KIN 401L Upper Extremity Muscles Page 1

MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY

Movers of the Scapula

Trapezius:

O: external occipital protuberance, dorsal spines of

C-1 through T-12

I: spine of scapula, acromion process, dorsal distal 1/3 of clavicle

A: upper fibers: scapular elevation, upward rotation, retraction

(adduction), head extension (on the neck)
middle fibers: scapular retraction (adduction)
lower fibers: scapular depression, upward rotation

Rhomboids (Major & Minor):

O: dorsal spines C-7 through T-5

I: medial border of scapula from base of the spine to the inferior angle

A: scapular retraction (adduction), downward rotation of glenoid fossa

Levator Scapula:

O: transverse processes of C-1 through C-4

I: medial border of scapula from base of spine to superior angle

A: scapular elevation

Pectoralis Minor:

O: anterior surface of ribs 3-5

I: coracoid process of scapula

A: scapular protraction (abduction), downward rotation of glenoid

fossa, scapular depression
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Serratus Anterior:

O: outer lateral surface of ribs 1-9

I: anterior surface, medial border of scapula

A: scapular protraction (abduction), upward rotation of glenoid fossa

Movers of the Humerus (Shoulder)

Latissimus Dorsi:

O: dorsal spines T-6 through L-5, dorsal sacrum, iliac crest, lower
three ribs

I: medial lip of bicipital groove

A: shoulder adduction, shoulder extension (& hyperextension),

horizontal abduction (horizontal extension), inward rotation of
humerus

Teres Major:

O: dorsal surface, just above inferior angle of scapula

I: medial lip of bicipital groove

A: same as latissimus dorsi

Pectoralis Major:

O: proximal anterior 2/3 of clavicle, full sternum, costal cartilages of

ribs 1-6

I: lateral lip of bicipital groove

A: horizontal adduction of humerus, inward rotation of

humerus

clavicular fibers: shoulder flexion and abduction (above 90 deg.)

sternal fibers: shoulder extension and adduction
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Deltoid:

O: anterior: anterior distal 1/3 of clavicle

middle: acromion process
posterior: spine of scapula

I: deltoid tuberosity

A: shoulder abduction

anterior: shoulder flexion, horizontal adduction, inward rotation of

humerus
middle: shoulder abduction only
posterior: shoulder extension & hyperextension, horizontal
abduction, outward rotation of humerus

Coracobrachialis:

O: coracoid process of scapula

I: middle, medial aspect of humerus

A: horizontal adduction, shoulder flexion, shoulder adduction

Supraspinatus:

O: supraspinous fossa

I: superior surface of greater tubercle

A: stabilization of the glenohumeral joint, abduction of humerus

(shoulder abduction)

Infraspinatus:

O: infraspinous fossa

I: dorsal surface of greater tubercle

A: stabilization of the glenohumeral joint, outward rotation of humerus,

horizontal abduction, extension
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Teres Minor:

O: dorsal surface, lateral border of scapula

I: dorsal surface, greater tubercle

A: stabilization of the glenohumeral joint, outward rotation of humerus,

horizontal abduction, extension

Subscapularis:

O: subscapular surface

I: lesser tubercle

A: stabilization of the glenohumeral joint, inward rotation of humerus,

adduction, extension

NOTE: The previous four muscles make up the rotator cuff.

Movers of the Elbow (Prime Movers)

Biceps Brachii:

O: long head: supraglenoid tubercle

short head: coracoid process

I: radial tuberosity (and bicipital aponeurosis)

A: elbow flexion, supination

short head: weak shoulder flexion (weak shoulder abduction when
shoulder externally rotated)

Brachialis:

O: anterior, distal 1/2 of humerus

I: ulnar tuberosity

A: elbow flexion
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Brachioradialis:

O: lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

I: lateral surface, distal end of radius

A: elbow flexion, supination (from a pronated position), pronation (from

a supinated position)

Triceps Brachii:

O: long head: infraglenoid tubercle

medial head: posterior surface, lower 2/3 of humerus
lateral head: posterior surface, upper 1/2 of humerus

I: olecranon process of ulna

A: elbow extension
long head: shoulder extension and shoulder adduction

Movers of the Forearm, Wrist, and Fingers

Anterior Forearm:

Pronator Teres:

O: medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna

I: lateral aspect, middle 1/3 of radius

A: forearm pronation, elbow flexion

Flexor Carpi Radialis:

O: medial epicondyle of humerus

I: anterior surface, base of metacarpals 2 & 3

A: wrist flexor, radial deviation, elbow flexion

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Palmaris Longus:

O: medial epicondyle of humerus

I: palmar aponeurosis

A: wrist flexor, elbow flexion

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis:

O: medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna, proximal

anterior 2/3 aspect of radius below radial tuberosity

I: sides of middle phalanges of digits 2-5

A: flexion of middle phalanges of digits 2-5 (proximal interphalangeal

joint), wrist flexor, elbow flexor

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris:

O: medial epicondyle of humerus and proximal dorsal aspect of ulna

I: pisiform, hamate, and anterior surface, base of metacarpal 5

A: wrist flexor, ulnar deviation, elbow flexion

Flexor Digitorum Profundus:

O: proximal anterior-medial 3/4 of anterior and medial ulna

I: anterior surface, base of distal phalanges of digits 2-5

A: flexion of distal phalanges of digits 2-5 (distal interphalangeal joint),

wrist flexor

Flexor Pollicis Longus:

O: anterior middle of radius and anterior medial aspect of ulna below

coranoid process

I: anterior surface, base of distal phalanx of digit 1

A: flexion of digit 1, wrist flexor, wrist abductor

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Pronator Quadratus:

O: anterior distal 1/4 of ulna

I: anterior distal 1/4 of radius

A: pronation of the forearm

Posterior Forearm:

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus:

O: lateral supracondylar ridge and lateral epicondyle of humerus

I: posterior surface, base of metacarpal 2

A: wrist extension, radial deviation, elbow extension

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis:

O: lateral epicondyle of humerus

I: posterior surface, base of metacarpal 3

A: wrist extension, radial deviation, elbow extension

Extensor Digitorum:

O: lateral epicondyle of humerus

I: posterior surface, base of proximal, middle and distal phalanges of

digits 2-5

A: extension of digits 2-5, wrist extension, elbow extension

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Extensor Digiti Minimi:

O: lateral epicondyle of humerus

I: posterior surface, base of proximal phalanx of digit 5

A: extension of proximal phalanx of digit 5 (metacarpophalangeal

joint), wrist extension, elbow extension

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris:

O: lateral epicondyle of humerus; posterior, middle 1/2 of ulna

I: posterior surface, base of metacarpal 5

A: wrist extension, ulnar deviation, elbow extension

Supinator:

O: lateral epicondyle of humerus, proximal lateral surface of ulna

I: posterior, lateral and anterior surfaces of proximal 1/3 of radius

A: supination of forearm

Extensor Indicis:

O: posterior surface, middle to distal 1/3 of ulna

I: posterior surface, base of proximal phalanx of digit 2

A: extends proximal phalanx of digit 2 (metacarpophalangeal joint),

wrist extension

Extensor Pollicis Longus:

O: posterior lateral surface, middle part of the ulna

I: posterior surface, base of distal phalanx of digit 1

A: extends digit 1, wrist extension, wrist abduction

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Extensor Pollicis Brevis:

O: posterior surface, middle part of the radius

I: posterior surface, base of proximal phalanx of digit 1

A: extends proximal phalanx of digit 1 (metacarpophalangeal joint)

and metacarpal 1(carpometacarpal joint), wrist extension, wrist
abduction

Abductor Pollicis Longus:

O: posterior surface of ulna and radius

I: dorsal surface, base of metacarpal 1

A: abducts and extends metacarpal of digit 1 (carpometacarpal joint),

wrist abduction, wrist extension (weak)