the tense and the order of
words change).
Direcl qnd indirecl speecl

GRAMMARCAPSULE:
In the case of direct speech the words of a speaker are

incorporated withinthe reportiñgsentenceand retainthe statusof an
indefendentclause.In writing,directspeechis identifiedbetween
quotationmarks.
Direct speech may be introducedby different.verbs, such as: a)
verbs of saying (say,'tetl,ask, gasp, cry, b)
etc-); verbs of thinking
(think,ponder,reflect, wonder, etc.).
There are a series of formal characteristics that distinguish
reported(indirect)speechfrom.directspeech'. All.deiclicelements
(i.ó.pointérs:elem'ent-sthatsignala personor thingto whichtheyare
related)are shifted,therefore:
a) Firstpersonpronouns(referring to the speaker)arechangedto

thirdperson,and sécondpersonpronbunsare shiftedto firstor third,
depending on the identityof the listener:
"l don'tlikeher",shesaid-+ She saidshedidn'tlikeher
"Willyoupleaselisten?"-+ Sheaskedif I wouldpleaselisten
b) Deictic adverbs such as here, there o¡ now, as well as

(fhrb,these,etc.) are replacedby other -generally
demónstratives
more remote- iorms (that, those,there, then),but, again,the shift
dependson whereandwhenthe speakeris reporting:
"Weare fine here"+ She saidtheywerefinethere
124 STRANDS (BI-PART

oF TANGUAGE D
c) As can be seen in the above examples,verb tenses
generally
back-shifted,
i.e.theychange,from
presentto past:
Present-+ Past
Past
PresentPerfect ,*, perrect
PastPerfect ]
-+
Presentcontinuous Pastcontinuous
. After readingmore informationabout direct and indirectspeech

in your grammarbook,do the exercisefollowingthe example:
E.g.: "l willstayat yourhousefor a fewdays',,saidJohn.
Johnsaid (that)he wouldstayat my housefor a fewdays.
a) "l can'lspeakltalianfluently," saidmy friend.
b,) "His exerciseis fullof spellingmistakes,"
saidthe teacher.
"l
c/ wentskiingyesterday", saidSusan.
"l
d/ mustgo outto buysomefoodfor the children," saidMrs.smith.
e) "l'll meetyou at PizzaHutat two o'clock,"said Mary.
f) "My friendsarearrivingtomorrow," saidllcm.
"l
g) have a reservationat the hotel for my wife and myself,,, said
Mr.Brown.
7> Look qt lhe following segmenlsfrom lhe text:

... he foundhimself pickingup ...
... he had boughthimselfa powertdair gun.
... to protecthimself...
There isn't an exact correspondencebetween the use of the
reflexiveform in Spanishand English:
E.g.: Me lavéel pelo -+ I washedmy hair.
Deberíanlevantarse antes-+ Theyshouldget up earlier.
UNIT
4: CRIMEAND DANcEn | 25
Se pusoel abilgo-+ He put on hiscoat.
Se resfrió+ He got a cold.
the followingsentencesfrom Spanishinto English:

Translate
a) (Ella)Se pusolosguantes.
b) 1Ét¡Se miróen el espejo.
c) Péinateantesde salir.
todoel trabajode la oficinanosotrosmismos.
d) Hacemos
e) 1Ét¡Se hizodañoen la pierna.
f) Maríase comiótodoel pan.
s) Se hacetodoslosvestidosellamisma.
h) (Ella)Se divierte
mucho.
t) 1Ét¡Siemprehablasolo.
TIMETO RELAX:Now,let'srelax,sit down,andwatchsome

interesting withthetopicof thisunit:
videosin connection
youtube.com/watch?v=08W
http:/iwww. RuGZja2E
youtube.comiwatch
http://www. ?v=4s4M9-J
kako&featu
re=related
126 sTRANDS (Br-pART

oF LANGUAGE r)
Self-EvqluotionUnit 4
Do the following
exercises
andthencheckyouranswersin the KEy
TO EXERCISES ANDTASKS at the endof the book:
1) Choose the besf oplion lo complete fhe

meon¡ng of fhe following senlences
1 . I l i v ei n a n e i g h b o u r h o o d housesare often
burgled.
a) when b) because c) where d) although
2 thepolicefinallyarrivedtheywererelieved.
a) if b) so c) although d) when
3 . H e h a da g u n he wasscaredto shootit.
a) but b) then c) because d) where
4. Marywalkedhomeby herself, she knew
thatit wasdangerous.
a) if b) although c) so d) that
5. I have been attackedtwice l i v i n gi n t h i s

neighbourhood.
a) while b) since c) where d) therefore
2> Choosethe oppos¡leor neor opposifeof the words

in the left column from those in fhe right one
1. weak a) youth
2 . p i c ku p b) elderly
3. hope c) drop
4 . p e n s i on e r d) despair
5. easy e) powerful
f) weakless
g) hard
UNIT
4: CRIME
ANDDANGE? 127
3) Choosethe correct negofive prefix for eoch of
these words
1. Íair
a) dis- b) un- c) in d) im-
2. appropriate
a) dis- b) un- c) in- d) im-
3. regard
4. pack
a) dis- b) un c) in- d) im-
5. polite
4> Ghoosefhe correct option to complele the

meqningof lhese senlences
1. Thisis notmy coat,it mustbe
a) your b) them c) yours d) yourself
2. Hecut withthebigknifehe hadjustbought.

a) his own b) his c) him d) himself
3. I willwaitherefor untiltheyarrive.
a) they b) them c) themselves d) theirown
4. Justhelp restaurant.
:thisis a self-service
a) yours b) yourself c) yourown d) you
aregoodfriendsof
5. Ourneighbours
a) ours b) us c) ourselves d) ourown
128 (Br-pART
oF LANGUAGE
STRANDS r)
,, r;,1,'
,
'¡t.i)i,;ffi}trffiFe$#ii
w' ' "

I
A) WARMINGUP
1) Wouldyou liketo livein the countryside?
2) Areyoukeenon wildanimals?
3) Have you had any wildlife experiences?lf so, tell your
tutor/classmatesaboutit.
4) wouldyougo on a safariif youhadthechance,or is thatreallynot
"yourcup of tea"?
B) ORALDISCOURSE: Nqrrqtionqboul
wildlife exper¡ences
CAN DOs: 1) Narratea story.
2) Write/givean oraldescriptionof an eventand/ora
recenttr¡p (realor imagined)relatedto wild life.
<r) Lislento Kevinqnd Tom,sconversqtion:
(Thomashasjust returnedfroma safariexperience

in Africaand
comesacrosshisfriendKevinat the club)
UNIT
5: WILDLIFE
EXPERIENCE
l3l
Kevin:Lookwho'sthere!Tom!Howniceto seeyou'reback,man.
HowwasyourAfricanadventure?
Tom:Woo,fantastic,man,FANTASTIC! lt was a totallynew and
-literallyWILD-experience... Youcertainlyrealizehowinferiorwe are
in manyrespects to the restof the animalworld...howdetached we
havebecomefromthe wiselessonsof nature,and howbadthiscan
beforthefutureof thehumanrace... Wearedeafto nature's warninqs.
butironically we thinkwe'reveryclever...
K: Yeah,you'reright...lt's ironicto see that we thinkwe'reso
superiorand intelligent whenall we are doingis destroyour planet
littleby little,in sucha pitifulway...
T: Yeah,true.Nexttime you shouldcomewith me to Africa,I
assureyouit willchangeyourperspective of lifeand it willmakeyou
a betterperson...
K: No doubtaboutthat,but no,man,no.I lovenaturebut I don't
havethe gutsto get intothe jungle,wherea lionor any otherwild
a n i malcouldtur n me intotheirlunchor dinner ... Not for m eee!!lI
preferto watchwildlife documentary filmsinstead...
T:Yeah, butit'snotthesame,bigguy.Therealexperience is much
moreexciting andit makestonsof adrenaline runthroughyourveins...
K: I see,butI stillpreferto be sittingcomfortably
in mycouchwhile
I contemplate all thesemagnificent animalson the screen.Haveyou
seenlhe T.V.seriesentitledPlanetEarth?lt is narratedby Richard
Attenborough, masterof masters... whata greatguy!
T: No,as a matterof fact,I haven't...
K :Andthisotherone....uhm m what'
.. sitsname....Ah,y es !M ar c h
of the Penguinsl
lt wassooootouchingto seewhatthe penguinsare
capableof doingjust for the sakeof protecting
theiroffspring...
You
shouldseethisfilm,man.Antarctica if you've
is alsoa wildterritory...
onlyseenAfrica,youhaven't gotthecomplete picture....
T: Oh,well,let'smakeour nexttripto Antarctica,then!Youknow
l'm a sportfor everything!
K: Yes,but I am NOT!!...I told you, I preferthe documentary
films....Sorry...
HAVEA GOODTRIPTO ANTARCTICA, TOM!!
132 STRANDS (Br-pART

oF LANGUAGE r)
b) Now discussfhe follow¡ngw¡th your fulor or
clossmqfesin the forum/virtuolcloss
1) Wouldyousaythetripto Africahaschanged Tom?lf so,howhas
i t c h a n ge hd i m?
2) Do you thinkhe has enjoyedthe ',African experience,,?Explain
whatmakesyouthinkso.
3) Whydoesn'tKevinwantto go to Africa?
4) ls Kevinnotas interested in natureas Tomis?
"l
5) Whatdo the expressionsdon'thavethe guts,'and ,,1'ma sport
foreverything" mean?
c) MUITI-TASKING
ACTIVIT|ES
WATCH,
WRITE,READ,LTSTEN
and STUDy
step 1' wRlrrEN PRoDUcloN: Go on the internetand wATCHany

of the wildlifevideos availableon the following you Tubewebpagó
andthenwRlrE a summary(100-120 wordsapprox.)of whatyou saú:
www.youtube.com/resu
lts?search*Quer!=ryi
ldlife&search*type=&aq=
0s&oq=!i/l¡D+LIFE
SUMMARY:
step2. READthe relatedtextandLlsrEN to itsspokenversionin thecD

to makesureyouknowhowto pronounce andgivethe correctintonation
to it.
UNIT
5: WILDLIFE
EXPERTENCE
133
;; ";o tÁ*goi,
*' 0". rir;;;;,, u,."i n t r e p i d ,i n g e n i o u s ,
resourceful and patient-allqualities thatare regularly testedby the
locations thattheyhaveto operatein andthewildlife thattheytry to
photograph. Sincethe firstwildlifefilm was made,a successioñ of
cameramen havesoughtto getthemselves or theircamerasintothe
mostunlikely situations, and in doingso, theyhaveinevitably come
across(and,withluck,filmed)behaviour andevenspeciesthatwere
previously unknownto science.Manyanimalsseem to spendan
inconveniently largeproportion of theirtime hiddenin setts,earths,
dens,holts,lairsandotherassorted holes.Sincewhattheydo in their
va ri oushomes can be of key im por tancein a wi l dl i fefi l m ,
photographers havehadto devisewaysof gettingtheircamerasinto
theseplaces, andwhentheyhavesucceeded, theresulting filmsoften
containnewbiological insights. In 1953,HeinzSielmann persuaded a
pairof woodpeckers to accepta nestholewhichhada glassplateat
the back,and throughthis he witnessedfor the first time their
behaviour in the nest.At the time,it was certainlyfascinating for
ornithologists, but it alsogrippedthe public's imagination -an hour
aftertransmission the switchboard of the BBCwasstilliammedwith
ca l l s.
Sincethen,similartechniques havebeenusedmanytimes,with
different species in different situations, andeachtimetherehavebeen
newglimpses intoanimalbehaviour. The privatelifeof the kingfisher
becamea littlemorepublicwhenRonEastman contrivedto installa
cameraat theendof a nesting tunnel,andshotthefirstfilmevermade
of kingfisher chicksbeingfed.lt had alwaysbeenassumedthatthe
parents mustfeedtheirchicksonfishthathadbeenbrokenintopieces
or was partially digested, but the film revealed thatthe youngbirds
weregiventhe impossible-looking taskof swallowing the fishwhole.
Foxeshavealsorevealed a fewof theirfamilysecrets,and notjustto
a singlecameraman. In this case,millionsof viewersacrossthe
countrywitnessed intimate moments of an urbanvixenwithhercubs
in the liveseriesFoxwatch, Thevixen'searth,an oldcellarln Bristol,
wasbuggedwithmicrophones andinfrared cameras, andsoundand
picturewere transmitted back to a mobilestudio,wherezoologist
StephenHarriswaswaitingto describe andinterpret whatwasbeing
seen,including theactualbirthof thecubs.Sincesuchyoungcubsare
notableto regulate theirbodytemperatures, it wasassumed thatthe
vixenwouldstaycloseto themat thisstage,andthecontinuous watch
134 STRANDS (Br-pARi

oF LANGUAGE r)
I
Step3. DO the following
exercises:
I ) Choosefhe correcf qnswerfollowing the

contenls of the texl
1. Wildlife musthavespecialqualities
filmmakers because...
a) Iheyare ingenious, and patient.
resourceful,
b) theyhaveto workin difficultlocations.
c/ animalsdon'tliketo be photographed.
havegot theircamerasintounlikelysituations
2. Whencameramen
they...
previously
a) havemadediscoveries unknownto science.
b) havebeenunableto get out.
c) haveusedtoo muchtapefilmingthe animals.
3. Thetimeanimals
spendin theirhomesis inconvenient
because
...
a) theirhomesare uncomfortable.
b) theirhomesaretoo dangerous
for cameramen.
c) it is difficultfor cameramen
to filmthemthere.
UNIT5: WILDLIFE
EXPERIENCE
| 35
4 . HeinzSeilman
witnessed
thewoodpecker's
behaviour
by...
a) livingwiththemin theirnests.
b/ persuading themto accepta specialnest.
c,) givingthemthefoodon a glassplate.
5 . We knowthe publicwasinterested
in thisdiscovery
because...
a) agreatnumberof peoplecalledthe BBC.
b) lheywerefascinated
by ornithologists.
c) theyjammedthetransmitterof the programme.
publicised
6 . RonEastman the lifeof the kingfisher
by...
a/ shooting
the kingfisher's
chickswhiletheywereeating.
b) introducingfoodat theendof thefilm.
c) puttinga camerain its nesting
tunnel.
7 . Thefilmrevealed
that...
a) the parentsfed smallfishto theirchicks.
thefishin onepiece.
b/ thechickshadto swallow
c,) thefishwasonlypartially
digested.
8 . Thevixen's
earthfilmedby Foxwafch
wasin...
a) an oldcellarin the middleof a town.
b,) a mobilestudio.
c) an oldcellarin thecountry.
9 . The Foxwatch
camerasdiscovered
thatthe doo fox...
a/ keptawayfromthe earthand cubs.
b) wenthungryuntilthevixenleftthecubs.
c/ occasionally
leftfoodfor the vixenandcubs.
l3ó sTRANDS (Bt-eART

oF LANcUAGE i)

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STRANDSOF

UNIT3: TEA LOVERS 77

B) ORALDISCOURSE: PUTTING A CASE( lNA

H ) L A N G U A GE A N DL IT E R A T U R E:THE CONNECTION .........183

o) Lisienfo Wendyond Mqrk's conversqfion

b) Now discussthe followingw¡lh your tutor

Step1.Go on the internetand LOOKat the portraitof MonaLisaat:

Step2. READthe relatedtextand LISTENto its spokenversionto make

She haslongteasedscholarswithher mysterious sensuality, and

Step3. DOthefollowing andSTUDYthegrammarexplanations

I ) Choose the correcf qnswer from the ones g¡ven

2. Whydid she matchthe leftsideof Leonardo's to the

Connectors are wordsor expressions that are usedto connect

4> MAKEA LIST,

I ) Findin the fext fhe oppositeor neqr oppos¡le

sensuality identitity magazines publisher

a) These days you can find a aboutalmost

3) Include one of fhe following verbs in the

draw carry remarn

a) As she was alreadytwo hourslate,he that

4> Findlhe phrosesin lhe lexf thEt completethe

5) l. Findffie odjecfiyes or o'dverbsin the text

2. filou¡include the appraprioté ward from fñose

ó) Solvelhe crossword us¡nglhe clues below

I ) Add ch, k, ck, or c fo the following words

obe_ed cherr_s funn_er sunn_er

After checkingyour answerstry to formulatethe corresponding

I ) Formnew words by using one of Él'rese

3) Look qt the words "precluden',"conclude",

_ceive _fect _cept -form

Examinethe instances in whichthe genitiveis usedin TheSecret

This constructionis preferredto a lesserextentfor animalnouns

E.g. Thearrivalof the 10:30planefromManchester.

2> Explointhe ditferencebelween the following

3) Note-fh9 u9e of lhe prepositionsat, in, oi, on,

4, In the text we find fhe expressions

in meaningand usagebetweenthe verbs

After readingthe grammarcapsuleand some more information

a) "Whatare you ?""l'mreading

Rewritethe followingsentencesas in the example:

ó) Theword himselfis used emphoticolly

The pronounhimselfis usedin the MonaLisatext(The secretof

E.g.: I myselfsowedthe dress.

A: Canyoudo the shopping?

After reviewingemphaticand reflexivepronounsin the capsule

a) The President receivedthe journalists

TIMETORELAX:Now let'srelax,sit down,and watchsome

I ) Ghoosefhe opposife or neor oppos¡teof these

2> Complefe lhese words with lhe correct opf¡on

I. A good deal oi business

lislen fo Meg ond Lindsoy's conversolion

(Meg and Lindsayare watchinga TV show aboutthe top ten

M : We l l ....l 'm n o t g o i n gto tell you the detailsbut...hejust

b) Now discussthe follow¡ngwilh your lutor or

step t. Go to the followingwebpageon the internetto see different

I ) Ghoosefhe coruecfqnswerfrom the ones g¡ven

5 . Thanksto thechauffeur's drivingskills...

8 . Thedriver's qualityis thathe...

GRAMMAR CAPSULE: Conneclors ogo¡n! Lel's

Connectors are wordsor expressions that are used to connect

2> Join the following sentences by us¡ng one

k) The roseswerenotof the standardtheymighthavebeen.

3) ORAIANDWRITTEN PRODUCTION: Describeqnd