Finals – Lesson 1

Global Food Security - Season 1

Episode 1 – HUNGER & FOOD INSECURITY

Key Statements:

After decades of steady decline, the trend in world hunger – as measured by the prevalence
(paglaganap) of undernourishment – reverted (bumalik) in 2015, remaining virtually unchanged
in the past three years at a level slightly below 11 percent. Meanwhile, the number of people
who suffer from hunger has slowly increased. As a result, more than 820 million people in the
world were still hungry in 2018, underscoring the immense challenge of achieving the Zero
Hunger target by 2030.

Ang United Nations po ay may goal na ZERO HUNGER by year 2030 kung saan mag-iinvest
mainly sa Agriculture upang ma-nourish ang almost 821 million hungry people all over the
world at ma-extend pa ang food security for a projected global demography of dagdag na 2
billion people by year 2050.
Ang problema nga lang ay tumataas na naman ang bilang ng mga tanong nakaka-experience ng
“hunger”, so yung target nil ana ZERO HUNGER by 2030 ay kailangang pag-ingtingin. 😊

WHAT WE KNOW RIGHT NOW:

 An estimated 821 million people were undernourished in 2017.

 The majority of the world’s hungry people live in developing countries (like the
Philippines), where 12.9 per cent of the population is undernourished.
 Sub-Saharan Africa remains the region with the highest prevalence of hunger, with the
rate increasing from 20.7 per cent in 2014 to 23.2 per cent in 2017.
 In sub-Saharan Africa, the number of undernourished people increased from 195 million
in 2014 to 237 million in 2017.
 Poor nutrition causes nearly half (45 per cent) of deaths in children under five – 3.1
million children each year (ang namamatay dahil sa gutom).
 149 million children under 5 years of age—22 per cent of the global under-5 population
—were still chronically undernourished in 2018.
 A total of about 2 billion people in the world experience some level of food insecurity,
including moderate. People who are moderately food insecure may not necessarily suffer
from hunger, but they lack regular access to nutritious and sufficient food, putting them at
greater risk of various forms of malnutrition and poor health.
 Even in high-income countries, sizeable portions of the population lack regular access
to nutritious and sufficient food; 8%t of the population in Northern America and
Europe is estimated to be food insecure, mainly at moderate levels.
 In every continent, the prevalence of food insecurity is slightly higher among women
than men, with the largest differences found in Latin America.

Hunger is on the rise in almost all African subregions, making Africa the region with the
highest prevalence of undernourishment, at almost 20 percent. Hunger is also slowly rising
in Latin America and the Caribbean, although its prevalence is still below 7 percent. In Asia,
Western Asia shows a continuous increase since 2010, with more than 12 percent of its
population undernourished today.

While severe food insecurity is associated with the concept of hunger, people experiencing
moderate food insecurity face uncertainties about their ability to obtain food, and have been
forced to compromise on the quality and/or quantity of the food they consume. (nakakaranas
tayo ng tinatawag na FOOD INSECURTITY kung kailangan nating mag-adjust sa ating food
hindi dahil nagda-diet tayo, kundi dahil, mahirap nang makakuha ng pagkain)

One major reason of Food Insecurity is LOW INCOME. Marami ngayon ang nakakaranans ng
food insecurity gawa ng pandemic – lalo na yung mga ‘no- work no pay’ basis na nawalan ng
work.
Analysis of household and individual level data from selected countries across all regions shows
that food insecurity plays an important role as a determinant of many different forms of
malnutrition. In upper-middle and high-income countries in particular, living in a food-insecure
household is a predictor of obesity in school-age children, adolescents, and adults (ang food
insecurity ay pwede po sa mayayaman kasi food insecurity also includes the INABLITY to
provide food for an active and healthy lifestyle)..

2019 report also shows that the uneven pace of economic recovery and continuing poor
economic performance in many countries after the 2008–2009 global economic downturn
(hindi ko sure kung tanda niyo pa ito, pero nagkaroon po ng pagbaba sa ekonomiya ng buong
mundo nung 2008-2009, buti na lang ay naligtas ng VAT – value added tax - ang ating bansa,
kaya hindi tayo masyadong naapektuhan, natamaan man tayo, hindi kasing tindi ng sa ibang
bansa) are also undermining efforts to end hunger and malnutrition. Episodes of financial
stress, elevated trade tensions and tightening financial conditions are contributing to
uncertain global economic prospects.

Hunger has increased in many countries where the economy has slowed down or
contracted, mostly in middle-income countries. Furthermore, economic shocks are
contributing to prolonging and worsening the severity of food crises caused primarily by conflict
and climate shocks.

Income inequality increases the likelihood of severe food insecurity, and this effect is 20
percent higher for low-income countries compared with middle-income countries. Income and
wealth inequalities are also closely associated with undernutrition, while more complex
inequality patterns are associated with obesity.

One in seven newborns, or 20.5 million babies globally, suffered from low birthweight in 2015
(kulang sa timbang); no progress has been made in reducing low birthweight since 2012. The
number of children under five years in the world affected by stunting (tumitigil ang paglaki), by
contrast, has decreased by 10 percent in the past six years. However, with 149 million children
still stunted, the pace of progress is too slow to meet the 2030 target of halving the number of
stunted children.

FOOD INSECURITY IS MORE THAN JUST HUNGER

Hunger is monitored based sa PAGLAGANAP ng UNDERNOURISHMENT.

Undernourishment - a state, lasting for at least one year, of inability to acquire enough food,
defined as a level of food intake insufficient to meet dietary energy requirements'

Indicators to Monitor Progress on Ending Hunger and Ensuring Access to Food for all.
MODERATE VS. SEVERE FOOD INSECURITY

People experiencing moderate food insecurity face uncertainties about their ability to obtain
food and have been forced to reduce, at times during the year (nabawasan ang kakayanan nilang
makakuha o makabili ng pagkain), the quality and/or quantity of food they consume due to lack
of money or other resources. It thus refers to a lack of consistent access to food, which
diminishes dietary quality, disrupts normal eating patterns, and can have negative consequences
for nutrition, health and well-being.

People facing severe food insecurity, on the other hand, have likely run out of food (finish na),
experienced hunger and, at the most extreme, gone for days without eating, putting their health
and well-being at grave risk.

Number of Undernourished People in the World

Kung makikita ninyo sa YEAR 2015, doon nag-start tumaas ang bilang ng undernourished
people.
PREVALENCE OF UNDERNOURISHMENT (PuO)

Undernourishment measures the share of the population that has a caloric intake which is
insufficient to meet the minimum energy requirements necessary for a given individual.
SO, mas mataas ang NUMBER, mas mataas ang UNDERNOURISHMENT. 😊

Sa Africa, EASTERN AFRICA (Kenya, Madagascar, Uganda, Somalia, Zimbabwe, Ethiopia,

etc.) ang may pinakamataas na PoU in 2018
This overall dire picture of undernourishment in Africa is consistent with the extent of
poverty in the region. With a headcount ratio of 41%, sub-Saharan Africa accounted for 56% of
the world’s extreme poor in 2015, according to the World Bank Group. However, this is not just
a problem of extreme poverty. Even resource-rich countries in these regions still have high rates
of undernourishment. (Pinaka prevalent po ang undernourishment sa sub-saharan Africa, or
yung part ng Africa na sa South ng Sahara Desert, pero kahit po sa parts ng Africa na
MARAMING RESOURCES, mataas pa ring ang kanilang PuO)

Sa Asia, SOUTHERN ASIA (Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal, the
Maldives) ang may pinakamataas na PoU in 2018.
In Asia, the PoU has been steadily decreasing in most regions, reaching 11.4% in 2017. The
exception is Western Asia (Middle East –Jordan, Iraq, Iran, etc.), where the PoU has increased
since 2010 to reach more than 12 percent of the population. This level in the region is second
only to Southern Asia, which, despite great progress in the last five years, is still the subregion
where undernourishment is highest.

Sa Latin America, CENTRAL AMERICA (El Salvador, Costa Rica, Belize, Guatemala,
Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama) ang may pinakamataas na PoU in 2018.

Ang OCEANIA po ay Australia and other Pacific Countries

Northern America and Europe, which are composed of developed countries, have a very low
Prevalence of Undernourishment.
Analysis of the distribution of the undernourished population across regions in the world
shows that the majority (more than 500 million) live in Asia.
Pinakamataas ang rate ng undernourishment sa Africa, pinakamarami naman sa Asia.
In East Africa, hunger is mainly caused by DROUGHT (tagtuyot). In Western Asia, hunger
is mainly caused by Revolts (rebolusyon).

Even though Asia still predominates, more than 30% of the undernourished in the world live in
Africa.

PREVALENCE OF FOOD INSECURITY

The prevalence of severe food insecurity is expected to approximate(mapantayan) the PoU, as
both indicators reflect the extent of severe food deprivation. However, differences may exist
because these indicators are based on different sources of data and methodologies

Doon sa naunang Table ng Prevalence of Undernourishment, ang pinakamataas noong 2018

ay Eastern Africa (30.8). Dito naman, ang may pinakamataas na Prevalence of Food
Insecurity noong 2018 ay Eastern Africa pa rin (62.7). Kagaya din nito ang Southern Asia, na
parehong pinakamataas ang PoU at Prevalence of Food Insecurity sa Asia noong 2018.
Sa Latin America, ang may pinakamataas na PuO at Prevalence of Food Insecurity noong
2018 ay Central America.

SEVERE FOOD INSECURITY

According to the latest estimates, 9.2 percent of the world population (or slightly more than
700 million people) were exposed to severe levels of food insecurity in 2018, implying
reductions in the quantity of food consumed to the extent that they have possibly experienced
hunger.

THE FAMILY INCOME AND EXPENDITURE SURVEY (FIES) for scaling the level of
food insecurity:

The FIES Survey Module:

During the last 12 months, was there a time when, because of lack of money or other resources:
1. You were worried you would not have enough food to eat?
2. You were unable to eat healthy and nutritious food?
3. You ate only a few kinds of foods?
4. You had to skip a meal?
5. You ate less than you thought you should?
6. Your household ran out of food?
7. You were hungry but did not eat?
8. You went without eating for a whole day?

The eight items (questions above) that compose the FIES survey module are chosen to represent
a range of experiences, common to many cultures, that cover a broad range of severity on the
underlying scale of food insecurity, from mild to severe.

Episode 2 – FOOD SECURITY

Food Security is defined multifariously (maraming paraan) overtime.

The firs official definition was provided by the 1974 United Nations World Food Conference
and aired that food security as the “availability at all times of adequate world food supplies of
basic food stuffs to sustain a steady expansion of food consumption and to offset fluctuations
in production and price”.
(adequate means SAPAT, ibig-sabihin, dapat po ay may SAPAT na pagkukunan ng pagkain
upang mapanatili ang LUMALAKING PAGKONSUMO ng pagkain – sapat para hindi gumalaw
ang presyo ng produksyon at presyo ng pagkain)
(diba nga papalaki nang papalaki ang ating populasyon? So ilang bunganga ang kakain in the
future? Mas Marami pa obviously. SO, SAN TATAYO KUKUHA ng PAGKAIN? DDapat merong
FOOD SECURITY – sapat na supply upang hindi magmahal ang pandesal, pancit canton,
carrots, itlog, atbp. Kasi nga, pag mataas ang DEMAND at bumaba ang SUPPLY, tataas ang
PRESYO – kaya dapat mapanatili ang FOOD SECURITY)

1970’s – 1980’s: Food security needs to focus on food security capitalizing access. Marami raw
ang nakakaranas ng gutom HINDI DAHIL WALANG PAGKAIN, KUNDI WALANG
MABILHAN NG PAGKAIN. Only few people capitalize or ang namumuhunan sa pagkain.
After the 80’s: Bawat household or sambahayan should prioritize LIVELIHOOD SECURITY –
ibig -sabihin, merong PANGKABUHAYAN ang bawat bahay – may mapagkukunan ng sariling
pagkain. (Small farms, poultry, babuyan, etc.)

Other Definitions of Food Security:

Ensuring that all people at all times have both physical and economic access to the basic food
that they need – Food and Agricultural Organization, 1983

Access of all people at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life – World bank, 1986

Food security, at the individual, household, national, regional, and global levels [is achieved]
when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe, and
nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life –
World Food Summit, 1996

WHAT WE KNOW RIGHT NOW:

 Agriculture is the single largest employer in the world, providing livelihoods for 40
per cent of today’s global population. It is the largest source of income and jobs for poor
rural households.
 500 million small farms worldwide, most still rainfed (nakasalalay lang sa ulan), provide
up to 80 per cent of food consumed in a large part of the developing world (80% ng
kinakain ng mga mahihirap ng bansa ay galling sa agriculture, na nakasalalay lang sa
ulan). Investing in smallholder women and men (sila yung mga farmers na may small
farms, enough lang para mag-support ng isang pamilya) is an important way to increase
food security and nutrition for the poorest, as well as food production for local and global
markets. (So maganda ma-encourage ang mga families maging smallholders kasi at
least, meron na silang sariling pagkukunan ng pagkain, hindi na nila kailangang bumili,
PLUS, pwede pa silang magbenta) (small farm lang, ilang manok, ilang baboy, baka,
baka mahal pa niya ako, ayy ☹.)
 Since the 1900s, some 75 per cent of crop diversity (variety ng tanim, patatas, kamote,
ube, wheat, rice, corn, etc.) has been lost from farmers’ fields. Better use of agricultural
biodiversity can contribute to more nutritious diets, enhanced livelihoods for farming
communities and more resilient and sustainable farming systems.
 If women farmers had the same access to resources as men, the number of hungry in
the world could be reduced by up to 150 million.
 840 million people have no access to electricity worldwide (let that sink in) – most of
whom live in rural areas of the developing world. Energy poverty in many regions is a
fundamental barrier to reducing hunger and ensuring that the world can produce
enough food to meet future demand.
 To safeguard food security and nutrition, it is critical to already have in place
economic and social policies to counteract the effects of adverse economic cycles (in
case na bumaba na naman ang ekonomiya, dapat prepared na ang bansa) when they
arrive, while avoiding cuts in essential services, such as health care and education
(Whatever plan meron ang isang government to attend to food security, HINDI dapat
maapektuhan ang budget sa kalusugan at edukasyon), at all costs. In the longer term,
however, this will only be possible through fostering pro-poor and inclusive structural
transformation, particularly in countries that rely heavily on trade in primary
commodities (Sa pagtagal nga lang, magagawa lang ito kung ang government ay PRO
sa mahihirap, at kasali ang mahihirap sa pagtransform ng community, lalo na sa mga
bans ana nakdepende lang sa TRADE o kalakalan), Paano masasabing PRO-POOR? –
If the government is focused on POVERTY REDUCTION, PROMOTION OF GENDER
EQUALITY, INCLUSION OF THE POOR IN PRIVELEGES.

To be continued. Watch our for SEASON 2 of Global Food Security.

Quiz:
1. Based on the discussion, why is it possible for middle to upper class countries to experience
food insecurity?
2. DRAW (opo drawing po, with colors and everything) a scenario of the following:
-Food SECURITY
-Moderate food insecurity
-Severe food insecurity
(Lahat po, tig-iisa lang)
3. What is the importance of maintaining a sustainable smallholder’s farm? If it is applied in the
Philippines, how will it affect our country?