Pobability

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Chapter 33 - Probability
Exercise: 33.1
Page Number:33.6
Q1.
Solution:
If a coin is tossed once, the possible outcomes are a head (H) and tail (T).
Therefore, the sample space of this experiment is S   H ,T .
Q2.
Solution:
If a coin is tossed twice, the sample space is:

HH , HT ,TH ,TT
Therefore, the sample space of this experiment is S  HH , HT ,TH ,TT .
Q3.
Solution:
A coin has two faces: a head H  and a tail T .

When a coin is tossed three times, the total number of possible outcomes is 23 8 .
Thus, when a coin is tossed three times, the sample space is provided by
S  HHH , HHT , HTH , HTT , THH , THT , TTH , TTT .
Q4. W
Solution:
When a coin is tossed once, there are two possible outcomes: a head (H) and a tail
(T). When a coin is tossed four times, the total number of possible outcomes is 24 
16 . Thus, when a coin is tossed four times, the sample space is provided by
 HHHH , HHHT , HHTH , HHTT , HTHH , HTHT , HTTH , HTTT , 
S   
THHH , THHT , THTH , THTT , TTHH , TTHT , TTTH , TTTT 
Q5.
Solution:
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When two dices are thrown, there are  6  6   36 outcomes.
The set of these outcomes is the sample space, which is provided by
 1,1 , 1, 2  , 1,3 , 1, 4  , 1,5 , 1, 6  
 
  2,1 ,  2, 2  ,  2,3 ,  2, 4  ,  2,5  ,  2, 6  

  3,1 ,  3, 2  ,  3,3 ,  3, 4  ,  3,5 ,  3, 6  
S 
  4,1 ,  4, 2  ,  4,3 ,  4, 4  ,  4,5  ,  4, 6  
 
  5,1 ,  5, 2  ,  5,3 ,  5, 4  ,  5,5  ,  5, 6  
 
  6,1 ,  6, 2  ,  6,3  ,  6, 4  ,  6,5  ,  6, 6  
Q6.
Solution:
When we throw a dice, it can result in any of the six numbers, namely1, 2,3, 4, 5 and 6 .
When three dices are thrown together, the total number of elementary events associated is.
63   6  6  6   216
Q7.
Solution:
When a coin is tossed, the outcomes are H , T . When a dice is thrown, the outcomes can be
1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6. Thus, we can write the two parts of this experiment as follows:
Hence, the sample space is provided by

 H ,1 ,  H , 2  ,  H ,3 ,  H , 4  ,  H ,5  ,  H , 6  , 
S   
T ,1 , T , 2  , T ,3 ,  T , 4  , T ,5  , T , 6  
Q8.
Solution:
A coin has two faces: a head (H) and a tail (T).

A dice has six faces that are numbered from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 with one number on each face.
When a head is shown on a coin toss, a dice is rolled.
Thus, the sample space is provided by
S   H ,1 ,  H , 2  ,  H ,3 ,  H , 4  ,  H ,5  ,  H , 6  , T 
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Q9. A
Solution:
When a coin is tossed twice, the possible outcomes are HH , HT , TH , TT .

The second throw results in a head in HH , TH .
The second throw results in a tail in HT , TT .
Now, a dice is thrown.
The possible outcomes on a dice are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
The sample space is provided by
 HH , TH ,  HT ,1 ,  HT , 2  ,  HT ,3 ,  HT , 4  ,  HT ,5  , 
S  .
 HT , 6  , TT ,1 , TT , 2  , TT ,3TT , 4  , TT ,5 , TT 6  
Therefore, the total number of elements of the sample space is 14.
Q10.
Solution:

A dice has six faces that are numbered from 1 to 6, with one number on each face.
Thus, the sample space of the provided experiment is provided by
S   H , H  ,  H , T  , T ,1 , T , 2  , T ,3 , T , 4  , T ,5  , T , 6 
Q11.
Solution:
The box contains two red balls and three black balls.
Let us denote the red balls as R1 and R 2 and the three black balls as B1 , B2 and B3 .
The sample space of this experiment is provided by
S  T , R1  ,  T , R2  , T , B1  ,  T , B2  , T , B3  ,  H ,1 ,  H , 2  ,  H ,3 ,  H , 4  ,  H ,5 ,  H , 6 .
Q12
Solution:
In this experiment, a tail (T) may come up on the first throw, the second throw, the third throw
and so on, until T is obtained.
This process continues indefinitely.
Hence, the sample space of this experiment is provided by
S  T , HT , HHT , HHHT , HHHHT , HHHHHT , 
Q13.
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Solution:
The box contains one red ball and three black balls.
Let us denote the red ball as R and the three black balls as B1 , B2 and B3 .
 R, B1 ,  R, B 2  ,  R, B3 ,  B1, R  ,  B1, B 2  ,  B1, B3 , 
S   
 B 2, B1 ,  B 2, B3 ,  B 2, R  ,  B3, R  ,  B3, B1 ,  B3, B 2  
Q14.
Solution:
If a pair of dices is thrown simultaneously, then all possible outcomes  6  6  36
The set of these outcomes is the sample space, which is provided by
 1,1 , 1, 2  , 1,3 , 1, 4  , 1,5 , 1, 6  
 
  2,1 ,  2, 2  ,  2,3 ,  2, 4  ,  2,5  ,  2, 6  

  3,1 ,  3, 2  ,  3,3 ,  3, 4  ,  3,5 ,  3, 6  
S 
  4,1 ,  4, 2  ,  4,3 ,  4, 4  ,  4,5  ,  4, 6  
 
  5,1 ,  5, 2  ,  5,3 ,  5, 4  ,  5,5  ,  5, 6  
 
  6,1 ,  6, 2  ,  6,3 ,  6, 4  ,  6,5 ,  6, 6  
Again, if the outcome is a doublet, then a coin is tossed.
Now, we have the following events:
1, 1, H  ,  2, 2, H  ,  3, 3, H  ,  4, 4, H  ,  5, 5, H  ,  6, 6, H  ,
 
1, 1, T  ,  2, 2, T  ,  3, 3, T  ,  4, 4, T  ,  5, 5, T  ,  6, 6, T  
Total number of events when the outcome is a doublet = 6  2  12
Hence, the total number of elementary events associated with this experiment is
 36  6   12  42
Q15.
Solution:
When a coin is tossed, the possible outcomes are head (H) and tail (T).
If a coin is tossed twice, the possible outcomes are provided by
S   HH , HT , TH , TT 
Again, if the second draw result in a head, then a dice is rolled. The events associated with this
experiment is provided by
 HH , 1 ,  HH , 2  ,  HH , 3 ,  HH , 4  ,  HH , 5  ,  HH , 6  ,
A   
 TH , 1 , TH , 2  , TH , 3 , TH , 4  , TH , 5  , TH , 6  
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Hence, the sample space for this experiment is provided by
 HH , 1 ,  HH , 2  ,  HH , 3 ,  HH , 4  ,  HH , 5 ,  HH , 6  , 
( S  A)   
TH , 1 , TH , 2  ,  TH , 3 , TH , 4  , TH , 5  , TH , 6  ,  HT  ,  TT  
Q16.
Solution:
A bag contains four identical red balls (R) and three identical black balls (B).
The sample space S of drawing one ball with replacement and then again drawing a ball is
provided by
S   RR, RB, BR, BB
Q17.
Solution:
Three items are to be selected at random from a lot.

Each item in the lot is tested and classified as defective (D) or non-defective (N).
S   DDD, DDN , DND, DNN , NDD, NDN , NND, NNN 
Q18.
Solution:
(i) When the order of the birth of a girl or a boy is considered, the sample space is provided by
S   G1, G 2  ,  G1, B2  ,  B1 , G 2  ,  B1, B 2 
(ii) Since the maximum number of children in each family is two, a family can either have two
boys or one boy or no boy.
Hence, the required sample space is provided by
S  0, 1, 2
Q19.
Solution:
A dice has six faces that are numbered from 1 to 6 , with one number on each face.
Let us denote the red, white and black dices as R, W , and B , respectively.
Accordingly, when a dice is selected and then rolled, the sample space is provided by
 R, 1 ,  R, 2  ,  R, 3 ,  R, 4  ,  R, 5  ,  R, 6  , 
 
S   B, 1 ,  B, 2  ,  B, 3 ,  B, 4  ,  B, 5  ,  B, 6  , 
 
W , 1 , W , 2  , W , 3 , W , 4  , W , 5  , W , 6  
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Q20.
Solution:
Let us denote two boys and two girls in room P as B1 , B2 and G1 , G2 , respectively.
Let us denote one boy and three girls in room Q as B3 and G3 , G4 , G5 , respectively.
Accordingly, the required sample space is provided by
S   P, B1 ,  P, B 2  ,  P, G1 ,  P, G 2   Q, B3 ,  Q, G3 ,  Q, G 4  ,  Q, G5.
Q21.
Solution:
A bag contains one white ball W  and one red ball  R  . When one ball is drawn, it will be either
W or R.
The sample space of drawing one white ball with replacement and then again drawing a ball is
W ,W  , W , R 
Again, if red ball is drawn, a dice is rolled.
The sample space associated with this experiment is provided by:
 R,1 ,  R, 2  ,  R,3 ,  R, 4 ,  R,5 ,  R, 6 .
Hence, the sample space S for this experiment is:
S  W ,W  , W , R  ,  R,1 ,  R, 2  ,  R,3 ,  R, 4  ,  R,5 ,  R, 6  .
Q22.
Solution:
It is provided that the box contains one white ball and three identical black balls.
Let us denote the white ball with W and a black ball with B.
When two balls are drawn at random in succession without replacement, the sample space for
this experiment will be provided by
S  WB, BW , BB
Q23.
Solution:
A dice has six faces that are numbered from 1 to 6, with one number on each face.
Here, 2, 4 and 6 are even numbers, while 1, 3 and 5 are odd numbers.
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  2, H  ,  2, T  ,  4, H  ,  4, T  ,  6, H  ,  6, T  , 1, HH  , 
 
S  1, HT  , 1, TH  , 1, TT  ,  3, HH  ,  3, HT  ,  3, TH  ,  3, TT  , 
 
 5, HH  ,  5, HT  ,  5, TH  ,  5, TT  
Q24.
Solution:
In this experiment, 6 may come up on the first throw, the second throw, the third throw and so
on, until it is obtained.
6, 1, 6  ,  2, 6  ,  3, 6  ,  4, 6  ,  5, 6  , 1, 1, 6  , 1, 2, 6  , 
S   
 1, 3, 6  , 1, 4, 6  , 1, 5, 6  ,  2, 1, 6  ,  2, 2, 6  ,  2, 3, 6  
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Exercise: 33.2
Page Number:33.15
Q1.
Solution:
In tossing a fair coin, there are two possible outcomes, namely Head H  and Tail T .
Hence, the sample space in this experiment is provided by S  H ,T .
Thus, total number of elementary events is 2
In all, there are four subsets of S,
H  ,T  , H , T  and  .
Each of the subsets of the sample space is an event.
Therefore, there are 4 total events associated with the random experiment.
Since, if there are n elements in a set, then the number of its subset is 2n .
Q2.
Solution:
The events associated with the random experiment of tossing of two coins are
HH , HT , TH and TT .
These 4 events are also the elementary events when two unbiased coins are tossed
simultaneously.
Q3.
Solution:
When three coins are tossed, the sample space is provided by

S   HHH , HHT , HTH , HTT , THH , THT , TTH , TTT 
Accordingly,
A   HHH 
B   HHT , HTH , THH 
C  TTT 
D   HHH , HHT , HTH , HTT 
Now, we observe that
A  B  ; A  C  ; A  D  HHH   ;
B  C  ; B  D  {HHT ,  HTH    and C  D  
(i) Events A and B; events A and C; events B and C and events C and D are all mutually
exclusive.
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(ii) If an event has only one sample point of a sample space, it is called an elementary event.
Thus, A and C are elementary events.
(iii) If an event has more than one sample point of a sample space, it is called a compound event.
Thus, B and D are compound events.
Q4.
Solution:
When a dice is thrown, the sample space is provided by S  1, 2,3, 4,5, 6 .
Accordingly, we have:
 i  A  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
 ii  B  
 iii  C  3, 6
 iv  D  1, 2, 3
 v  E  6
 vi  F  3, 4, 5, 6
Here, A  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and B  
A  B  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Here, A  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and B  
A B  
Here, B   and C  3, 6
B C  
Here, E  6 and F  3, 4, 5, 6
E  F  6
Here, D  1, 2,3 and F  3, 4, 5, 6
D  F  3
Here, F  3, 4, 5, 6 and S  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
F  S  F  1, 2
Q5.
Solution:
When three coins are tossed, the sample space is provided by

S   HHH , HHT , HTH , HTT , THH , THT , TTH , TTT 
(i) The two events that are mutually exclusive are as follows:
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A: getting no heads
B: getting no tails
This is because sets A   HHH  and B  TTT  are disjoint.
(ii) The three events that are mutually exclusive and exhaustive are as follows:
A: getting no heads
B: getting exactly one head
C: getting at least two heads
That is A  TTT  , B   HTT , THT , TTH  and C   HHH , HHT , HTH , THH 
This is because A  B  B  C  C  A   and A  B  C  S
(iii) The two events that are not mutually exclusive a
A: getting three heads
B: getting at least 2 heads
That is, A  HHH  and B   HHH , HHT , HTH , THH 
This is because A  B   HHH   
(iv) The two events which are mutually exclusive but not exhaustive are as follows:
A: getting exactly one head
B: getting exactly one tail
A   HTT , THT , TTH  and B   HHT , HTH , THH 
It is because, A  B  , but A  B  S
Q6.
Solution:
When a dice is thrown twice, we have the following possible outcomes:

A = both numbers are odd
1, 1 , 1, 3 , 1, 5 ,  3, 1 ,  3, 3 ,  3, 5 ,  5, 1 ,  5, 3 ,  5, 5
B = both numbers are even
 2, 2 ,  2, 4 ,  2, 6 ,  4, 2 ,  4, 4 ,  4, 6 ,  6, 2 ,  6, 4 ,  6, 6
C = sum of the numbers is less than 6
1, 1 , 1, 2  , 1, 3 , 1, 4 ,  2, 1 ,  2, 2 ,  2, 3 ,  3, 1 ,  3, 2 ,  4, 1
Now, we have:
1,1 , 1,3 , 1,5  ,  3,1 ,  3,3 ,  3,5  ,  5,1 ,  5,3 ,  5,5  , 
(A  B)   
 2, 2  ,  2, 4  ,  2, 6  ,  4, 2  ,  4, 4  ,  4, 6  ,  6, 2  ,  6, 4  ,  6, 6  
 A  B  
1, 1 , 1, 3 , 1, 5 ,  3, 1 ,  3, 3 ,  3, 5  ,  5, 1 ,  5, 3 ,  5, 5  , 
( A  C)   
1, 2  , 1, 4  ,  2, 1 ,  2, 2  ,  2, 3 ,  3, 1 ,  3, 2  ,  4, 1 
 A  C   1,1 , 1,3 ,  3,1
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Since  A  B    and  A  C    , A and B are mutually exclusive, but A and C are not.
Q7.
Solution:
When two dices are thrown, there are 62  36 possible outcomes.

A = Getting an even number on the first dice
  2, 1 ,  2, 2  ,  2, 3 ,  2, 4  ,  2, 5  ,  2, 6  ,  4, 1 ,  4, 2  ,  4, 3 , 
 
 4, 4  ,  4, 5  ,  4, 6  ,  6, 1 ,  6, 2  ,  6, 3 ,  6, 4  ,  6, 5  ,  6, 6  
B = Getting an odd number on the first dice

 1, 1 , 1, 2  , 1, 3 , 1, 4  , 1, 5  , 1, 6  ,  3, 1 ,  3, 2  ,  3, 3 , 
 
 3, 4  ,  3, 5 ,  3, 6  ,  5, 1 ,  5, 2  ,  5, 3 ,  5, 4  ,  5, 5  ,  5, 6  
C = Getting at most 5 as the sum of the numbers on the two dices.

1, 1 , 1, 2  , 1, 3 , 1, 4 ,  2, 1 ,  2, 2 ,  2, 3 ,  3, 1 ,  3, 2 ,  4, 1
D = Getting a sum greater than 5 but less than 10
1, 5  , 1, 6  ,  2, 4  ,  2, 5  ,  2, 6  ,  3, 3 ,  3, 4  ,  3, 5 ,  3, 6  ,  4, 2  , 
 
 4, 3 ,  4, 4  ,  4, 5 ,  5, 1 ,  5, 2  ,  5, 3 ,  5, 4  ,  6, 1 ,  6, 2  ,  6, 3 
E = Getting at least 10 as the sum of the numbers on the dices

 4, 6 ,  5, 5 ,  5, 6  ,  6, 4  ,  6, 5 ,  6, 6
F = Getting an odd number on one of the dices
1, 2  , 1, 4  , 1, 6  ,  2, 1 ,  2, 3 ,  2, 5  ,  3, 2  ,  3, 4  ,  3, 6  ,  4, 1 , 
= 
 4, 3 ,  4, 5  ,  5, 2  ,  5, 4  ,  5, 6  ,  6, 1 ,  6, 3 ,  6, 5 
Now,
(i)
A and B  A  B  
B or C  B  C
{(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3),
(3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 1), (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6) }
B and C = B ∩ C
{(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (3, 1), (3, 2)}
A and E = A ∩ E
= {(4, 6), (6, 4), (6, 5), (5, 6), (6, 6)}
A or F = A ∪ F
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1, 2  , 1, 4  , 1, 6  ,  2, 1 ,  2, 2  ,  2, 3 ,  2, 4  ,  2, 5  ,  2, 6  ,  3, 2  , 
 
 3, 4  ,  3, 6  ,  4, 1 ,  4, 2  ,  4, 3 ,  4, 4  ,  4, 5 ,  4, 6  ,  5, 2  ,  5, 4  , 
 
 5, 6  ,  6, 1 ,  6, 2  ,  6, 3 ,  6, 4  ,  6, 5  ,  6, 6  
A and F = A ∩ F
{(2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 5), (4, 1), (4, 3), (4, 5), (6, 1), (6, 3), (6, 5)}
(ii)
(a) True, because A ∩ B = Φ

(b) True, because A ∩ B = Φ and A ∪ B = S
(c) False, because A ∩ C ≠ Φ
(d) False, because C ∩ D = Φ but C ∪ D ≠ S
(e) True, because C ∩ D ∩ E = Φ and C ∪ D ∪ E = S
(f) True, because A  B   
(g) False, because A ∩ B ∩ F ≠ Φ and A  B  F  S
Q8.
Solution:
Four slips marked as 1, 2, 3 and 4 are in a box. Two slips are drawn from it one after the other
without replacement. The sample space S for the experiment is
S = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 4), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3)}
(i) A = number on the first slip is larger than the one on the second slip
= {(2, 1), (3, 1), (3, 2), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3)}
(ii) B = number on the second slip is greater than 2
={(1, 3), (2, 3), (1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4), (4, 3)}
(iii) C = sum of the numbers on the two slips is 6 or 7
={(2, 4), (3, 4), (4, 2), (4, 3)}
(iv) D = number on the second slip is two times the number on the first slip
= {(1, 2), (2, 4)}
Clearly,  A  D   
Therefore, A and D are mutually exclusive events.
Q.9:
Solution:
a. The outcomes in the sample space S are the 52 cards in the deck.
b. Let E be the event that a black face card is chosen. The outcomes in E are the jack, queen, and
king of clubs and the jack, queen, and king of spades. Symbolically,
E = {J4, Q4, K4, Q*, KAM.
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Exercise: 33.3
Page Number:33.45
Q1.
Solution :
The sample space of the proveded experiment is proveded by

S  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
n S   6
(i) Let A be the event of occurrence of a prime number.

Then A = {2, 3, 5}
That is. n  A  3
Number of outcomes favourableto A n  A  3 1

P A    
Total number of possible outcomes n S  6 2
(ii) Let B be the event of occurrence of the number 2 or 4.

Then B  2,4
That is. n  B   2
Number of outcomes favourable to B n  B  2 1
 P  B    
(iii) Let C be the event of occurrence of a multiple of 2 or 3.

Then C  2, 3, 4, 6
That is. n  C   4
Number of outcomes favourable to C n  C  4 2
 P C    
Q2.
Solution :
If three dices are thrown simultaneously, then all the possible outcomes = 63 = 216
∴ Total number of possible outcome, n(S) = 216
Let A = event of getting a sum of numbers on three dice as 17 or 18
Then the favourable outcomes are proveded as
A = {(6, 6, 5), (6, 5, 6), (5, 6, 6), (6, 6, 6)}
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Number of favourable outcomes, n(A) = 4
Hence, required probability, P(A) = P (sum of the numbers on three dices as 17 or 18) =
4 1

216 54
Q3.
Solution :
We know that in a single throw of two dices, the total number of possible outcomes is
 6  6  36 .
Let S be the sample space.
Then n  S   36
(i) Let E1 = event of getting 8 as the sum.

 
Then E1   2, 6 ,  3, 5 ,  4, 4 ,  5, 3 ,  6, 2
That is. n  E1   5
n  E1  5
Therefore, P  E1   
nS  36
(ii) Let E2 = event of getting a doublet

Then E2 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)}
that is. n (E2) = 6
n  E2  6 1
 P  E2    
n  S  36 6
(iii) Let E3 = event of getting a doublet of prime numbers

Then E3 = {(2, 2), (3, 3), (5, 5)}
that is. n (E3) = 3
n  E3  3 1
 P  E3    
n  S  36 12
(iv) Let E4 = event of getting a doublet of odd numbers

Then E4 = {(1, 1), (3, 3), (5, 5)}
that is. n (E4) = 3
n  E4  3 1
 P  E4    
n  S  36 12
(v) Let E5 = event of getting a sum greater than 9

Then E5 = {(4, 6), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
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that is. n (E5) = 6
n  E5  6 1
 P  E5    
n  S  36 6
(vi) Let E6 = event of getting an even number on the first throw

Then
E6 = {(2, 1) , (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (4, 1) , (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6), (6, 1) , (6,
2), (6, 3),(6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6) }
that is. n (E6) = 18
n  E6  18 1
 P  E6    
n  S  36 2
(vii) Let E7 = event of getting an even number on one dice and a multiple of 3 on the other
Then E7 = {(2, 3), (2, 6), (4, 3), (4, 6), (6, 3), (6, 6) , (3, 2), (6, 2), (3, 4), (6, 4), (3, 6)}
n  E7  11
 P  E7   
n  S  36
(viii) Let E8 = event of getting neither 9 nor 11 as the sum of the numbers on the faces
Then E8 = event of getting either 9 or 11 as the sum
Thus, E8 = {(3, 6), (4, 5), (5, 4) , (5, 6), (6, 3), (6, 5) }
that is. n  E8   6
  6 1
n E8
 
 P E8 
nS  36 6
 
Hence , P  E 8   1  P E 8
1 5
 1 
6 6
(ix) Let E9 = event of getting a sum less than 6

Then E9 = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (4, 1)}
n  E9  10 5
 P  E9    
n  S  36 18
(x) Let E10 = event of getting a sum less than 7

Then E10 = {(1, 1) , (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 1) , (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 1) , (3, 2), (3, 3), (4,
1) , (4, 2), (5, 1)}
that is. n (E10) = 15
n  E10  15 5
 P  E10    
nS  36 12
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(xi) Let E11 = event of getting a sum greater than 7
Then E11 = {(2, 6), (3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6,
4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
that is. n (E11) = 15
n  E11  15 5
 P  E11    
n  S  36 12
(xii) Let E12 = event of getting neither a doublet nor a total of 10

Thus E12 = event of getting either a doublet or a total of 10
Then E12 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4), (6, 6)}
that is. n  E12  =8
n E12  8 2
 P E12    
n S  36 9
Hence , P  E12   1  P E12  
2 7
1 
9 9
(xiii) Let E13 = event of getting an odd number on the first throw and 6 on the second
Then E13 = {(1,6), (3, 6), (5, 6)}
n  E13  3 1
 P  E13    
nS  36 12
(xiv) Let E14 = event of getting a number greater than 4 on each dice
Then E14 = {(5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
n  E14  4 1
 P  E14    
n  S  36 9
(xv) Let E15 = event of getting a total of 9 or 11
Then E15 = {(3, 6), (4, 5), (5, 4) , (5, 6), (6, 3), (6, 5) }
n  E15  6 1
 P  E15    
n  S  36 6
(xvi) Let E16 = event of getting a total greater than 8

Then E16 = {(3, 6), (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
that is. n (E16) = 10
n  E16  10 5
 P  E16    
nS  36 18
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Q4.
Solution :
When three coins are tossed once, the sample space is proveded by
S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
that is. n (S) = 8
(i) Let E1 = event of getting exactly two heads
Then E1 = {HHT, HTH, THH}
that is. n(E1) = 3
n  E1  3
 P  E1   
nS  8
(ii) Let E2 = event of getting at least two heads

Then E2 = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH}
that is. n (E2) = 4
n  E2  4 1
 P  E2    
n S  8 2
(iii) Let E3 = event of getting at least one head and one tail
Then E3 = {HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH}
that is. n(E3) = 6
n  E3  6 3
 P  E3    
nS  8 4
Q5.
Solution :
There are 365 days, that is. 52 weeks and one day
This one day can be any of the seven days of the week.
∴ P (Sunday) = 1/7
We know that 52 weeks will have 52 Sundays.
Hence, required probability = P (an ordinary year with 53 Sundays) = 1/7
Q6.
Solution :
We know that a leap year has 366 days (that is. 7 × 52 + 2) = 52 weeks and 2 extra days.
The sample space for these two extra days is proveded by
S = {(Sunday, Monday), (Monday, Tuesday), (Tuesday, Wednesday), (Wednesday, Thursday),
(Thursday, Friday), (Friday, Saturday), (Saturday, Sunday)}
There are 7 cases.
that is. n(S) = 7
Let E be the event in which the leap year has 53 Sundays and 53 Mondays.
Then E = {(Sunday, Monday) }
that is. n(E) = 1
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nE 1
PE  
nS  7
Hence, the probability in which a leap year has 53 Sundays and 53 Mondays is 1 .
7
Q7.
Solution :
A and B throw a pair of dices.
Then all the possible outcomes = 62 = 36
that is. total number of possible outcome, n(S) = 36
Consider E = event where A throws 9 and B throws more than 9, that is. 10, 11 and 12
E = {(4, 6), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
that is. n(E) = 6
Hence, required probability = 6  1
36 6
Q8.
Solution :
If three dices are thrown simultaneously, then all the possible outcomes = 63 = 216
Let A be the event of getting the same number on all the three dices.
Then, the favourable outcomes are as follows:
A = {(1, 1, 1), (2, 2, 2), (3, 3, 3), (4, 4, 4), (5, 5, 5), (6, 6 , 6)}
6 1
Hence, required probability, P(A) = P (same number on all the three dices) = 
216 36
Q9.
Solution :
If two dices are thrown simultaneously, then all the possible outcomes = 62 = 36
Let A = event where the the total of the numbers on the dices is greater than 10
Then the favourable outcomes are as follows:
A = {(5, 6), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
Hence, required probability, P(A) = P (total of the numbers on the dices is greater than 10) =
3 1

36 12
Q10.
Solution :
Let S denote the sample space.
Then, n(S) = 52
(i) Let E1 = event of drawing a black king
We know that the number of black kings is two: one for spade and one for club.
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That is. n (E1) = 2
n  E1  2 1
 P  E1    
n  S  52 26
(ii) Let E2 = event of drawing either a black card or a king

There are 26 black cards including two black kings and there are two more kings.
Therefore, there are 28 cards in which there is a black card or a king.
n  E2  28 7
 P  E2    
n  S  52 13
(iii) Let E3 = event of drawing black and a king

There are two cards: a black card and a king, that is. a black king.
2
That is n (E3) = C1  2
n  E3  2 1
 P  E3    
n  S  52 26
(iv) Let E4 = event of drawing a jack, a queen or a king

Out of 52 cards, there are four jacks, four queens and four kings.
4 4 4
That is. n  E4   C1  C1  C1
= 4 + 4 + 4 = 12
n  E4  12 3
 P  E4    
n  S  52 13
(v) Let E5 = event of drawing neither a heart nor a king

Then E5 = event of drawing either a heart or a king
There are 13 cards of heart including one king. Also, there are 3 more kings.
Therefore, out of these 16 cards, one can draw either a heart or a king in 16C1 ways.
 
i.e. n E 5  16
   16  4
n E5
 
 P E5 
nS  52 13
 
 P  E5   1  P E5
4 9
 1 
13 13
(vi) Let E6 = event of drawing a spade or an ace

There are 13 spade cards including one ace. Also, there are 3 more ace cards.
Therefore, out of these 16 cards, one can draw either a spade or an ace in 16C1 ways.
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That is. n (E6) = 16
n  E6  16 4
P  E6    
n  S  52 13
(vii) Let E7 = event of drawing neither an ace nor a king

Then E  7 = event of drawing either an ace or a king
There are four ace cards and four king cards.
Therefore, out of these 8 cards, one can draw either an ace or a king in 8C1 ways.
 
i.e. n E 7  8
  8  2
n E7
 
 P E7 
nS  52 13
 
 P  E7   1  P E 7
2 11
 1 
13 13
(viii) Let E8 = event of drawing a diamond card.
There are 13 diamond cards in a pack of 52 cards, out of which one diamond can be drawn in
13
C1 .
∴ n (E8) = 13
n  E8  13 1
P  E8    
n  S  52 4
(ix) Let E9 = event of not drawing a diamond card

Then E  9 = event of drawing a diamond card
There are 13 diamond cards in a pack of 52 cards, out of which one diamond card can be drawn
in 13C1.
13 1
 
i.e. n E 9  
52 4
 
 P  E9   1  P E 9
1 3
 1 
4 4
(x) Let E10 = event of drawing a black card

We know that there are 26 black cards, that is. 13 spades and 13 clubs.
Then n (E10) = 26
n  E10  26 1
 P  E10    
n  S  52 2
(xi) Let E11 = event of drawing a card which is not an ace

Then E11 = event of drawing an ace card
There are four aces in a pack of 52 cards, out of which one ace can be drawn in 4C1 ways.
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 
i.e. n E11  4
  1
n E11
 
 P E11 
nS 13
 
Hence , P  E11   1  P E11
1 12
 1 
13 13
(xii)
Let E12 = event of drawing a non-black card

We know that there are 26 non-black cards, that is. 13 diamonds and 13 hearts.
Then n (E12) = 26
n  E12  26 1
 P  E12    
n  S  52 2
Q11.
Solution :
It is proveded that from a well-shuffled pack of cards, four cards are missing out.
∴ Total number of elementary events, n(S) = 52C4
Let E be the event where four cards are missing from each suit.
that is. n(E)= 13C1 × 13C1 × 13C1 × 13C1
n  E  13C1  13C1  13C1  13C1
Hence, required probability =  52
n S  C4
13  13  13  13

52  51 50  49
4  3  2 1
13  13  13  13

13  17  25  49
2197

20825
Q12.
Solution :
Four cards can be drawn from a pack of 52 cards in 52C4 ways.

That is. n(S) = 52C4
Of these, there are four ways to draw all the four honours of a suit, that is. J, Q, K and A of
Spades, Hearts, Diamonds or Clubs.
Let E be the favourable event of that all the four cards drawn are honour cards from the same
suit.
Favourable number of events, n(E) = 4C4 or 4C4 or 4C4 or 4C4 = 4C4 + 4C4 + 4C4 + 4C4
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nE 4
C4  4C4  4C4  4C4
nS  C4
4

52  51 50  49
4  3  2 1
4

13  17  25  49
4

270725
Q13.
Solution :
Total number of elementary events, n(S) = 20C1 = 20
Multiples of 3 or 7 = 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 7, 14
Thus, favourable number of events, n(E) = 8C1 = 8
nE 8 2
Hence, required probability =  
n  S  20 5
Q14.
Solution :
Total number of balls = 6 + 4 + 8 = 18

Total number of elementary events, n(S) = 18C3
Let E be the event of favourable outcomes.
Here, E = getting one red, one white and one blue ball
So, favourable number of elementary events, n(E) = 6C1 ×4C1 × 8C1
n  E  6C1  4C1  8C1
nS  C3
6 48

18  17  16
3 2
6 48

6  17  8
4

17
Q15.
Solution :
Out of 16 balls, two balls can be drawn in 16C2 ways.
∴ Total number of elementary events = 16C2 = 120
(i)
Out of seven white balls, two white balls can be chosen in 7C2 ways.
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∴ Favourable number of ways = 7C2
7
C 21 7
Hence, required probability = 16 2  
C 2 120 40
(ii)
Out of five black balls, one black ball can be drawn in 5C1 ways.
Out of four red balls, one red ball can be drawn in 4C1 ways.
Therefore, one black and one red balls can be drawn in 5C1× 4C1 ways.
∴ Favourable number of ways = 5C1× 4C1 = 5× 4 = 20
20 1
Hence, required probability = 
120 6
(iii)
‘Two balls drawn are of the same colour’ means that both are either white or black or red.
Out of seven white balls, two white balls can be drawn in 7C2 ways.
Similarly, two black balls can be drawn from five black balls in 5C2 ways and two red balls can
be drawn from four red balls in 4C2 ways.
Therefore, number of ways of drawing two balls of the same colour = 7C2 + 5C2 + 4C2 = 21 + 10
+ 6 = 37
that is. favourable number of ways = 37
Hence, required probability = 37
120
Q16.
Solution :
Out of 18 balls, three balls can be drawn in 18C3 ways.
(i)
Out of six red balls, one red ball can be drawn in 6C1 ways.
Out of four white balls, two white balls can be drawn in 4C2 ways .
Therefore, one red and two white balls can be drawn in 6C1 × 4C2 = 6 × 6 = 36 ways
∴ Favourable number of ways = 36
816 68
(ii)
Out of eight blue balls, two blue balls can be drawn in 8C2 ways.
Out of six red balls, one red ball can be drawn in 6C1 ways .
Therefore, two blue and one red balls can be drawn in 8C2 × 6C1 = 28 × 6 = 168 ways
168 7
816 34
(iii)
There are six red balls out of which one red ball can be drawn in 6C1 ways.
Two balls from the remaining 12 balls can be drawn in 12C2 ways.
Therefore, one red two other coloured balls can be drawn in 6C1× 12C2 = 6 × 66 = 396 ways
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816 68
Q17.
Solution :
Let S denote the sample space.
Then n(S) = 52
Thus, five cards can be drawn in 52C5 ways.
∴ Total number of elementary events = 52C5
(i)
Let E1 = event of getting just one ace
that is. E1 = 4C1 × 48C4
∴ Total number of favourable events = 4C1 × 48C4
4
C1  48C4
C5
4  2  47  46  45

52  51  10  49  2
47  23  3 3243
 
13  17  49 10829
(ii)
Probability for at least one ace = 1 – Probability (no ace)

48
C
= 1  52 5
C5
= 1  35673  18472
54145 54145
Q18.
Solution :
Having removed 12 face cards, the remaining 40 cards include 10 cards in each suit.
40
C
∴ Chance of drawing a card in the first draw = 40 1  1
C1
Having drawn 1 card, there remain 39 cards of which 30 are of suits different from the drawn
card.
30
C 30
∴ Chance of drawing a card of different suit in the second draw = 39 1 
C1 39
Having drawn two cards, there remain 38 cards of which 20 are of suits different from the drawn
cards.
20
C 20 10
∴ Chance of drawing a card of in the third draw = 38 1  
C1 38 19
Having drawn three cards, there remain 37 cards of which 10 are of suits different from the
drawn cards.
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10
C1 10
∴ Chance of drawing a card in the fourth draw = 37

C1 37
Hence, all the events being dependent, the required probability = 1  30  10  10  1000
39 19 37 9139
Q19.
Solution :
In a hand at whist, the specified players have 13 cards including fourkings.
Four kings can be drawn out of four in 4C4 ways.
The remaining nine cards held by him can be drawn out of the remaining 48 cards in the pack
in 48C9 ways.
The total number of ways in which four kings and nine other cards can be drawn is 4C4× 48C9.
Favourable number of cases = 4C4× 48C9
Also, exhaustive number of cases = 52C13
4
C4  48C9 11
∴ Required probability = 52

C13 4165
Q20.
Solution :
Out of 100 bulbs, 10 can be chosen in 100C10 ways.
So, total number of elementary events = 100C10
(i)
There are 20 defective and 80 non-defective bulbs.
The number of ways of selecting 10 defective bulbs out of 20 is 20C10 ways.
∴ Favourable number of elementary events = 20C10 ways
20
C
Hence, required probability = 100 10
C10
(ii)
The number of ways of selecting 10 non-defective bulb out of 80 is 80C10 ways.
∴ Favourable number of elementary events = 80C10
80
C
C10
(iii)
Probability for at least one defective bulb = 1 – Probability (all 10 are non-defective)
80
C
= 1  100 10
C10
(iv)
‘None is defective’ means that all are non-defective bulbs. The number of ways of selecting all
10 non-defective bulbs out
of 80 is 80C10 ways.
∴ Favourable number of elementary events = 80C10
80
C
C10
Q21.
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Solution :
There are six letters in the word ‘SOCIAL’, which can be arranged in 6! ways.
There are three vowels, namely O, I and A.
Let us consider these three vowels as one letter.
So, when the three vowels are clubbed together, we have (O, I, A) SCL. We can arrange four
letters in a row in 4! ways.
Also, the three vowels can themselves be arranged in 3! ways.
Hence, required probability = 4! 3!  4! 3  2  1
6! 6  5  4! 5
Q22.
Solution :
There are 7 letters in the word ‘CLIFTON’, which can be arranged in 7! ways.
There are two vowels, namely I and O.
Let us consider these two vowels as one letter.
So, when the two vowels are clubbed together, we have (I,O) CLFTN.
We can arrange six letters in a row in 6! ways.
Also, the two vowels can be arranged in 2! ways.
Hence, required probability = 6! 2 !  6! 2  2
7! 7  6! 7
Q23.
Solution :
There are 10 letters in the word ‘FORTUNATES’, which can be arranged in 10! ways.
There are two T’s in the word.
Let us consider these two letters in the word ‘FORTUNATES’ as one letter.
So, when the two T’s are clubbed together, we have (T,T) FORUNAES.
We can arrange 9 letters in a row in 9! ways.
Also, the two T’s can themselves be arranged in 2! ways.
Hence, required probability = 9! 2!  9! 2  1
10! 10  9! 5
Q24.
Solution :
Out of the letters in the word ‘UNIVERSITY’, there are two I’s.
Number of permutations = 10 !
2
The number of words in which two I’s are never together is proveded by
total number of words – number of words in which two I’s are together.
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10!
  9!
2
10! 2  9!

2
9!10  2

2
9! 8

2
 9! 4
∴ Required probability = 9! 4  9! 4  2  8  4
10! 10  9! 10 5
2
Q25.
Solution :
If odds in favour of an event A are a : b, then probability of happening of event A = P(A) =
a
ab
It is proveded that the odds in favour of an event are 2 : 3.
Thus, n(S) = 2k + 3k = 5k and n(E) = 2k
n  E  2k 2
Hence, probability of occurrence of this event =  
n  S  5k 5
Q26.
Solution :
If the odds against the happening of an event A are a : b, then the probability of not happening of
event A = P  A   a
ab
It is proveded that odds against an event are 7 : 9.
Thus, n(S) = 7k + 9k = 16k
and n(E) = 7k
nE 7k 7
Hence, probability of non-occurrence of this event =  
nS  16k 16
Q27.
Solution :
Out of 14 balls, two balls can be chosen in 14C2 ways.
So, favourable number of elementary events =14C2
Let A be the event of getting two balls of different colours.
∴ P(A) = P(1 white and 1 red) + P(1 white and 1 green) + P(1 white and 1 black) + P(1 red and 1
green)
+ P(1 red and 1 black) + P(1 green and 1 black)
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C  2,1 C  3,1 C  2,1 C  5,1 C  2,1 C  4,1 C  3,1 C  5,1 C  3,1 C  4,1
 P  A     
C 14, 2  C 14, 2  C 14, 2  C 14, 2  C 14, 2 
C  5,1 C  4,1

C 14, 2 
2  3 2  5 2  4 3 5 3 4 5 4
     
91 91 91 91 91 91
6  10  8  15  12  20 71
   0.78
91 91
=2×391+2×591+2×491+3×591+3×491+5×491
=6+10+8+15+12+2091=7191=0.78
Q28.
Solution :
We know that in a single throw of two dices, the total number of possible outcomes is (6 × 6) =
36.
Then n(S) = 36
(i)
Let E1 = event of getting neither a doublet nor a total of 8
Then E1′ = event of getting either a doublet or a total of 8
∴ E1′ = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6), (2, 6), (3, 5), (5, 3), (6, 2)}
that is. n(E1′) = 10
Thus, P(E1′) = 1036
Hence, required probability P(E1) = 1 – P(E1′)
10 36  10 26 13
1   
36 36 36 18
(ii)
Let E2 be the event of getting the sum of the numbers obtained on the two dice is neither a
multiple of 2 nor a multiple of 3. Then,
E2′ = event of getting the sum of the numbers obtained on the two dice is either a multiple of 2 or
a multiple of 3.
∴ E2′ = {(1,1), (1,2), (2, 1), (1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 1), (1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 2), (5, 1), (2, 6), (3, 5), (4,
4), (5, 3), (6, 2), (3, 6),
(4, 5), (5, 4), (6, 3), (4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4), (6, 6)}
that is. n(E2′) = 24
Thus, P(E2′) = 24  2
36 3
Hence, required probability P(E2) = 1- P(E2′)
2 32 1
 1  
3 3 3
Q29.
Solution :
Out of 20 balls, three balls can be drawn in 20C3 ways.
∴ Total number of elementary events =20C3
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(i)
Out of nine blue balls, three blue balls can be chosen in 9C3 ways.
∴ Favourable number of events = 9C3 ways.
9
C 98 7 7
C3 20  19  18 95
(ii)
Out of eight red balls, one red ball can be drawn in 8C1 ways.
Out of three white balls, one white ball can be drawn in 3C1.
Out of nine blue balls, one blue ball can be drawn in 9C1 ways.
So, favourable number of elementary events = 8C1 × 3C1 × 9C1
8
C1  3C1  9C1 8  3  9 18
 
C3 60  19 95
Q30.
Solution :
There are 18 balls in the bag out of which two balls can be drawn in 18C2 ways.
So, total number of elementary events = 18C2 = 153
According to the question, both the balls drwan are either red or black, which means that the two
balls should be of the same colour.
Out of five red balls, two red balls can be drawn in 5C2 ways.
Similarly, two black balls can be drawn from seven black balls in 7C2 ways.
So, favourable number of elementary events = 5C2 + 7C2 = 10 + 21 = 31
31
Hence, required probability =
153
Q31.
Solution :
We know that there are 26 letters in the English alphabet.
So, total number of elementary events, n(S) = 26
(i)
Out of the five vowels of the English alphabet (a, e, i, o, u), one vowel can be chosen in 5C1
ways.
So, favourable number of events = 5C1 = 5
26
(ii)
Out of the 21 consonants of the English alphabet, one consonant can be chosen in 21C1 ways.
So, favourable number of events = 21C1 = 21
21
Hence, required probability =
26
Q32.
Solution :
Total number of ways in which one can choose six different numbers from 1 to 20 = 20C6
Hence, there are 38760 combinations of 6 numbers.
Out of these combinations, one is already fixed by the lottery committee.
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Favourable number of elementary events = 1
1
∴ Required probability =
38760
Q33.
Solution :
Clearly, the sample space is proveded by S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5……..19, 20}.
That is. n(S) = 20
(i)
Let E1 = event of getting a multiple of 4
Then E1 = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20}
that is. n(E1) = 5
n  E1  5 1
n  S  20 4
(ii)
Let E2 = event of getting a non-multiple of 4
Then P(non-multiple of 4) = P(E2) = 1 – P(multiple of 4)
= 1 1  3
4 4
(iii)
Let E3 = event of getting an odd number
Then E3 = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19}
that is. n(E3) = 10
10 1
Hence, required probability = P(E3) = 
20 2
(iv)
Let E4 = event of getting a number greater than 12
Then E4 = {13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20}
that is. n(E4) = 8
Hence, required probability = P(E4) = 8  2
20 5
(v)
Let E5 = event of getting a number divisible by 5
Then E5 = {5, 10, 15, 20}
that is. n(E5) = 4
4 1
Hence, required probability = P(E5) = 
20 5
(vi)
Let E6 = event of getting a number which is not a multiple of 6
Then E6′ = event of getting a number which is a multiple of 6
E6′ = {6, 12, 18}
that is. n(E6′ ) = 3
Now, P(E6′) = 320
Hence, required probability P(E6) = 1 − P(E6′)
= 1  3  20  3  17
20 20 20
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Q34.
Solution :
(i)
Let A be the event of ‘getting the sum 4’.
Then A= {(1, 3), (3, 1), (2, 2)}
Here, there are three favourable outcomes, while there are (36 – 3 =) 33 unfavourable outcomes.
∴ Odds in favour of the sum 4 = 3  1  1 :11
33 11
(ii)
Let A be the event of ‘getting the sum 5’.
Then A= {(1, 4), (4, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2)}
Here, there are four favourable outcomes, while there are (36 – 4 =) 32 unfavourable outcomes.
∴ Odds in favour of the sum 5 = 4  1  1 : 8
32 8
(iii)
Let A be the event of ‘getting the sum 6.
Then A= {(1, 5), (5, 1), (2, 4), (4, 2), (3, 3)}
Here, there are five favourable outcomes, while there (36 – 5 =) 31 unfavourable outcomes.
31
∴ Odds against getting the sum 6 =  31: 5
5
Q35.
Solution :
In a pack of 52 cards, there are 13 cards of spade.
There are 13 outcomes favourable to the event ‘a spade’, while the other (52 – 13 =) 39 are
unfavourable.
∴ Odds in favour of getting a spade is:
Number of favourableoutcomes 13 1
   1:3
Number of unfavourableoutcomes 39 3
Again, there are four kings in a pack of 52 cards.
There are 4 outcomes favourable to the event ‘a king’, while the other (52 – 4 =) 48 are
unfavourable.
∴ Odds in favour of getting a king is:
Number of favourableoutcomes 4 1
   1:12
Number of unfavourableoutcomes 48 12
Q36.
Solution :
Out of 60 marbles, five marbles can be drawn in 60C5 ways.
(i)
Out of 20 blue marbles, five blue marbles can be chosen in 20C5 ways.
∴ Favourable number of events = 20C5ways
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Hence, the required probability is proveded by
20
C5 20  19  18  17  16
60

C5 60  59  58  57  56
19  6  17

59  29  57  7
2 17

59  29  7
34

11977
(ii) P (no green) = Favourable outcomes
Total outcomes
30
C5
= 60
C5
Thus, P(at least one green) = 1 – P (no green)
30
C
 1  60 5
C5
117
 1
4484
4484  117

4484
4367

4484
Q37.
Solution :
Total number of marbles = (6 + 4) = 10
Then n(S) = number of ways of selecting one marble out of 10 = 10C1 = 10 ways
(i)
Let E1 = event of getting a white marble
∴ n(E1) = 4C1 = 4
4
C 4 2
C1 10 5
(ii)
Let E2 = event of getting a white marble, which is odd numbered.
that is. E2 = {13, 15}
∴ n(E2) = 2
n  E2  2 1
n  S  10 5
(iii)
Let E3 = event of getting an even numbered marble
that is. E3 = {2, 4, 6, 12, 14}
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∴ n(E3) = 5
n  E3  5 1
nS  10 2
(iv)
Let E4 = event of getting a red marble
that is. E4 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
∴ n(E4) = 6
Now, P(E4) = 6  3 …(i)
10 5
Let E5 = event of getting even numbered marble
Then E5 = {2, 4, 6, 12, 14}
that is.n(E5) = 5
5 1
Now, P(E5) =  …(ii)
10 2
From (i) and (ii), we get:
E4 ∩ E5 = {2, 4, 6}
⇒n(E4 ∩ E5) = 3
⇒P(E4 ∩ E5) = 310
By addition theorem, we have:
P (E4 ∪ E5) = P(E4) + P (E5) − P (E4 ∩ E5)
3 1 3 8 4
⇒ P (E4 ∪ E5) =    
5 2 10 10 5
Hence, required probability = P(E4 ∪ E5) = 4
5
Q38.
Solution :
Total number of students = (10 + 8) = 18
Then n(S) = number of ways of selecting 3 students out of 18 = 18C3 ways
(i)
Out of 10 boys, three boys can be selected in 10C3ways.
∴ Favourable number of events, n(E) = 10C3
10
C 10  9  8 5
C3 18 17 16 34
(ii)
Out of eight girls, three girls can be selected in 8C3 ways.
∴ Favourable number of events, n(E) = 8C3
8
C 8 7  6 7
C3 18 17 16 102
(iii)
One boy and two girls can be selected in 10C1 × 8C2.
∴ Favourable number of events = 10C1 × 8C2
10
C1  8C2 10  28 35
 
C3 816 102
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(iv)
Probability of at least one girl = 1 – P(no girl)
= 1 – P(all 3 are boys)
10
C 5 29
= 1  18 3  1  
C3 34 34
(v)
Let E be the event with at most one girl in the group.
Then E = {0 girl, 1 girl}
∴ Favourable number of events, n(E) = 8C0 × 10C3 × 8C1 × 10C2
Hence, the required probability is proveded by
8
C0  10C3  8C1  10C2
18
C3
1 10C3  8C1  10C2
 18
C3
1120  8  45

816
480

816
10

17
Q39.
Solution :
Out of 52 cards from a deck, 5 cards can be drawn in 52C5 ways.
Out of 13 cards of heart, 5 cards can be drawn in 13C5 ways.
∴ Favourable number of events = 13C5
13
C 13  12  11 10  9 33
C5 52  51 50  49  48 66640
Q40.
Solution :
Clearly, the sample space is proveded by S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5,…19, 20}.
∴ n(S) = 20C2 = 190
(i)
Let E1 be the event where both the tickets have prime numbers on them.
Then E1 = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
∴ Favourable number of ways = n(E1) = 8C2
n  E1  8C2 14
n  S  20C2 95
(ii)
Let E2 be the event where one ticket has a prime number, while the other has a multiple of 4.
Then prime numbers = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
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and multiples of 4 = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20}
∴ Favourable number of ways, n(E2) = 8C1× 5C1 = 8 × 5 = 40
n  E 2  40 4
Hence, required probability, P(E2 ) =  
n  S  190 19
Q41.
Solution :
(i)
Out of three red balls, two red balls can be chosen in 3C2 ways.
∴ Favourable number of ways = 3C2 = 3
3 1
105 35
(ii)
Out of three red balls, one red ball can be drawn in 3C1 ways; and out of five black balls, one
black ball can be drawn in 5C1 ways.
Therefore, one red and one black can be drawn in 3C1× 5C1 ways.
15 1
105 7
(iii)
Out of seven white balls, one white ball can be drawn in 7C1 ways; and one ball can be drawn
from the rest of the other coloured (red and black) balls in 8C1 ways.
56 8
105 15
Q42.
Solution :
(i)
Here, each of the numbers p(ωi) is positive and less than 1.

∴ Sum of probabilities = pω1+pω2+pω3+pω4+pω5+pω6+pω7
= 0. 1 + 0.01 + 0.05 + 0.03 + 0.01 + 0.2 + 0.6 = 1
Thus, the assignment is valid.
(ii)
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
=        7 1
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
Thus, the assignment is valid.
(iii)

= 0.7 + 0.6 + 0.5 + 0.4 + 0.3 + 0.2 + 0.1
= 2.8 ≠ 1
Thus, the assignment is not valid.
(iv)
Proveded:
15
p  7   1
14
Thus, the assignment is not valid.
Q43.
Solution :
Total number of people = 2 + 2 = 4
Out of these four people, two can be selected in 4C2 = 6 ways.
(i) No man in the committee of two means that there will be two women in the committee.
Out of two women, two can be selected in 2C2 = 1 way.
2
C 1 1
∴ P(no man) = 4 2  
C2 2  3 6
(ii) One man in the committee of two means that there is one woman in the committee.
One man out of 2 can be selected in 2C1 = 2 ways.
One woman out of 2 can be selected in 2C1 = 2 ways.
Together, they can be selected in 2C1 × 2C1 ways.
2
C1  2 C1 2  2 2
∴ P (one man) = 4
 
C2 23 3
(iii) Two men can be selected in 2C2 way.
2
C 1 1
∴ P (two men) = 4 2  
C2 2  3 6
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Q44.
Solution :
Out of four men and six women, one person can be chosen in 10C1 = 10 ways.
Number of ways of selecting one women out of six women = 6C1 = 6 ways.
6 3
∴Required probability= 6  3
10 5
Exercise: 33.4
Page Number: 33.67
Q1.
Answer :
Given:
P(A) = 0.3, P (B) = 0.4 and P (A ∪ B) = 0.5
P (A ∪ B) = P(A) + P (B) – P (A ∩ B)
⇒ 0.5 = 0.3 + 0.4 – P (A ∩ B)
⇒ 0.5 = 0.7 – P (A ∩ B)
⇒ P (A ∩ B) = 0.7 – 0.5
= 0.2
Hence, P (A ∩ B) = 0.2
Q2.
Answer :
Given:
P(A) = 0.5, P (B) = 0.3 and P (A ∩ B) = 0.2
P (A ∪ B) = P(A) + P (B) – P (A ∩ B)
⇒ P (A ∪ B) = 0.5 + 0.3 – 0.2
= 0.8 – 0.2 = 0.6
Hence, P (A ∪ B) = 0.6
Q3.
Answer :
Given:
P (A ∪ B) = 0.8, P (A ∩ B) = 0.3 and P  A  =0.5
We know that
PA+P  A  =1
⇒PA+0.5=1
⇒PA=1-0.5=0.5
P (A ∪ B) = P(A) + P (B) -P (A ∩ B)
⇒ 0.8 = 0.5 + P (B) – 0.3
⇒ 0.8 = 0.2 + P (B)
⇒ P (B) = 0.8 – 0.2
= 0.6
Hence, P (B) = 0.6
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Q4.
Answer :
Given:
P(A) = 1/2 and P(B) = 1/3
For mutually exclusive events A and B, we have:
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
1 1 3 2 5
   
2 3 6 6
5
Hence, P  Aor B  
6
Q5.
Answer :
(a)
Given:
P(A) = 0.4 and P(B) = 0.5
If A and B be mutually exclusive event, then P (A ∩ B) = 0
(i)
P (A ∪ B) = P(A) + P (B) – P (A ∩ B)
= 0.4 + 0.5 – 0 = 0.9
(ii)
 
P A  B  1 P  A  B
= 1 – 0.9 = 0.1
(iii)
P  A  B   P  A  P  A  B 
= 0.5 – 0 = 0.5
(iv)
P  A  B   P  A  P  A  B 
= 0.4 – 0 = 0.4
(b)
Given:
P (A) = 0.54, P (B) = 0.69 and P (A ∩ B) = 0.35
(i)
P (A ∪ B) = P(A) + P (B) – P (A ∩ B)
= 0.54 + 0.69 – 0.35
= 0.88
(ii)
P  A  B  1 P  A  B
= 1 – 0.88
= 0.12
(iii)
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P  A  B   P  A  P  A  B 
= 0.54 – 0.35
= 0.19
(iv)
P  A  B  P  B  P  A  B
= 0.69 – 0.35
= 0.34
(c)
Given:
1 1 1
P  A   , P  B   and P  A  B  
3 5 15
(i)
P (A ∪ B) = P(A) + P (B) – P (A ∩ B)
1 1 1
  
3 5 15
5  3 1 7
 
15 15
(ii)
Given:
P (A) = 0.35, P (A ∪ B) = 0.6 and P (A ∩ B) = 0.25
P (A ∪ B) = P(A) + P (B)- P (A ∩ B)
0.6 = 0.35 + P (B) – 0.25
P (B) = 0.6 – 0.35 + 0.25
= 0.6 – 0.1 = 0.5
(iii)
Given:
P (A) = 0.5, P(B) = 0.35 and P (A ∪ B) = 0.7
P (A ∪ B) = P(A) + P (B) – P (A ∩ B)
0.7 = 0.5 + 0.35 – P (A ∩ B)
P (A ∩ B) = 0.5 + 0.35 – 0.7
= 0.85 – 0.7 = 0.15
Q6.
Answer :
Since the odds against event A are 8 : 3, the probability of the happening of event A is given by
3 3
P(A) = 
8  3 11
Similarly, the odds against event B are 5 : 2.
2 2
So, P(B) = 
5 2 7
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Since events A, B and C are such that one of them must and only one can happen, A, B and C are
mutually exclusive and totally exhaustive events.
Consequently, A ∪ B ∪ C = S
and A ∩ B = B ∩ C = C ∩ A = Φ
Thus, P (A ∪ B ∪ C) = P(S) = 1
⇒ P(A) + P(B) + P(C) = 1
3 2
⇒   P C   1
11 7
3 2 34
 P C   1   
11 7 77
 34  34
Hence, odds against the events are P  C  : P  C    1   :
 77  77
= (77 – 34) : 34
= 43 : 34
Q7.
Answer :
Let the given events be A and B
2
Now, P  A   P  B 
3
Let P(B) = x
2
 P  A  x
3
The events A and B are exhaustive.
∴ P(A) or P(B) = 1
⇒ P(A) + P(B) = 1 (∵ A and B are mutually exclusive)
2
 x  x 1
3
5x
  1 ⇒x=35
3
3
 P  B 
5
This implies that the odds in favour of B are 3 : (5 – 2), i.e. 3 : 2.
Q8.
Answer :
If A and B denote the events of drawing a spade card and a king, respectively, then event A
consists of 13 sample points, whereas event B consists of four sample points.
Thus, PA=13/52 and PB=4/52
The compound event (A ∩ B) consists of only one sample point, i.e. the king of spade.
So, PA∩B=152
P (A ∪ B) = P(A) + P (B)- P (A ∩ B)
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= 1352+452-152=13+4-152=1652=413
Hence, the probability that the card drawn is either a spade or a king is given by 413.
Q9.
Answer :
Here, S = {(1, 1), (1, 2)…,(6, 5), (6, 6)}
∴ Number of possible outcomes = 6 × 6 = 36
Let E be the event where a doublet appears and F be the event where the total is 9.
i.e. E = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)}
and F = {(3, 6), (4, 5), (5, 4), (6, 3)}
6 1 4 1
PE   and P  F   
36 6 36 9
 
P(neither a doublet nor a total of 9) = P  E  F   P  E  F   1  P  E  F  …(i)
The events E and F are mutually exclusive.
P (E ∪ F) = P(E) + P (F)
1 1 3 2 5
=   
6 9 18 18
From (i), we get:
5 18  5 13
P  E  F  =1   
18 18 18
Q10.
Answer :
Then n(S) = 500
∴ Total number of elementary events = 500
Let A be the event where the number selected is divisible by 3 and B be the event where the
number selected is divisible by 5.
Then A = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, …498}
and B = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, …500}
and (A ∩ B) = { 15, 30, 45, …495}
We have:
498
n  A   166
3
500
nB   100
5
495
n  AB    33 [∵ LCM of 3 and 5 is 15]
15
166 100 33
 P  A  ,P B  and P  A  B  
500 500 500
Now, required probability = P(a number is divisible by 3 or 5)
= P (A ∪ B)
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= P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
166 100 33 266  33 233
=    
500 500 500 500 500
Q11.
Answer :
Let A be event where the first throw comes up with the number 3.
Also, let B be the event where the second throw comes up with the number 3.
∴ Favourable events of A = {(3, 1),(3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)} = 6
6 1
 P  A  
36 6
∴ Favourable events of B = {(1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 3), (4, 3),(5, 3), (6, 3) } = 6
6 1
 P  B  
36 6
1
Also, P  A  B   [∵ Only one event will be common, i.e. (3, 3)]
36
Hence, required probability =P(A∪B)
 P  A  P  B   P  A  B 
1 1 1
  
6 6 36
6  6 1

36
11

36
Q12.
Answer :
If A and B denote the events of drawing an ace and a spade card, respectively, then event A
consists of four sample points, whereas event B consists of 13 sample points.
Thus, P(A)=4/52 and P(B)=13/52
The compound event (A ∩ B) consists of only one sample point, i.e. an ace of spade.
So, PA∩B=1/52
P (A ∪ B) = P(A) + P (B) – P (A ∩ B)
4 13 1 4  13  1 16 4
=     
52 52 52 52 52 13
Hence, the probability that the card drawn is either an ace or a spade card is given by 4/13.
Q13.
Answer :
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P  a spade or a king   P  a spade   P  a king   P  a king of spade 
13 4 1
  
52 52 52
16

52
4

13
Q14.
Answer :
Then n(S) = 100
Let A be the event where the number selected is divisible by 4 and B be the event where the
Then A = {4, 8, 12, 16, …100 }
B = { 6, 12, 18, 24, …96},
and (A ∩ B) = {12, 24, …96}
Now, we have:
n(A)=100/4=25
N(B)=96/6=16
n(A∩B)=96/12=8 [∵ LCM of 4 and 6 is 12]
∴P(A)=25/100, P(B)=16/100 and P(A∩B)=8/100
= P (A ∪ B)
= P(A) + P(B) -P(A ∩ B)
25 16 8 25  16  8 33
=    
100 100 100 100 100
Q15.
Answer :
Out of 52 cards, four cards can be randomly chosen in 52C4 ways.
∴ n(S) = 52C4
Let A = event where the four cards drawn are red
and B = event where the four cards drawn are black
Then, n(A) = 26C4 and n(B) = 26C4
26 26
C C
 P  A   52 4 and P  B   52 4
C4 C4
A and B are mutually exclusive events.
i.e. P (A ∩ B) = 0
P (A ∪ B) = P(A) + P (B) – P (A ∩ B)
26 26
C C
= 52 4  52 4 - 0
C4 C4
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46 46
= 
17  49 17  49
46 92
= 2 
17  49 833
92
Hence, the probability that all the drawn cards are of the same colour is .
833
Q16.
Answer :
Let S be the sample space associated with the experiment of students who appeared for two
examination.
Then n(S) = 100
Consider the following events:
A = students passed in first examination
B = students passed in second examination
Then n(A) = 60 and n(B) = 50 and n(A ∩ B) = 30
∴P(A)=60/100, P(B)=50/100 and P(A∩B)=30/100
P (A ∪ B) = P(A) + P (B) – P (A ∩ B)
50 60 30 50  60  30 80 4
=     
100 100 100 100 100 5
Hence, the probability that a student selected at random has passed at least one examination is
4/5.
Q17.
Answer :
There are 10 + 6 + 10 = 26 balls in total.
So, the total number of possible outcomes is 26.
W = event of drawing a white ball
R = event of drawing a red ball
Then n(W) = 10 and n(R) = 6
Since both the events are mutually exclusive, we have:
(A ∩ B) = 0
∴P(A)=10/26, P(B)=6/26 and P (A ∩ B) = 0
P (A ∪ B) = P(A) + P (B) -P (A ∩ B)
10 6
=  0
26 26
16 8
= 
26 13
Hence, the probability that the ball drawn is either white or red is 8/13.
Q18.
Answer :
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Let Q, R, S and T be the events where horses A, B, C and D win the race, respectively.
1 1 1 1
Then, P  Q   , P  R   , P  S   and P T  
4 5 6 7
Since only one horse can win the race, Q, R, S and T are mutually exclusive events.
∴ Required probability = P (Q ∪ R ∪ S ∪ T)
= P(Q) + P(R) + P(S) + P(T)
1 1 1 1
=   
4 5 6 7
= 319/420
Q19.
Answer :
We have two events such that
A = a person will travel by plane
and B = a person will travel by train.
i.e. P(A)=3/5 and P(B)=1/4
Since A and B are mutually exclusive events, we have:
P (A ∩ B) = 0
P (A ∪ B) = P(A) + P (B) – P (A ∩ B)
3 1 12  5 17
=  0  
5 4 20 20
Hence, required probability = 17/20
Q20.
Answer :
Then n(S) = number of ways of drawing two cards out of 52 = 52C2
Let E1 = event in which both the cards are black cards
and E2 = event in which both the cards are kings.
Then (E1∩ E2) = event of getting two black kings
i.e. n(E1) = number of ways of drawing two black cards out of the black cards = 26C2
n(E2) = number of ways of drawing two kings out of four kings = 4C2
∴ n(E1∩ E2) = number of ways of drawing two black kings out of two kings = 2C2 = 1
n  E1  26C2 n  E2  4C2
Thus, P  E1    52 ; P  E2   
nS  C2 n  S  52C2
n  E1 E2 1
and P  E1 E2    52
nS  C2
∴ P(drawing both red cards or both kings) = P(E1or E2)
= P(E1∪ E2)
= P(E1) + P(E2)- P( E1∩ E2)
 26C 4
C 1 
=  52 2  52 2  52 
 C2 C2 C2 
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=
 26
C 2  4C 2  1 
52
C2
 326  6  1 330 55
=  
1326 1326 221
55
Hence, the required probability is .
221
Q21.
Answer :
4 3 12
 P  2 aces     ,
52 51 52  51
26 25 26  25
P  2 black cards    
52 51 52  51
2 1 2
and , P  2 black aces    
52 51 52  51
 P  either aces or black cards   P  2 aces   P  2 black cards   P  2 black aces 
12 26  25 2
  
52  51 52  51 52  51
662  2

52  51
660

52  51
55

13  17
55

221
Q22.
Answer :
The numbers of bolts and nuts are 30 and 40, respectively.
Then the numbers of rusted bolts and rusted nuts are 15 and 20, respectively.
Total number of items = 30 + 40 = 70
Total number of rusted items = 15 + 20 = 35
Total number of ways of drawing two items = 70C2
Let R and B be the events in which both the items drawn are rusted items and bolts, respectively.
R and B are not mutually exclusive events, because there are 15 rusted bolts.
P(items are both rusted or both bolts) = P (R ∪ B)
= P(R) + P (B) -P (R ∩ B)
35 30 15
C C C 1 2  35  34 30  29 15  14 
= 70 2  70 2  70 2     
C2 C2 C2 70  69  1 2 1 2 1 2 
1850 185
 
70  69 483
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Q23.
Answer :
Let S be the sample space. Then n(S) = 200
Let A be the event in which the number selected is divisible by 6 and B be the event in which the
Then A = {6, 12, 18, 24, …198 },
B = { 8, 16, 24, 32, …200}
and (A ∩ B) = {24, 48, 72, …192}
Now, we have:
n(A)=198/6=33
n(B)=200/8=25
n(A∩B)=192/24=8 [∵ LCM of 6 and 8 is 24]
33 25 8
 P  A  ,P B  and P  A  B  
200 200 200
= P (A ∪ B)
= P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
33 25 8 33  25  8 50 1
=     
200 200 200 200 200 4
Q24.
Answer :
Let S be the sample space associated with the experiment that a coin is tossed four times.
Then n(S) = 24 = 16
A: Event of getting 2 tails
B : Event of getting 3 tails
Then A = {HHTT , HTHT, HTTH, THTH, TTHH, THHT}
n(A) = 6
∴P(A)=6/16
B = {HTTT, THTT, TTHT, TTTH}
n (B) = 4
∴P(B)=4/16
Since events A and B are mutually exclusive, we have:
P(A∩B)=0
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P (B) – P (A ∩ B)
6 4 10 5
=  0  
16 16 16 8
Q25.
Answer :
Let A and B be the events of passing the first and the second examinations, respectively.
Accordingly, P(A) = 0.8, P(B) = 0.7 and P(A or B) = 0.95
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We know that
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A and B)
⇒ 0.95 = 0.8 + 0.7 – P(A and B)
⇒ P(A and B) = 0.8 + 0.7 – 0.95
= 1.5 – 0.95 = 0.55
Thus, the probability of passing both the examinations is 0.55.
Q26.
Answer :
Let A and B be the events of passing English and Hindi examinations, respectively.
Accordingly, we have:
P(A and B) = 0.5
P(not A and not B) = 0.1 [i.e. P(A’ ∩ B’) = 0.1]
P(A) = 0.75
Now, P(A∪B) + P(A’ ∩ B’) = 1
⇒ P(A∪B) = 1- P(A’ ∩ B’)
= 1 – 0.1 = 0.9
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
⇒ 0.9 = 0.75 + P (B) – 0.5
⇒ P(B) = 0.9 – 0.75 + 0.5
⇒ P(B) = 0.65
Thus, the probability of passing the Hindi examination is 0.65.
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Exercise: 33 VSA
Page Number: 33.70
Question 1.
Solution:
Let S be the sample space associated with three numbers that are chosen at random from the
numbers 1 to 30.
30! 30 29 28 27 !
∴ n(S) = 30C3 = 27!3! 27!3 21 5 29 28 4060
Let E be the favourable number of elementary events that the chosen numbers are
consecutive. E = {(1, 2, 3), (2, 3, 4), (3, 4, 5),…, (27, 28, 29), (28, 29, 30)}
i.e. n(E) = 28C1 = 28
nE 28 1
Hence, required probability = P  E    
n  S  4060 145
Question 2.
Solution:
It is given that n (≥ 3) persons are seated in a row and two persons are selected.
∴ Total number of elementary event = n(S) = nC2
Let E be the event associated with the experiment that two persons are together.
∴ n(E) = n -1C1
nE
Thus, required probability = P(E) =
nS 
n 1
C1
= n
C2
 n  1  2  n  1  2
=
n  n  1 n  n  1 n
2
Question 3.
Solution:
There are 11 letters in the word ‘PROBABILITY’.
i.e. n(S) = 11
There are 4 vowels (O, A, I, I) in the given word.
i.e. n(vowel) = 4
∴ Probability (vowel) = 4/11
Question 4.
Solution:
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We know that a leap year has 366 days (i.e. 7 × 52 + 2) = 52 weeks and 2 extra days
The sample space for these two extra days are as follows:
There are 7 cases.
i.e. n(S) = 7
Let E be the event that a leap year has 53 Fridays or 53 Saturdays.
Then E = { (Thursday, Friday), (Friday, Saturday), (Saturday, Sunday)}
i.e. n(E) = 3
nE 3
PE  
nS  7
Hence, the probability that a leap year has 53 Fridays or 53 Saturdays is 3/7.
Question 5.
Solution:
If three dices are thrown simultaneously, then the number of all the possible outcomes are 63=
216.
∴ Total number of possible outcome = n(S) = 216
Let A be the event of getting a sum of 15 when three dices are thrown simultaneously.
The favourable outcomes are as follows:
A = {(3,6 , 6), (4, 6, 5), (5, 6, 4), (6, 6, 3), (6, 3, 6), (6, 4, 5), (6, 5, 4), (4, 5, 6), (5, 5, 5), (5, 4, 6)}
i.e. number of favourable outcomes = n(A) = 10
10
Hence, required probability = P (getting a sum of 15) =
216
Question 6.
Solution:
There are 11 letters in the word ‘MISSISSIPPI’ which can be arranged in 11! ways.
Number of the letter S = 4
Let us consider the four S’s in the given word as one letter.
So, when the four letters are clubbed together, we have (SSSS) MIIIPPI. We can arrange eight
letters in a row in 8! ways.
Also, the four S’s can be arranges in 4! ways.
8! 4! 8! 4  3  2 4  3 2 4
Hence, required probability =   
11! 11 10  9  8! 11 10  9 165
Question 7.
Solution:
Probability of any chosen month out of 12 months = 1/12
There are seven possible ways in which a month can start and it will be a Friday on the 13th day
if the first day of the month is Sunday.
So, its probability = 1/7
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Thus, required probability = 1/12×1/7=1/84
Hence, the probability that the 13th day of a randomly chosen month is Friday = 1/84
Question 8.
Solution:
We choose three vertices out of 6 in 6C3 = 20 ways.
∴ Total number of elementary events = n(S) = 20
Number of ways of choosing an equilateral triangle = 2
i.e. A1A3A5 or A2A4A6

∴ Total number of favourable events = n(E) = 2
2 1
20 10
Question 9.
Solution:
 
P  E1 E2   E1 E2   P  E  E  E   E   E  E 
1 1 2 2 1 2
=P(ϕ∪ϕ)=0
Question 10.
Solution:
P(A¯∩B)=1-P(A∪B)
⇒P(A∪B) =1-P(A¯∩B)=1-1/3=2/3
P (A ∪ B) = P(A) + P (B) – P (A ∩ B)
∴ P(A) + P (B) = P (A ∪ B) + P (A ∩ B)
2 1 4 1 5
=   
3 6 6 6
Thus, P(A) + P (B) = 5/6 …(i)
Again, P (A ∩ B) = P(A) × P(A) = 1/6
By formula, we have:
{P(A) − P (B)}2 = {P(A) + P (B)}2 − 4 × P(A) × P(B)
2
 5  4 25 4 25  24 1
=      
 6  6 36 6 36 36
∴ P(A) − P(B) = 1/6 …(ii)

From (i) and (ii), we get:
2P(A) = 1
Hence, P(A) = 1/2 and P(B) = 1/3
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Exercise: 33 MCQ
Page Number: 33.71
Q1.
Solution:
(c) 4/13
If A and B denote the events of drawing a king and a spade card, respectively, then event A
consists of four sample points, whereas event B consists of 13 sample points.
Thus, P(A)=4/52 and P(B)=13/52
The compound event (A ∩ B) consists of only one sample point, king of spade.
So, P(A∩B)=1/52
By addition theorem , we have:
P (A ∪ B) = P(A) + P (B) − P (A ∩ B)
4 13 1 16 4
=    
52 52 52 52 13
Hence, the probability that the card drawn is either a king or a spade is given by 4/13
Q2.
Solution:
(b) 3/4
When two dice are thrown, there are (6 × 6) = 36 outcomes.
The set of all these outcomes is the sample space, given by
S = (1, 1) , (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6)
(2, 1) , (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6)
(3, 1) , (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)
(4, 1) , (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6)
(5, 1) , (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6)
(6, 1) , (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)
i.e. n(S) = 36
Let E be the event of getting at least one digit greater than 3.
Then E = {(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 1) , (4, 2), (4, 3), (4,
4), (4, 5), (4, 6),
(5, 1) , (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 1) , (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6) }
∴ n(E) = 27
27 3
36 4
Q3.
Solution:
(c) 1/9
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When two dice are thrown, there are (6 × 6) = 36 outcomes.
The set of all these outcomes is the sample space given by
S = (1, 1) , (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6)
(2, 1) , (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6)
(3, 1) , (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)
(4, 1) , (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6)
(5, 1) , (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6)
(6, 1) , (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)
i.e. n(S) = 36
Let E be the event of getting a total score of 5.
Then E = {(1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 1)}
∴ n(E) = 4
nE 4 1
n  S  36 9
Q4.
Solution:
(b) 6/36
When two dices are thrown, there are (6 × 6) = 36 outcomes.
The set of all these outcomes is the sample space given by
S = (1, 1) , (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6)
(2, 1) , (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6)
(3, 1) , (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)
(4, 1) , (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6)
(5, 1) , (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6)
(6, 1) , (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)
∴ n(S) = 36
Then E = {(1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1)}
∴ n(E) = 6
nE 6
n  S  36
Q5.
Solution:
(b) 1/12
The set of all these outcomes is the sample space, given by
S = (1, 1) , (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6)
(2, 1) , (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6)
(3, 1) , (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)
(4, 1) , (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6)
(5, 1) , (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6)
(6, 1) , (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)
i.e. n(S) = 36
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Then E = {(4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4)}
∴ n(E) = 3
nE 3 1
n  S  36 12
Q6.
Solution:
(c) 1/10
Clearly, the sample space is given by
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5… 97, 98, 99, 100}
∴ n(S) = 100
Let E = event of getting a square.
Then E = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100}
∴ n(E) = 10
n  E  10 1
n  S  100 10
Q7.
Solution:
(a) 47/66
∴ Total number of elementary events, n(S) = 12C2 = 66
We observe that at least one ball of each colour can be drawn in one of the following mutually
exclusive ways:
(i) 1 red and 1 white
(ii) 1 red and 1 blue
(iii) 1 white and 1 blue
Thus, if we define three events A, B and C as follows:
A = drawing 1 red and 1 white
B = drawing 1 red and 1 blue
C = drawing 1 white and 1 blue
then, A, B and C are mutually exclusive events.
∴ Required probability = P(A ∪ B ∪ C)
= P(A) + P(B) + P(C)
3
C1  4C1 3C1  5C1 4C1  5C1
= 12
 12  12
C2 C2 C2
3 4 3 5 4  5
=  
66 66 66
12 15 20 47
=   
66 66 56 66
Q8.
Solution:
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(b) 13/18
The set of all these outcomes is the sample space is given by
S = (1, 1) , (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6)
(2, 1) , (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6)
(3, 1) , (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)
(4, 1) , (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6)
(5, 1) , (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6)
(6, 1) , (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)
∴ n(S) = 36
Let E be the event of getting the digits which are neither equal nor give a total of 9.
Then E’ = event of getting either a doublet or a total of 9
Thus, E’ = {{1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6), (3, 6), (4, 5), (5, 4), (6, 3)}
i.e. n(E’) = 10
n  E '  10 5
P(E’) =  
n  S  36 18
Hence, required probability P(E) = 1- P(E’)
5 13
= 1 
18 18
Q9.
Solution:
(c) 10/21
There are nine persons (three men, two women and four children) out of which four persons can
be selected in 9C4 = 126 ways.
Exactly two children means selecting two children and two other people from three men and two
women.
This can be done in 4C2 × 5C2 ways.
∴ Favourable number of elementary events = 4C2 × 5C2 = 60
60 10
So, required probability = 
126 21
Q10.
Solution:
(a) 0.39
Given:
P(A) = 0.25, P(B) = 0.50 and P(A∩B) = 0.14
∴ Required probability = 1 -P(A∪B)
= 1 – [P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B)]
= 1 – [0.25 + 0.50 – 0.14]
= 1 – 0.61 = 0.39
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Q11
Solution:
(c) 1/3
Total number of sample space, S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
∴ n(S) = 6
Let A be the event of getting the number 1 or 6.
A = {1, 6}
i.e. n(A) = 2
n  A 2 1
nS  6 3
Q12.
Solution:
(d) 1/132
Total number of ways in which six boys and six girls can be seated in a row = (12)!
Taking all the six girls as one person, seven persons can be seated in a row in 7! ways. The six
girls can be arranged among themselves in 6! ways.
Then number of ways in which six boys and six girls can be seated in a row so that all the girls
sit together = 7! × 6!
7! 6! 720
∴ Required probability =   1/132
12! 12 11 10  9  8
Q13.
Solution:
(b) is false
Since the events A, B and C are mutually exclusive, we have:
P(A∪B∪C)=2/3+1/4+1/6=13/12>1 , which is not possible.
Hence, the given statement is false.
Q14.
Solution:
(b) (−1/4, 1/3)

P(A) = (1 − 3p)/2
P(B) = (1 + 4p)/3
P(C) = (1 + p)/6
The events are mutually exclusive and exhaustive.
∴ P(A ∪ B ∪ C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) = 1
⇒ 0≤PA≤1, 0≤PB≤1, 0≤PC≤1
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⇒ 0≤1-3p2≤1, 0≤1+4p3≤1, 0≤1+p6≤1
⇒-1/3≤p≤13, …(i)
-14≤p≤12 …(ii)
and -1≤p≤5 …(iii)
The common solution of (i), (ii) and (iii) is -1/4≤p≤1/3.
∴ The set values of p are (-1/4 , 1/3)
Q15.
Solution:
(c) 9/20
We have:
P(both are aces) = 4C2 /16C2= 4/16×3/15=1/20
P(one is ace) = 4C1×12C1/16C2=2/5
∴ P(at least one is ace) = 1/20+2/5=9/20
Q16.
Solution:
(c) 1/36
When three dice are thrown together, the sample space S associated with the random experiment
is given by
S = {(1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 2), (1, 1, 3) …(6, 6, 5), (6, 6, 6)}
Clearly, total number of elementary events n(S) = 216
Let A be the event of getting a total score of 5.
Then A = { (1, 1, 3), (1, 3, 1), (3, 1, 1), (1, 2, 2), (2, 1, 2), (2, 2, 1)}
∴ Favourable number of elementary events = 6
i.e. n(A) = 6
Hence, required probability = 6/216=1/36
Q17.
Solution:
(d) 3 : 2
Let P(B) = x
Then, P(A) = 2×3
P(A) + P(B) = x+2×3=5×3
⇒5×3=1 (∵ They are exhaustive events)
⇒x=35
Now, P(A)=2/5 and PB=3/5
∴ Odd in favour of B = 3/51-3/5=3/2=3:2
Q18.
Solution:
(b) 3/7
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We know that a leap year has 366 days (i.e. 7 × 52 + 2) = 52 weeks and 2 extra days
The sample space for these 2 extra days is given below:
There are 7 cases.
∴ n(S) = 7
Let E be the event that the leap year has 53 Fridays or 53 Saturdays.
E = { (Thursday, Friday), (Friday, Saturday), (Saturday, Sunday)}
i.e. n(E) = 3
∴PE=nEnS=37∴P(E)=n(E)n(S)=3/7
Hence, the probability that a leap year has 53 Fridays or 53 Saturdays is 3/7.
Q19.
Solution:
(d) 23/24
Total number of ways of placing four letters in 4 envelops = 4! = 24
All the letters can be dispatched in the right envelops in only one way. Therefore, the probability
that all the letters are placed in the right envelops is 1/24.
Hence, probability that all the letters are not placed in the right envelops = 1-1/24=23/24
Q20.
Solution:
(a) 0.39
P (A) = 0.25 and P (B) = 0.50
P(A∩B) = 0.14
∴ Required probability = 1 – P(A∪B)
= 1 – [P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B)]
= 1 – [0.25 + 0.50 – 0.14]
= 1 – 0.61 = 0.39
Q21.
Solution:
(c) 19/50
Given:
P(A) = 1/5
∴ P(A’) = 1-1/5=4/5
P(B) = 3/10
∴ P(B’) = 1-3/10=7/10
Hence, required probability = P(A∩ B’) + P(A’∩ B)
= 7/50+12/50=19/50
Q22
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Solution:
(a) 64/64
The Solution is one, because the article would be either good or defective as per the question.
Hence, the only option is 64/64=1.
Q23.
Solution:
(c) 17/19
Number of ways in which we can choose three distinct integers from 20 integers = 20C3 = 1140
We know that, if we take three odd numbers, there product will always be an odd number.
Out of 20 consecutive integers, 10 are even and 10 are odd integers.
Number of ways in which we can choose three distinct odd integers from 10 odd integers= 10C3
= 120
P(product is even) = 1 – P(product is odd)
= 1-120/1140=(1140-120)/1140=1020/1140=17/19
Q24.
Solution:
(c) 15/29
The total number of ways in which two integers can be chosen from the given 30 integers is
30C2.
The sum of the selected numbers is odd if exactly one of them is even or odd.
∴ Favourable number of outcomes = 15C1 × 15C1
Hence, required probability = (15C1 × 15C1)/(30C2)=15/29
Q25.
Solution:
(d) 2/3
Out of 12 balls, one ball can be drawn in 12C1 ways.
Out of fivne black balls, one black ball can be chosen in 5C1 = 5 ways.
Out of three red balls, one red ball can be chosen in 3C1 = 3 ways.
∴ Favourable number of events = 5 + 3 = 8
Hence, required probability = 8/12=2/3
Q26.
Solution:
(a) 1/36
When two dice are thrown simultaneously, the sample space associated with the random
experiment is given by:
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S = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3) …(6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
Clearly, total number of elementary events = 36
Let A be the event of getting a pair of aces.
Then A = {(1, 1)}
∴ n(A) = 1
Hence, required probability = n(A)/n(S)=1/36
Q27.
Solution:
(a) 5/84
Three balls can be drawn randomly from nine balls in 9C3 = 84 ways.
Three balls cannot be red as there are only two red balls.
Three balls of the same colour can be drawn in the following ways :
3 blue out of a total of 3 blue balls.
The probability for which is =184.
3 black out of a total of 4 black balls.
The probability for which is =4/84.
Hence, required probability = 1/84+4/84=5/84
Q28
Solution:
7
P
(a) 55
7
Since, it is an eight-storey building.
So, there are 7 possible options for them in 7 floors in total if ground floor is not considered.
Hence, total possible outcomes = 7× 7× 7 × 7 × 7= 75
Thus, number of ways in which 5 persons can leave from seven floors differently = 7P5
7
P
∴ Required probability = 55
7
Q29.
Solution:
(a) 64/64
Let A be the event of drawing one good article whereas B be the event of drawing one defected
article.
Here,
10 10 6 6
P  A   and P  B   
10  6 16 10  6 16
The events A and B are mutually exclusive. Thus, the required probability is
P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B).
10 6 16
 P  A  B    1
16 16 16
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Hence, the correct option is (a).
Q30.
Solution:
(c) 11/16
If the numbers of nails and nuts are 6 and 10, respectively, then the numbers of rusted nails and
rusted nuts are 3 and 5, respectively.
Total number of items = 6 + 10 = 16
Total number of rusted items = 3 + 5 = 8
Total number of ways of drawing one item = 16C1
Let R and N be the events where both the items drawn are rusted items and nails, respectively.
R and N are not mutually exclusive events, because there are 3 rusted nails.
P(either a rusted item or a nail ) = P (R ∪ N)
= P(R) + P (N) – P (R ∩ N)
6 8 3
C1 C1 C
= 16  16  16 1
C1 C1 C1
6 8 3 11
=   
16 16 16 16
Q31.
Solution:
(a) 1/4
Let P(B) = p
1
Then P(A) = p
3
Since A and B are two mutually exclusive events, we have:
A∪B=S
⇒ P (A∪B) = P (S)
⇒ P (A∪B) = 1
⇒ P (A) + P (B) = 1
1
⇒ p  p 1
3
4p
 1
3
3
 p
4
1 1 3 1
∴ P (A) = p   
3 3 4 4
Question 32.
Solution:
Number of ways to map 1st element in set A = n
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Number of ways to map 2nd element in set A = II and so on
Total number of mapping from set A to itself = n  n  ...n (n times) = nn For one to one
mapping,
Number of ways to map 1st element in set A = n Number of ways to map 2nd element in set A = n -
1 Number of ways to map 3rd element in set A = n – 2
Number of ways to map nth element in set A=1
n   n  1   n  2   ...1  n !
Total number of one to one mapping from set A to itself=
Total number of oneto one mappings from set Atoitself n !  n  1 !
Required probility=   n  n 1
Total number of mappings from set Atoitself n n
Hence, the correct option is (c)
Question 33.
Solution: Let 3 3P  A  2 P  B   P  C   p then,
p p
P  A  , P  B   and P  C   p
3 2
It is given that A, B, C are three mutually exclusive and exhaustive events.
p p
   p 1
3 2
11 p
 1
6
6
 p
11
6
p 2
 P  A   11 
3 3 11
Hence, the correct option is (b)
Question 34.
Solution: Consider A and B are mutual exclusive event.

P  A  B  0
P  A  B   P  A  P  B   P  A  B 
P  A  P  B   1
P  A  1  P  B   P  B 
P  A  P  B 
Hence, the correct option is (a)
Question 35.
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P  A  B   P  A  P  B   P  A  B 
P  A  B   P  A  P  B   P  A  B 
P  A  P  A  B   P  B   P  A  B   0 .... (1)
P  A  P  A  B   0
P  B  P  A  B  0
P  A  P  A  B   P  B   P  A  B   0 ... (2)
From (1) and (2)
P  A   P  A  B  and P  B   P  A  B   0
P  A  P  B 
Hence, the correct option is (a)
Question 36.
Solution: Number of ways to choose three numbers from 1 to 20 =20C3=1140
Now, the set of three consecutive numbers from 1 to 20 are (1, 2, 3), (2, 3, 4), (3, 4, 5), ...., (18, 19, 20). So, the
number of ways to choose three numbers from 1 to 20 such that they are consecutive is 18.
P(three numbers choosen are consecutive) =
Number of ways to choosethree consecutive numbers from1to 20 18 18 3
 20  
Number of ways to choosethree numbers from1to 20 C3 1140 190
P(three numbers choosen are not consecutive) = 1 - P(three numbers choosen are consecutive) =
3 187
1 
190 190
Hence, the correct Solution is option (b).
Question 37.
Solution: Total number of ways in which 6 boys and 6 girls can sit in a row = 12!
Consider 6 girls as one group, then 6 boys and one group can arrange in 7! ways. Now, 6 girls in
the group can arrange among themselves in 6!.
So, the number of ways in which all the girls sit together is 7! x 6!.
P(all girls sit together) =
Number of ways in which all girls sit together 7!6! 6  5  4  3  2 1 1
  
Total number of ways in which 6 boys and 6 girls sit in a row 12! 12 1110  9  8 132
Hence, the correct option is (c)
Question 38.
Solution: Now, there are 3 ways to fill the thousands place (0 cannot occupy the thousands place), 3
ways to fill the hundreds place, 2 ways to fill the tens place and 1 way to fill the ones place.
Total number of four digit numbers formed = 3 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 18
We know that a number is divisible by 5 if it ends in 0 or 5.
When 0 is at the ones place,
Number of four digits numbers divisible by 5 formed = 3 x 2 x 1 = 6
When 5 is at the ones place,
Number of four digits numbers divisible by 5 formed = 2 x 2 x 1 = 4
(0 cannot occupy the thousands place)
Total number of four digit numbers divisible by 5 = 6 + 4 = 10
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P(four digit number formed is divisible by 5)=
Total number of four digit numbers divisibleby 5 10 5
 
Total number of four digit numbers formed 18 9
Hence, the correct option is (d)
Question 39.
Solution: Let X and Y be two events given by
X: A fails in an examination
Y: B fails in an examination
P(A fails) = P(X) = 0.2
P(B fails) = P( Y) = 0.3
Now, P(either A or B fails) = P(Xu Y) We know that,
P  X  Y   P  X   0.2  0.3  0.5
P  X  Y   0.5
P(either A or B fails) 0.5
Hence, the correct Solution is option (c).
Question 40.
Solution: The given digits are 0, 2, 4, 6, 8.

Now, there are 4 ways to fill the hundreds place (0 cannot occupy the hundreds place), 5 ways to
fill the tens place and 5 ways to fill the ones place.
Total number of 3 digit numbers formed using the given digits = 4 x 5 x 5 = 100
The three digit numbers formed using given digits that have the same digits are 222, 444, 666
and 888.
Number of 3 digit numbers that have the same digits = 4
P(three digit number formed has the same digits) =
Number of 3 digit numbers that havethe same digits 4 1
 
Total number of 3 digit numbers formed using the given digits 100 25
Hence, the correct Solution is option (d).
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If a coin is tossed twice, the sample space is:

A coin has two faces: a head H  and a tail T .

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Hence, the sample space is provided by

A coin has two faces: a head (H) and a tail (T).

When a coin is tossed twice, the possible outcomes are HH , HT , TH , TT .

A coin has two faces: a head (H) and a tail (T).

Three items are to be selected at random from a lot.

When three coins are tossed, the sample space is provided by

When three coins are tossed, the sample space is provided by

When a dice is thrown twice, we have the following possible outcomes:

When two dices are thrown, there are 62  36 possible outcomes.

B = Getting an odd number on the first dice

C = Getting at most 5 as the sum of the numbers on the two dices.

E = Getting at least 10 as the sum of the numbers on the dices

(a) True, because A ∩ B = Φ

The sample space of the proveded experiment is proveded by

(i) Let A be the event of occurrence of a prime number.

Number of outcomes favourableto A n  A  3 1

(ii) Let B be the event of occurrence of the number 2 or 4.

(iii) Let C be the event of occurrence of a multiple of 2 or 3.

(i) Let E1 = event of getting 8 as the sum.

(ii) Let E2 = event of getting a doublet

(iii) Let E3 = event of getting a doublet of prime numbers

(iv) Let E4 = event of getting a doublet of odd numbers

(v) Let E5 = event of getting a sum greater than 9

(vi) Let E6 = event of getting an even number on the first throw

(ix) Let E9 = event of getting a sum less than 6

(x) Let E10 = event of getting a sum less than 7

(xii) Let E12 = event of getting neither a doublet nor a total of 10

(xvi) Let E16 = event of getting a total greater than 8

(ii) Let E2 = event of getting at least two heads

(ii) Let E2 = event of drawing either a black card or a king

(iii) Let E3 = event of drawing black and a king

(iv) Let E4 = event of drawing a jack, a queen or a king

(v) Let E5 = event of drawing neither a heart nor a king

(vi) Let E6 = event of drawing a spade or an ace

(vii) Let E7 = event of drawing neither an ace nor a king

(ix) Let E9 = event of not drawing a diamond card

(x) Let E10 = event of drawing a black card

(xi) Let E11 = event of drawing a card which is not an ace

Let E12 = event of drawing a non-black card

Four cards can be drawn from a pack of 52 cards in 52C4 ways.

Total number of balls = 6 + 4 + 8 = 18

Probability for at least one ace = 1 – Probability (no ace)

Here, each of the numbers p(ωi) is positive and less than 1.

Here, each of the numbers p(ωi) is positive and less than 1.

Page Number: 33.67

Page Number: 33.70

i.e. A1A3A5 or A2A4A6

∴ P(A) − P(B) = 1/6 …(ii)

Page Number: 33.71

(b) (−1/4, 1/3)