Advanced Water & Wastewater Treatment

Advanced Water &
Wastewater Treatment
Water treatment plant design.
Adviser: Dr Sathaa Sathasivan
By: Sasan Kordrostami
29/Apr/2015
Advanced Water & Wastewater Treatment
Contents
1 Introduction …………………………………………………………… 2
2 Question 1 ……………………………………………………………… 4
2.1 Design Coagulation……………………………………………………… 4
2.2 Mixing & Flocculation …………………………………………………… 7
2.3 Flocculation ……………………………………………………….…… 9
2.4 Sedimentation ……………………………………………………….… 11
2.5 Rapid sand filtration……………………………………………….…… 16
2.6 Disinfection ……………………………………………………………. 19
3 Question 2 ……………………………………………………………… 21
4 Question 3 ……………………………………………………………… 22
5 Question 4 ………………………………………………………….…… 22
6 Question 5 ………………………………………………………………. 24
7 Question 6 ………………………………………………………………. 24
8 Question 7 ………………………………………………………………. 24
9 Question 8 …………………………………………………………….… 25
10 Question 9 ………………………………………………………………. 25
11 Summary ………………………………………………………………... 26
1
Introduction
Wastewater treatment consists of different processes which protect the environment and
human health through cleansing the water pollutants. In the past people used to have different
methods for this treatment which has been passed over or developed through history, due to
the advancement of technology and the growing needs of society. Wastewater treatment is a
vital process in the modern industrial world, alongside this, more than 97% of water is stored
in Saline (Oceans) and only 3% in fresh water, however only less than 1% is available for
consumption (Holden, J. 2013). As time goes by, there will be population growth for which
the government would have to provide more useable water for society. Wastewater treatment
uses chemical, physical, and biological processes to cleanse wastewater in order to protect the
environment and public health. Wastewater treatment is a modern practice, while ancient
Romans used to create sewers for removing the foul-smell of the used water; now days, the
main reason for constructing sewages is to remove or decrease the dangerous pollutants such
as nutrients, carbon, inorganic and organic elements (Cheremisinoff, et al. 2015). Zhou, H.
and Daniel W. Smith (2002) introduced the most beneficial approach to wastewater treatment
which is the process that releases the most minimal amount of pollutants into the environment
which furthermore affects the lives of the public by using the unfiltered wastewater.
Wastewater is the water which has been released to the environment that is defined as a
combination of the water plus wastes that have been added to the water from a variety of
uses, such as industrial, commercial, residences and there are two sources which release the
wastewater into the environment. First, sewage/community wastewater is the kind which has
been expelled from domestic premises such as institutions, residence etc. and commercial
2
establishments which are organic because of the consistency of carbon composites alike
vegetables, human waste, paper etc. Second, is the wastewater that has been produced by
industrial procedures which is also organic in composition (Zhou, H. 2002). Although this
assignment paper explains the methods of designing a wastewater treatment plant, the factors
which have to be considered before and during the design, relation between these factors and
finally answers some common questions in this field.
3
Pengolahan air limbah terdiri dari berbagai proses yang melindungi lingkungan dan
kesehatan manusia melalui pembersihan polutan air. Di masa lalu orang dulu memiliki
metode yang berbeda untuk perawatan ini yang telah dilewati atau dikembangkan melalui
sejarah, karena kemajuan teknologi dan meningkatnya kebutuhan masyarakat. Pengolahan
air limbah adalah proses penting di dunia industri modern, di samping itu, lebih dari 97%
air disimpan di Saline (Lautan) dan hanya 3% dalam air tawar, namun hanya kurang dari
1% tersedia untuk konsumsi (Holden, J . 2013). Seiring berjalannya waktu, akan ada
pertumbuhan populasi di mana pemerintah harus menyediakan air yang lebih bermanfaat
bagi masyarakat. Pengolahan air limbah menggunakan proses kimia, fisik, dan biologis
untuk membersihkan air limbah untuk melindungi lingkungan dan kesehatan masyarakat.
Pengolahan air limbah adalah praktik modern, sementara orang Romawi kuno biasa
membuat saluran pembuangan untuk menghilangkan bau busuk dari air bekas; Saat ini,
alasan utama membangun saluran pembuangan adalah untuk menghilangkan atau
mengurangi polutan berbahaya seperti unsur hara, karbon, anorganik, dan organik
(Cheremisinoff, dkk. 2015). Zhou, H. dan Daniel W. Smith (2002) memperkenalkan
pendekatan yang paling bermanfaat untuk pengolahan air limbah yang merupakan proses
yang melepaskan jumlah polutan yang paling minimal ke lingkungan yang selanjutnya
mempengaruhi kehidupan masyarakat dengan menggunakan air limbah tanpa filter. Air
limbah adalah air yang telah dilepaskan ke lingkungan yang didefinisikan sebagai
kombinasi dari air ditambah limbah yang telah ditambahkan ke air dari berbagai
penggunaan, seperti industri, komersial, tempat tinggal dan ada dua sumber yang
melepaskan air limbah ke lingkungan. Pertama, air limbah / air limbah masyarakat adalah
jenis yang telah dikeluarkan dari tempat-tempat domestik seperti lembaga, tempat tinggal
dll. Dan perusahaan komersial yang organik karena konsistensi komposit karbon seperti
4
sayuran, limbah manusia, kertas dll. Kedua, adalah air limbah yang telah diproduksi oleh
prosedur industri yang juga organik dalam komposisi (Zhou, H. 2002). Meskipun makalah
penugasan ini menjelaskan metode merancang instalasi pengolahan air limbah, faktor-
faktor yang harus dipertimbangkan sebelum dan selama desain, hubungan antara faktor-
faktor ini dan akhirnya menjawab beberapa pertanyaan umum di bidang ini.
5
Question 1- Design coagulation, flocculation,
sedimentation, rapid and filtration, and disinfection
facilities.
Design Coagulation:
The purpose of coagulation is to alter the colloids so that they can adhere to each other.
DATA
Source water quality:
Water temperature = 12 – 24oC
Ca2+ - 95.20
Mg2+ - 13.44
Na+ - 25.76
CO2 – 19.36
HCO3- - 241.46
SO42- - 53.77
Cl- - 67.81
DOC – 4.5 mg/L
Turbidity – 15
Total Coliforms = 10000 /100mL
Giardia = 20/L
1 2 3 4 5 6
pH 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
6
Fe dose (mg/L) 10 10 10 10 10 10
Settled water turbidity (NTU) 11 7 5.5 5.7 8 13
Table 1. Jar test 1.
14
12
Settel water turbidity (NTU)
10
0
5 7 6 6.5 7 7.5
PH
F
igure1.
The optimal PH was chosen as 6.25
1 2 3 4 5 6
pH 6. 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.5

0
Fe dose (mg/L) 7 10 12 15 20
5.
Settled water turbidity (NTU) 0 9.5 5.0 4.5 6.0 13
14
Table2. Jar test 2.
7
16
14
12
Settel water turbidity (NTU)
10
0
5 7 10 12 15 20
Fe dose (mg/L)
Figure2.
The optimal Fe dose (mg/L) was about 12.5 mg/L.
The two most commonly used coagulants are aluminum and ferric iron.
After add ferric iron into the water containing alkalinity, the following reaction occurs:
FeCl3+3HCO3- +3H2O ↔Fe (OH)3 .3H2O(s) +3CO2 +3Cl-
The moles of ferric iron added per liter are found by using equation:
0.0125( g/ L)
= 3.1*10-5 moles/L
400 g /mole
Which will consume?
3(3.1*10-5) = 0.93*10-4 M HCO3-
The molecular weight of HCO3- is 61 so
(0.93*10-4 moles/L) * (61 g/mole) *(103mg/g) =5.6Mg/L HCO3
Are consumed, which can be expressed as CaCO3 by using equation
8
(mg/ L as species)( EW CaCO 3) 5.6∗50

mg/L as CaCO3 = = = 4.59mg/L HCO-3 as CaCO3
( EW species) 61
Mixing & Flocculation:

Mixing, or rapid mixing as it is called, is the process whereby the chemicals are quickly and
uniformly dispersed in the water. Ideally, the chemicals would be instantaneously dispersed
throughout the water (Vrale, L. Jorden, R. M. 1971).
Design capacity of the treatment plan is 1+0.2*9= 2.8 m3/s (9 is my last digit of the student ID).
Transform the capacity to m3/min
2.8 m3/sx60=168 m3/min
p
G=√ µV
Where G = velocity gradient, s-1
P= power input, W
µ = dynamic viscosity, Pa. s=
V = volume of water in the tank, m3
We can determine the volume of the rapid mix basin using the flow rate and detention time
(t0=2min)
The volume of the rapid mix basin V = (Q) (t0)
Where Q = volume of rapid mix basin
t0 = detention time
V= 168 x 2= 336m3
The max depth of rapid flow basin allowable is 8m
Design depth = 7m
Based on the required water depth of the basin, the corresponding area is:
336 m3
Area= = 48m2
7m
9
It is common practice to make the length and width of the mixing basins equal. Therefore, the
square root of the required area will yield the side dimension.
Length and width = √ 48m2 = 6.92m
Calculating the equivalent tank diameter is useful at this point because it will be needed when
calculating the geometric ratios for the impeller.
4 × Area 4 × 48
Equivalent tank diameter TE =
√ π √
=
π
= 7.81m
The required input power can be calculated by using equation: P = G2 μV
The dynamic viscosity of 1.235x10-3 Pa. s
P = (700 s-1)2 (1.235 X 10 -3 Pa. s) (336 m3) = 203,330.4 W
Assuming an efficiency of 80%
100
The power rating of the electric motor = 203.33 kW × = 254.16 kW
80
Design Radial-flow turbine impeller.
Impeller diameter = 3m
By using the table below we can evaluate different size radial impellers using the geometric
ratios. Below is a comparison of the ratios for the available sizes of radial impellers and the rapid
mix basin
Condition Allowable range Result

D/T 0.14 – 0.5 0.49 Satisfied
H/D 2.0 – 4.0 2.33 Satisfied
H/T 0.28 – 2.0 1.149 Satisfied
Table 3.
1
P
The required rotational speed for the impeller is calculated by using equation: n =
[
N p ρ( D i )
5
] 3
n = rotational speed
P = power
Np = Impeller constant = 5.7
ρ = density of liquid = 1000Kg/m3
Di = Impeller diameter = 3m
10
203,330.4 13
n ¿[ ] = 0.53 rps = 31.8 rpm
5.7 ×1000 ×35
Flocculation:
Because the flow is evenly split between two flocculation trains, the flow rate from the rapid mix
calculations should be divided by 2.
We use a design detention time of 30 mins in order to ensure the system is flexible across the
temperature range of 12-24 C0
168
Q per train = = 84 m3/min
2
We can find the needed basin volume for each flocculation train by using equation:
VT = (Q) (t0)
VT = 84 x 30 = 2520m3
Because we need three equal flocculator tanks, the total volume per train is divided by 3.
2520
Volume of each tank = = 840m3
3
Design depth = 10m
840
Therefore Area = = 84m2
10
Length and width = √ 84m2= 9.16m
4 × Area 4 × 84
Equivalent tank diameter TE =
√ π √
=
π
= 10.34m
The input power needed is going to be calculated three times because each flocculator has a
unique velocity gradient.
Design velocity gradients for the three tanks are 70 s -1, 50 s -1 and 30 s -1
Power input for each flocculator tank
11
PG70 = G2µV = = (70 s-1)2 (1.235 X 10 -3 Pa . s) (840 m3) =5083.2Watts
PG50 = G2µV = = (50 s-1)2 (1.235 X 10 -3 Pa . s) (840 m3) = 2593.5Watts
PG30 = G2µV = = (30 s-1)2 (1.235 X 10 -3 Pa . s) (840 m3) = 933.66 Watts
Assuming an efficiency of 80%
100
The power rating of electric motor of first tank = 5083 W × = 6353.75 W
80
100
80
100
80
Select an impeller that will work with the flocculator basins by using geometric ratios for an
Axial impeller.
Design Impeller diameter = 3m
Condition Result Allowable range
D/T 0.372 0.14 – 0.4 Satisfied

H/D 3.333 2.0 – 4.0 Satisfied
H/T 1.24 0.34 – 1.6 Satisfied
Table 4.
Rotational speed for impeller

1
P
nG =
[
N p ρ( Di )5 ] 3
where n = rotational speed
P = power
Np = Impeller constant
ρ = density of liquid
Di = Impeller diameter
12
1
5083 3
Therefore for first tank n ¿ [ 5
]
5.7 ×1000 ×3
= 0.154 rps
= 9.24 rpm
1
2593 3
For second tank n ¿ [ 5
]
5.7 ×1000 ×3
= 0.123 rps
= 7.38 rpm
1
933 3
For third tank n ¿ [ ]
5.7 ×1000 ×35
= 0.0876rps
= 5.256 rpm
Tip speed = (rps)(π x Di)
Tip speed for first tank = 1.45 m/s
Tip speed for second tank = 1.2 m/s
Tip speed for third tank = 0.82m/s
Sedimentation:
Overview
Particles that will settle within a reasonable period of time can be removed in a sedimentation
basin. Sedimentation basins are usually rectangular or circular with either a radial or upward
water flow pattern (Adams, E. W. Rodi, W. 1990).
13
Figure3.
Ideal sedimentation tank
50% v o/
2
v Escape
vo/
50% o
2
Captured
Figure 4.
Results of laboratory flocculation tests. Initial sediment concentration was 20 mg/L. Table lists
the concentration measured at each point at different time.
Sampling Time, min
Depth, 10 25 40 55 70 85
m
0.5 14.0 10.0 7.0 6.2 5.0 4.0
1.0 15.0 13.0 10.6 8.2 7.0 6.0
1.5 15.4 14.2 12.0 10.0 7.8 7.0
2.0 16.0 14.6 12.6 11.0 9.0 8.0
2.5 17.0 15.0 13.0 11.4 10. 8.8

0
14
Table 5.
Ct
Covert the data to percentage by using equation R% = 1- (100%)
C0
C0 = 20
Sampling Time, min

Depth, 10 20 35 50 70 85
m
0.5 30% 50% 65% 69% 75% 80%
1 25% 35% 47% 59% 65% 70%
1.5 23% 29% 40% 50% 61% 65%
2 20% 27% 37% 45% 55% 60%
Table 6.The percentage removal as a function of time and depth from the laboratory tests.
Percent removal versus depth is then plotted:
Ct
R%= 1− (100 %)
C0
Figure 5.
The graph above shows the concentration lines for the settling test for the sample.
H
v 0=
ti
15
H = height of column, m
ti = time defined by intersection of isoconcentration line and the bottom of the column (x-axis)
where the subscript, i, refers to the first, second, third, etc., intersection points, d
H H
RTa =Ra + 1 ( Rb −R a ) + 2 ( Rc −Rb ) +. .. ..
H H
RTa = total fraction removed for settling time, ta
Ra, Rb, Rc = isoconcentration fractions a, b, c, etc.
For the 40 percent line,
2.0 m
Overflow rate v0 = (1440 min/day) = 67.76 m/d
42.5 min
1.625 1.0 0.5625 0.1875

The removal fraction = 40 + ( 50−40 ) + ( 60−50 ) + ( 70−60 )+ (100−70) =
2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
58.75%
1 day = 1440 min
2.0 m
Overflow rate v0 = (1440 min/day) = 48 m/d
60 min
1.5625 0.8125 0.25

The removal fraction = 50 + ( 60−50 )+ ( 70−60 )+ (100−70 )
2.0 2.0 2.0
= 65.625%
2.0 m
Overflow rate v0 = (1440 min/day) = 33.88 m/d
85 min
1.5 0.5
The removal fraction = 60 + ( 70−60 ) + ( 100−70 ) = 75%
2.0 2.0
Suspended solids removal versus overflow rate
16
80% 75.00%
70%
suspended solids removal, %
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Overflow rate, m/d
Figure 6.
Suspended solids removal versus detention time
80% 75.00%
70%
suspended solids removal, %
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
Detention Time, h
Figure 7.
From the graphs the bench-scale detention time and overflow rate for 65 percent removal are 60
min and 48 m/d.
Applying the appropriate scale-up factors,
to = (60 min) (1.75) = 105 min
vo = (48m/d) (0.65) = 31.2m/d
Find the surface area

17
First change the flow rate to compatible units:
2.8 m3 86400 s
( S ) ( d ) = 241920m /d
3
Using the overflow rate from example the surface area is
241920 m3/ d
As = m3 = 7753.8m2
31.2
d . m2
Provide two tanks with length 100m
7753.8
Length = = 38.8 m
( 2tanks ) (100 m long)
This meets our length to width ratio criteria
Find the total tank volume by using a detention time of 105 minutes
Tank volume = V = Q Ɵ
Q is flow rate
Ɵ is detention time
V = 2.8 m3/s X 105 min X 60 sec/min = 17640 m3
The depth is found as the total tank volume divided by the total surface area
volume 17640m 3
Depth = = = 2.27 m
surface area 7753.8 m2
This depth excludes sludge storage.
Provide two tanks of 100 m long X 38.8 m wide X 2.27 m deep plus sludge depth
Rapid sand filtration:

The water leaving the sedimentation tank still contains floc particles. Water filtration is a process
for separating suspended or colloidal impurities from water by passage through a porous
medium, usually a bed of sand or other medium.
18
The surface area required if the flow rate divided by the loading rate:
Q
Required surface area As =
V0
Where Q = water flow
V0 = Loading rate
As = surface area of filter, m2
2.8 m3 /d ×86400 s/d

As = = 806.4 m2
300 m 3 /m 2 . d
If the maximum surface area of any one tank is 150 m2, then the number of filters required is
806.4 m2
N= = 5.376
150 m2
The number of filters is 5
Since we cannot build 0.376 filter, we need to round to an integer.
2.8 m3 /d ×86400 s/d

Q
ᶹa= As = (5 filters)( 150 m2 ) = 322.56 m/d
filter
Because we generally do not design an odd number of filters, the alternative would be to use six
filters with one out of service.
806.4
Surface area per filter = =¿ 161.28 m2
5
Filter boxes are often built square, but cost minimization data suggests that filters should have
length to with ratio of 3 to 6. If we use a ratio of 3.
3w ×w = 161.28m2
Width = 7.33m
Length = 22m
Table 7
%Retai
Sieve no n d(m) R CD CD(f)/d
8--12 0.02 0.002 5.1940 6.27703023 166.3413011
19
3
3.6877
12--16 0.27 0.00142 6 8.410221999 313.9026521
2.5970
16--20 6.38 0.001 2 11.44296481 606.4771352
1.8542
20--30 16.2 0.000714 7 15.48620573 1149.53628
1.3114
30--40 20.1 0.000505 9 21.25937266 2231.181685
0.9271
40--50 19.8 0.000357 3 29.34186352 4356.074976
0.6544
50 --70 19.5 0.000252 5 40.72049918 8564.23197
0.4622
70--100 3.6 0.000178 7 56.67022891 16873.71984
Total 34261.46584
ϕ ( d ) va
R=
v
va= 0.00373 m/s
24 3
CD= + + 0.34
R √R
1.067 ( v a )2 (D) n
( C D ) (f )
Frictional head loss through the filter, hL = ∑
4
(θ )( g )( ϵ ) i=1 d
Where va = approach velocity
D = depth of filter sand1
CD = Drag coefficient
f = mass fraction of sand particles of diameter d
d = diameter of sand grains
θ = shape factor
g = acceleration due to gravity
ϵ = porosity
1.067× 0.003732 ×0.75

Therefore, head loss hL = × 34261.46584
0.91 × 9.81× 0.44
20
= 1.66 m
This value is more than the minimum requirement of 0.6 m
Table 8.
%Retai
Sieve no n d(m) R CD CD(f)/d
8--12 0.02 0.0021437 5.56722 5.92240389 146.4231964
12--16 0.27 0.0015637 4.06095 7.738641426 262.2932759
16--20 6.38 0.0011437 2.97021 10.16095998 470.8672544
20--30 16.2 0.0008577 2.22746 13.12469434 811.016439
30--40 20.1 0.0006487 1.68468 16.89732253 1380.542769
40--50 19.8 0.0005007 1.30033 21.42775509 2268.166606
Total 5339.30954
1.067 ( v a )2 (D) n
( C D ) (f )
Frictional head loss through the filter, hL = ∑
(θ )( g )( ϵ )4 i=1 d
1.067× 0.003732 ×0.75

= × 5339.30954
0.91 × 9.81× 0.44
= 0.26 m
0.26 m is below the maximum required head loss therefore condition is satisfied.
Provide 5 filters beds of 22m length X 7.33 width with sieve sizes 8, 12,20,30,40 and 50
Disinfection:
DOC was change it in Aquasim to 3.4 mg/L
Design dimensions
Diameter of Reservoir A=50m

21
Diameter of Reservoir B=30m
Pipe C=450mm
Pipe D=320mm
C1 C2 D1 D2
A 1 B 2 C
10hours 20h
24h 18h
First costumer = X Final costumer= Y
Figure 8.
Initial fast decaying agent is 0.255 mg/L
Initial slow decaying agent is 4.582*2-5.602= 3.562 mg/L
Fast decay rate constant is 2
Slow decay rate constant is 0.002
E/R = 7000K-1
TTHM = 34µmg/L
HAA5 = 15.4 µmg/L
Cl initial = 1.2 mg/L
The first consumer receives 0.5894mg/L of chlorine after 24Hrs at Reservoirs 1
22
 0.5894 mg/L is taken because if there is more than 0.6mg/L there will be smell of
chlorine and if it’s less the bacteria will be present in the water.
The last consumer receives 0.2386mg/L of chlorine after 3days after disinfection.
At pipe C
Cl= 0.4867 mg/L
At Reservoir 2
Cl= 0.3464 mg/L
At pipe B
Cl= 0.2874 mg/L
Difference between reservoir 1 and 2 = 0.5894-0.3464=0.243 mg/L additional
At reservoir 2, an additional 0.243mg/L of chlorine is added to water to maintain adequate

chlorine levels.
Total Chlorine reacted from First consumer= (1.2-0.5894) = 0.6106mg/L
Total Chlorine reacted before Last consumer= (1.2-0.2386) = 0.9614mg/L
THM at first consumer=0.6106*34=20.7604ppb
HAA at first consumer=0.6106*15.4=9.40324ppb
The THM and HAA levels are below threshold levels of 80 and 60 respectively
THM at final consumer=0.9614*34=32.6876ppb
HAA at final consumer =0.9614*15.4=14.805ppb
The THM and HAA levels are below threshold levels of 80 and 60 respectively
The Software (Aquasim) Results:
Figure 9
23
1.ps
This file includes the details of the previous chart (Using Notepad software is recommended).
Question 2- Using the data on enhanced coagulation (Table 2),

propose modification to the design necessary to meet the new
regulation that will be specifying a maximum 80 and 60 ppb of
TTHM and HAA5, respectively.
The answer of this question is included in Disinfection part in the first

question. For covering the theoretical explanation;
‘’The lack of practical isolation procedures that separate DOC from the water and inorganic salt
matrix in which they are dissolved and the lack of meaningful fractionation procedures to isolate
similar group of compounds for analyses and removal of DOC are the reasons which made DOC
removal almost impossible’’ (Leenheer, J. A. 1981) ¿1.In addition, It is far more cost effective to
prevent organic material from entering the raw water supply than to remove it afterwards, So we
should consider changing the water Ph or the dose. In this project we tried to change the DOC
from 4.5 to 3.4 by using the table 2 and we selected 12 for dose and 8 for Ph.
24
Question 3- If customers are neither expected to receive more than

0.6 mg/L nor less than 0.2 mg/L of chlorine (aesthetic requirement),
how do you think you would meet this condition?
The answer of this question is included in Disinfection part in the first

question. For covering the theoretical explanation;
High amount of Chlorine (More than 0.6 ml/L) complicates the water treatment process and may
cause disinfection by-products; trihalomethanes. In addition presence of high amount of chlorine
can change the color of the ultimate (finished) water significantly. If customers expected to
receive less than 0.2 mg/L Chlorine it would be easier disinfection treatment process by products
and would not change the ultimate water color. However as costumers expected, more than 0.2
mg/L of Chlorine and less than 0.6 mg/L of chlorine, the treatment process should be considered
in normal condition treatment.
.Question 4- Calculate the CT value achieved by your dosing and

compare with the table of values given in the lecture notes to
understand whether the CT value is met by your dosing.
Calculate the Ct value: Ct value can be measured by estimating the area of under the chart which
has been plotted in Aquasim software:
1- DOC amount can be changed by some advanced water treatment designs and plants
25
Figure 10.
However measuring the exact amount of Ct is almost impossible, so we tried to consider the
curve line in the chart as a straight line and then calculated the area under that which is the Ct as
mentioned before.
asg5.lis
This file is the details of the previous chart, which has been exported from Aquasim
software. Figure 11.
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
CT value (in mg/L. min) = ((0.9563+0.2386)*72)/2= 43 (in mg/L. min)
26
Question 5- Prioritize the following considerations: aesthetic,

DBP, CT.
1- CT
2- DBP
3- Aesthetic
Question 6- Discuss other problems associated with dissolved

organic carbon in water.
‘’Dissolved organic substances from decaying vegetation and certain inorganic matter cause
color in water. Also Dissolved organic carbon not only accelerates the decay of chlorine but also
act as precursors to form carcinogenic disinfection by products such as trihalomethane and
haloacetic acids’’ (Lecture 2). ‘’DOC can interfere with the effectiveness of disinfection
processes such as; chlorination, ultraviolet and ozone sterilization. DOC can also promote the
growth of microorganisms by providing a food source. In addition COD existence in water can
cause cause aesthetic problems such as an unpleasant taste, odour and colour’’
(www.health.gov.sk.ca).
Question 7 - Why should bacterial regrowth be an issue in

water distribution system and what parameters affect the
regrowth?
Regrowth means the recovery of the disinfectant cells which have passed into the distribution
system from the water source or treatment plant (Characklis, 1987).
Existence of organic matters can increase the bacterial growth ratio dramatically in the water
which can deteriorate the water quality in distribution system. Different kinds of aquatic
microbes have the ability to survive in the distribution system, even in the high residual
27
environment. Some of these organisms are the main reason for the infectious diseases and
illnesses in humans and animals.
‘’Microbial presence in the system can result in colonization of the distribution system
infrastructure’’ (United States Environmental Protection Agency, EPA). Microbes which leave
in the water can live in low nutrient presence and low temperature environment.
Baribeau, H. et al (2005) introduced four vital parameters for bacteria growth in a distribution
system;
A- ‘’Assailable organic carbon (AOC) resent in sufficient concentration and

adequate composition to allow growth.
B- Water temperature greater than 10 siliceous degree.
C- Sufficient flux of AOC nutrients
D- Absent or low level residual disinfectants’’
Question 8- If global warming increases the DOC level in the

source water to 6 mg/L in another 10 years , what
modification would you suggest to improve the water
treatment plant to still meet the TTHM and HAA5
requirements?
If global warming increases the DOC level and the source water to 6mg/l in another 10 years , we
suggest to increase the amount of Chlorine to improve the water to improve the water treatment
plant o still meet the TTHM and HAA5 requirements. The reason is; as the DOC increases in the
water the amount of Chlorine decreases dramatically in a short time, so we should increase the
water Chlorine to stabilize the water characteristics.
Question 9- Do you need to adjust chlorine dosing to meet

the TTHM and HAA5 requirements?
To meet the TTHM and HAA5 requirements we need to adjust the Chlorine dose in the water.
28
Summary
The main goal of wastewater treatment is to protect the environment, socio economic and public
health from the pollutants. Defining the nature of wastewater is essential for designing a suitable
process and operation, also Treatment plants and facilities also play an enormous role in the
treatment process, which should be designed and constructed under scientific circumstances and
factors. In summary, the science of wastewater treatment has developed dramatically, and as a
result the number of patients who are suffering from infectious diseases has dropped
significantly. Unfortunately, in contrary to this, the amount of wastes which are being produced
have increased too, and so the government should provide the most beneficial environment for
engineers to design a proper wastewater treatment as such concepts in society allow for further
progress to take place in multiple fields. The imperative factor of wastewater treatment is its
capability to create a system proficient in making vast changes and this can be observed through
assessing the fact being that every 30 seconds a child dies from the usage of polluted water.
Refrences
Holden, J. (2013) Water resources: an integrated approach. Routledge.
Cheremisinoff, N. P., & Davletshin, A. (2015). Hydraulic Fracturing Operations: Handbook of

Environmental Management Practices. John Wiley & Sons.
Zhou, H., & Smith, D. W. (2002). Advanced technologies in water and wastewater treatment. Journal of
Environmental Engineering and Science, 1(4), 247-264.
Adams, E. W., & Rodi, W. (1990). Modeling flow and mixing in sedimentation tanks. Journal of
Hydraulic Engineering, 116(7), 895-913.
Characklis, W. G. (Ed.). (1987). Bacterial regrowth in distribution systems. American Water

Works Association.
Baribeau, H., Boulos, L., Pozos, N. L., & Crozes, G. F. (Eds.). (2005). Impact of distribution
system water quality on disinfection efficacy. American Water Works Association.
Leenheer, J. A. (1981). Comprehensive approach to preparative isolation and fractionation of

dissolved organic carbon from natural waters and wastewaters. Environmental Science &
Technology, 15(5), 578-587.
29
http://web.deu.edu.tr/atiksu/ana52/aryen2.html
http://www.epa.gov/
http://www.health.gov.sk.ca/environmental-health
30

Advanced Water &amp; Wastewater Treatment

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Advanced Water &amp; Wastewater Treatment

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Advanced Water &

By: Sasan Kordrostami

2.1 Design Coagulation……………………………………………………… 4

2.2 Mixing & Flocculation …………………………………………………… 7

2.3 Flocculation ……………………………………………………….…… 9

2.4 Sedimentation ……………………………………………………….… 11

2.5 Rapid sand filtration……………………………………………….…… 16

2.6 Disinfection ……………………………………………………………. 19

finally answers some common questions in this field.

sejarah, karena kemajuan teknologi dan meningkatnya kebutuhan masyarakat. Pengolahan

alasan utama membangun saluran pembuangan adalah untuk menghilangkan atau

(Cheremisinoff, dkk. 2015). Zhou, H. dan Daniel W. Smith (2002) memperkenalkan

Question 1- Design coagulation, flocculation,

sedimentation, rapid and filtration, and disinfection

pH 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5

Table 1. Jar test 1.

The optimal PH was chosen as 6.25

pH 6. 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.5

Table2. Jar test 2.

The optimal Fe dose (mg/L) was about 12.5 mg/L.

FeCl3+3HCO3- +3H2O ↔Fe (OH)3 .3H2O(s) +3CO2 +3Cl-

Which will consume?

3(3.1*10-5) = 0.93*10-4 M HCO3-

The molecular weight of HCO3- is 61 so

(0.93*10-4 moles/L) * (61 g/mole) *(103mg/g) =5.6Mg/L HCO3

Are consumed, which can be expressed as CaCO3 by using equation

(mg/ L as species)( EW CaCO 3) 5.6∗50

Mixing & Flocculation:

Transform the capacity to m3/min

2.8 m3/sx60=168 m3/min

Where G = velocity gradient, s-1

µ = dynamic viscosity, Pa. s=

V = volume of water in the tank, m3

The volume of the rapid mix basin V = (Q) (t0)

Where Q = volume of rapid mix basin

The max depth of rapid flow basin allowable is 8m

Length and width = √ 48m2 = 6.92m

The required input power can be calculated by using equation: P = G2 μV

The dynamic viscosity of 1.235x10-3 Pa. s

P = (700 s-1)2 (1.235 X 10 -3 Pa. s) (336 m3) = 203,330.4 W

Assuming an efficiency of 80%

Design Radial-flow turbine impeller.

Condition Allowable range Result

Np = Impeller constant = 5.7

ρ = density of liquid = 1000Kg/m3

Design depth = 10m

Length and width = √ 84m2= 9.16m

Power input for each flocculator tank

PG70 = G2µV = = (70 s-1)2 (1.235 X 10 -3 Pa . s) (840 m3) =5083.2Watts

PG50 = G2µV = = (50 s-1)2 (1.235 X 10 -3 Pa . s) (840 m3) = 2593.5Watts

PG30 = G2µV = = (30 s-1)2 (1.235 X 10 -3 Pa . s) (840 m3) = 933.66 Watts

Assuming an efficiency of 80%

Design Impeller diameter = 3m

Condition Result Allowable range

D/T 0.372 0.14 – 0.4 Satisfied

Rotational speed for impeller

where n = rotational speed

Tip speed = (rps)(π x Di)

Tip speed for first tank = 1.45 m/s

Tip speed for second tank = 1.2 m/s

Tip speed for third tank = 0.82m/s

Ideal sedimentation tank

Sampling Time, min

0.5 14.0 10.0 7.0 6.2 5.0 4.0

Advanced Water & Wastewater Treatment

Advanced Water & Wastewater Treatment

3(3.110-5) = 0.9310-4 M HCO3-

(0.9310-4 moles/L) (61 g/mole) *(103mg/g) =5.6Mg/L HCO3