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RESEARCH ARTICLE
genome, we needed to establish convenient and
reliable methods for the assembly and cloning of
much larger synthetic DNA molecules.
Complete Chemical Synthesis, Assembly, Strategy for synthesis and assembly. The na-
tive 580,076-bp M. genitalium genome sequence
and Cloning of a Mycoplasma (Mycoplasma genitalium G37 ATCC 33530
genomic sequence; accession no. L43967) (3)
Fig. 1. Linear GenomBench (Invitrogen) representation of the circular 582,970-bp coding genes, 43 M. genitalium rRNA, tRNA, and structural RNA genes, and B-
M. genitalium JCVI-1.0 genome. Features shown include locations of watermarks series assemblies (Fig. 2). The red dagger on the genome coordinates line shows
and the aminoglycoside resistance marker, viable Tn4001 transposon insertions the location of the yeast/E. coli shuttle vector insertion. Table S1 lists cassette
determined in our 1999 and 2006 studies (3, 4), overlapping synthetic DNA coordinates; table S2 has FASTA files for all 101 cassettes; table S3 lists watermark
cassettes that comprise the whole genome sequence, 485 M. genitalium protein- coordinates; table S4 lists the sequences of the watermarks.
REPORTS
sion. Most recently proposed scenarios involve
Asphericity in Supernova Explosions aspherical explosions (7–11). Therefore, mapping
the explosion geometry can be illuminating. It is
M
physics–Osservatorio Astronomica di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo
their lives when the nuclear fuel in (deprived of both H and He). Some type Ic 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy. 6Research Center for the Early
their innermost region is consumed; SNe (hereafter broad-lined SNe Ic) show very Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-
0033, Japan. 7Department of Astronomy, School of Science,
lacking sufficient internal pressure support, they broad absorption features in optical spectra ob- University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. 8Department of
can no longer withstand the pull of gravity. tained within a few weeks after the explosion; Physics, University of Ferrara, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy. 9European
Their core then collapses to a neutron star or a these features are produced by material mov- Organization for Astronomical Research in the Southern
black hole. Gravitational energy from the col- ing at a velocity > 0.1 c (c is the speed of light), Hemisphere, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85741 Garching,
Germany. 10Subaru Telescope, National Astronomical Observa-
lapse produces an explosion that expels the probably as the result of an explosion char- tory of Japan (NAOJ), 650 North A'ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720,
rest of the star in what is observed as a super- acterized by a kinetic energy (EK) larger than USA. 11National Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of
nova (SN). the canonical value of ~1051 erg (3). The most Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012,
CC-SNe are classified (1) by how much of energetic broad-lined SNe Ic can reach EK ≳ China. 12Division of Optical and Infrared Astronomy, NAOJ,
Osawa 2-21-1, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan. 13National
the stellar envelope is present at the time of the 1052 erg [hereafter hypernovae (HNe) or gamma- Optical Astronomy Observatory, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
explosion (2). Stars that retain their H enve- ray burst HNe (GRB-HNe)] (4) and can be 14
Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley,
lope produce SNe with a H-rich spectrum, associated with GRBs (5). Figure 1 summa- CA 94720-3411, USA. 15Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter
classified as type II. On the other hand, stars rizes the relation between EK and the mass of Array Project, NAOJ, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan. 16Depart-
that have lost all or most of the H envelope 56
Ni that powers the optical light of stripped ment of Infrared Astrophysics, Institute of Space and Astronomical
Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 3-1-1
produce CC-SNe that are known as stripped- CC-SNe (6). Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-8510, Japan. 17Astron-
envelope (or stripped) SNe. These include, in a An important unsolved question concerns omy Data Center, NAOJ, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan.
sequence of increasing degrees of envelope how the gravitational energy of the collapse is *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
stripping, type IIb (He-rich but still showing turned into the outward motion of the SN explo- maeda@ea.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp