7001_AWLThomas_ch03p122-221.

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Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

The derivative of the sine function is the cosine function:

d
ssin xd = cos x .
dx

The derivative of the cosine function is the negative of the sine function:

d
scos xd = - sin x.
dx

The derivatives of the other trigonometric functions:

d d
stan xd = sec2 x scot xd = - csc2 x
dx dx
d d
ssec xd = sec x tan x scsc xd = - csc x cot x
dx dx

Many phenomena of nature are approximately periodic (electromagnetic fields, heart rhythms,
tides, weather). The derivatives of sines and cosines play a key role in describing periodic
changes. This section shows how to differentiate the six basic trigonometric functions.

EXAMPLE 1 Derivative of the Sine Function

To calculate the derivative of ƒsxd= sin x , for x measured in radians, we combine the
limits with the angle sum identity for the sine function:

If ƒsxd = sin x , then sin sx + hd = sin x cos h + cos x sin h .

ƒsx + hd - ƒsxd sin sx + hd - sin x

ƒ¿sxd = lim = lim Derivative definition
h:0 h h:0 h
ssin x cos h + cos x sin hd - sin x sin x scos h - 1d + cos x sin h
= lim = lim
h:0 h h:0 h

= lim asin x # cos h b + lim acos x # sin h b

- 1
h:0 h h:0 h

# cos h - 1 # sin h
= sin x lim + cos x lim = sin x # 0 + cos x # 1 = cos x .
h:0 h h:0 h
(+++)+++* (+)+*
limit 0 limit 1
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EXAMPLE 2 Derivative of the Cosine Function

With the help of the angle sum formula for the cosine function,

cos sx + hd = cos x cos h - sin x sin h ,

we can compute the limit of the difference quotient:

d cos sx + hd - cos x
scos xd = lim Derivative definition
dx h:0 h

scos x cos h - sin x sin hd - cos x Cosine angle sum

= lim identity
h:0 h

cos x scos h - 1d - sin x sin h

= lim
h:0 h

= lim cos x # cos h - 1

- lim sin x # sin h
h:0 h h:0 h

# cos h - 1 # sin h
= cos x lim - sin x lim
h:0 h h:0 h

= cos x # 0 - sin x # 1

= - sin x .

EXAMPLE 3 We find derivatives of the function involving differences, products, and

quotients.

dy d
(a) y = x 2 - sin x : = 2x - (sin x) Difference Rule
dx dx

= 2x - cos x

# d
dy x (sin x) - sin x # 1
sin x dx
(b) y = x : = Quotient Rule
dx x2
x cos x - sin x
=
x2

(c) y = sin x cos x :

dy d d
= sin x (cos x) + cos x (sin x) Product Rule
dx dx dx
= sin x s - sin xd + cos x scos xd
= cos2 x - sin2 x
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cos x
(e) y = :
1 - sin x
d d
dy (1 - sin x) (cos x) - cos x (1 - sin x)
dx dx
= 2
Quotient Rule
dx s1 - sin xd
s1 - sin xds - sin xd - cos x s0 - cos xd
=
s1 - sin xd2
1 - sin x
= sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
s1 - sin xd2
1
=
1 - sin x

EXAMPLE 4 Find d(tan x)> dx.

Solution We use the Derivative Quotient Rule to calculate the derivative:

d d
cos x ssin xd - sin x scos xd
a b =
d d sin x dx dx
stan xd = Quotient Rule
dx dx cos x cos2 x
cos x cos x - sin x s - sin xd
=
cos2 x
cos2 x + sin2 x
=
cos2 x
1
= = sec2 x.
cos2 x

EXAMPLE 5 Find y– if y = sec x .

Solution Finding the second derivative involves a combination of trigonometric
derivatives.

y = sec x
y¿ = sec x tan x Derivative rule for secant function

d
y– = ssec x tan xd
dx
d d
= sec x (tan x) + tan x (sec x) Derivative Product Rule
dx dx
= sec x ssec2 xd + tan x ssec x tan xd Derivative rules

= sec3 x + sec x tan2 x

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Exercises 3.5
Derivatives 1
5. y = csc x - 4 1x + 7 6. y = x 2 cot x -
In Exercises 1–18, find dy>dx. x2
3 7. ƒsxd = sin x tan x 8. gsxd = csc x cot x
1. y = - 10x + 3 cos x 2. y = x + 5 sin x
9. y = ssec x + tan xdssec x - tan xd
3. y = x 2 cos x 4. y = 2x sec x + 3 10. y = ssin x + cos xd sec x

In Exercises 19–22, find ds>dt.

cot x cos x
11. y = 12. y = 19. s = tan t 20. s = t 2 - sec t
1 + cot x 1 + sin x
4 1 cos x x 1 + csc t sin t
13. y = cos x + 14. y = 21. s = 22. s =
tan x x + cos x 1 - csc t 1 - cos t
15. y = x 2 sin x + 2x cos x - 2 sin x
16. y = x 2 cos x - 2x sin x - 2 cos x
17. ƒsxd = x 3 sin x cos x 18. gsxd = s2 - xd tan2 x

In Exercises 23–26, find dr>du . Tangent Lines

23. r = 4 - u 2 sin u 24. r = u sin u + cos u In Exercises 35–38, graph the curves over the given intervals, together
with their tangents at the given values of x. Label each curve and
25. r = sec u csc u 26. r = s1 + sec ud sin u
tangent with its equation.
In Exercises 27–32, find dp>dq. 35. y = sin x, -3p>2 … x … 2p
1 x = -p, 0, 3p>2
27. p = 5 + cot q 28. p = s1 + csc qd cos q 36. y = tan x, -p>2 6 x 6 p>2
sin q + cos q tan q x = -p>3, 0, p>3
29. p = cos q 30. p = 37.
1 + tan q y = sec x, -p>2 6 x 6 p>2
q sin q 3q + tan q
31. p = 32. p = 38. x = -p>3, p>4
q2- 1 q sec q
y = 1 + cos x, -3p>2 … x … 2p
33. Find y– if x = -p>3, 3p>2
a. y = csc x . b. y = sec x .
34. Find y s4d = d4 y>dx 4 if
a. y = -2 sin x . b. y = 9 cos x .

Trigonometric Limits
51. lim sec ce x + p tan a b - 1d
Find the limits in Exercises 47–54. p
x:0 4 sec x
47. lim sin a x - b
1 1
2
x:2
52. lim sin a p + tan x
b
48. lim 21 + cos sp csc xd x:0 tan x - 2 sec x
x : - p>6
53.
lim tan a1 - t b 54. lim cos a b
1 sin t pu
49. sin u - 2 tan u - 1 sin u
lim 50. lim t:0 u:0
p
u : p>6 u - 6 u : p>4 u - p4