Defining relative clauses:

•Defining relative clauses identify a noun more clearly.

Ex: The man who is standing is my brother
•We link the relative clause to the noun with a relative pronoun.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS:
WHO: for people (subject or object pronoun): MORE COMMON
The customer who called me was happy. Subject pronoun
The customer who I called was angry. Object pronoun
WHOM: for people (object pronoun): FORMAL ENGLISH
The customer whom I called was angry. Object pronoun
WHICH: for things and animals (subject or object pronoun)
It’s a book which will interest you. Subject pronoun
The car which he bought was expensive. Object pronoun
• “WHO, WHOM, WHICH” are often replaced by THAT in spoken English.
THAT: for people or things (subject or object pronoun): SPOKEN ENGLISH
It’s a film that scared us. Subject pronoun
The dress that she was wearing was beautiful. Object pronoun
WHOSE: for people or things (possessive pronoun)
I know a man whose daughter lives in new York
(the man’s daughter lives in new York.)
Jane works in a restaurant whose manager is never there.
(the restaurant’s manager is never there.)
• The relative pronoun can be omitted when it’s the object of the clause:
The costumer who I called was very happy.
The costumer I called was very happy
He is eating the sandwich that you made.
He is eating the sandwich you made
• We do not use commas when writing defining relative clauses.
 Non-defining relative clauses:
• Non-defining relative clauses give us more information about a noun
Ex: we visited hide park, which is close to Buckingham palace.
• We link the relative clause to the noun with a relative pronoun.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS:
WHO: for people (subject or object pronoun) MORE COMMON
Mr. Smith, who works with me, has invited me to a party. Subject pronoun
Mr. Smith, who I like, has invited me to a party. object pronoun
WHOM: for people (object pronoun) FORMAL ENGLISH
Mr. Smith, whom I like, has invited me to a party.
WHICH: for things or animals (subject or object pronoun)
 Noun and clause situation:
He gave me a cake, which was on a white plate. Subject pronoun
He gave me a cake, which I ate immediately. Object pronoun
He forgot to give me the cake, which was very annoying
• “WHO, WHOM, WHICH” are never replaces by “THAT”
• We never use “THAT” in a non-defining relative clauses.
WHOSE: for people or things (possessive)
Mark, whose brother works with me, wants to buy my house.
• The relative pronoun of non-defining clause can NEVER be omitted
I gave him a bottle of water, which he drank very quickly.
I gave him a bottle of water, he drank very quickly
 Indirect questions:
Could/can you tell me
Have you any idea Wh- Questions: Wh- + Subject+ Verb …..?
Do you know Yes / No questions: If + subject + verb …..?
Would you mind telling me
Wh- Questions:
What is your name?
 Could you tell me what your name is?
Where is the movie theater?
 do you know where the movie theater is?
Yes / no question:
Do you like playing PUBG?
 Would you mind telling me if you like playing PUBG?
Do you like my shirt?
 Can you tell me if you like my shirt?
 Wishes and regrets:
Present tense:
• Wish + Past simple: (to describe a situation that we would like to be different)
I do not have a house
 I wish I had a house.
mark doesn’t live in London.
 Mark wishes he lived in London.
• Wish + someone / something + would + verb: (we want someone to change their
behavior or we want something to happen)
I wish they would help me.
I wish my car would work.

Past tense:
• Wish / if only+ Past perfect: (to describe a past situation that we regret)
I did not apologize to jane. I regret it now.
 I wish / if only I had apologized to jane
I sold my house. I regret it.
 I wish / if only I hadn’t sold my house.
 The third conditional:
• The third conditional describes hypothetical situations in the past.
• we use it to imagine the result of something that did not happen
• To imagine a different past.
Ex: yesterday, you played the lottery. But you didn’t win.
If I had won the lottery, I would have bought a house

Form:
If + subject + past perfect, subject + would have + past participle:
If I had seen jane, I would have invited her to the concert.
Subject + would have + past participle, If + subject + past perfect:
I would have invited jane to the party, if I had seen her.

Modals:
Can  could May might Will would
 Question tag:
positive main clause  negative question tag
negative main clause  positive question tag

Positive tag: Negative tag:

I am late, aren’t I?
You are a student, aren’t you?
She is beautiful, isn’t she? Present simple
You speak French, don’t you?
She lives in morocco, doesn’t she?
He was happy, wasn’t he? Simple past
He studied English, didn’t he? Simple past
You have/ he has studied, haven’t you/ hasn’t he? Present perfect
You had arrived before he left, hadn’t you? Past perfect
You can speak Japanese, can’t you?
You could do the exam, couldn’t you?
We must be patient, mustn’t we? Modal verbs
They should go, shouldn’t they?
You would like a new job, wouldn’t you?
 Past perfect:
• We use the past perfect to describe an action in the past before another action in the
past.
Ex: Mark was happy because he had found a new job.

Past perfect: Had + Past participle

First action: past perfect Second action: simple past
Wake up eat breakfast
Have a bath watch tv
After I had woken up, I ate breakfast.
After I had had a bath, I watched TV.