Heading is the direction in which the fore and aft axis of the aircraft is pointing; it may be

measured from True, Magnetic, or Compass North.

Variation is the angle measured at a point between True North direction and the
direction indicated by a freely suspended compass needle influenced only by the Earth’s
magnetic field. It is termed East or West according to whether Magnetic North lies to the
East or West of True North.

Deviation is the angle measured at a point between the direction indicated by a

compass needle and the direction of Magnetic North. It is termed East or West according
to whether the Compass North lies to the East or West of Magnetic North.

Isogonals are pecked lines on a map or chart joining places of equal magnetic variation.

Agonic Line is the name given to isogonals joining places of zero variation. A line running
through positions where the magnetic and the true meridians are parallel

The Angle of Dip is the angle in the vertical plane between the horizontal and the
Earth’s magnetic field at a point.

Isoclinals are lines on a map or chart joining places of equal magnetic dip.

Aclinic Lines is the name given to isoclinals joining places of zero dip.

Note:- Isoclinals and Aclinic lines do not appear on Navigation charts.

Lines on a chart joining places of equal Grivation are named isogrivs.

JAPAN 5 letters -> longer life = west to east = 1 day more in life

USA 3 letters -> shorter life = east to west = 1 day less in life

Heading in Easterly direction - The ‘date’ will decrease - You ‘gain’ a day (as in you gain an additional
day in your life)

Heading West - The date will increase - you lose a day

For the 4 mirror questions like this one: At 160E --> 70/90 At 160W --> 290/270 At 180E/W (80S) -->
110/290 At 180E/W (85S) --> 250/70

for NDB, aircraft variation.

for VOR, station variation

1st step -> Pressure correction. 1020-1013 = 7...7x30=210...11000+210=11210 (remember, if

pressure is larger than 1013 add, if smaller subtract)

2nd step -> Temp correction. At 11000, the temp is -10 so a deviation of -3. Then use the formula 4 x
ISA deviation x Alt/1000 --> 4 x -3 x 11000/1000 = -132 (same with pressure, if temp is warmer, you
add, if colder you subtract)

3rd and final step -> True alt - temp correction - elevation --> 11210-132-7000 = 4078 and so nearest
answer is 4100
“ICE TE(A) is a pretty cool drink“

I (indicated) p (position error)

C (calibrated) c (compression error)

E (equivalent) d (density error)

T (true airspeed)

When the question ask FL It’s true altitude cold - warmer +

When the question ask ft it’s indicated altitude cold + warmer –