GENERAL AND SPECIFIC PURPOSES OF RESEARCH

1. Description – research describes phenomenon

2. Exploration – research explores phenomenon
3. Explanation – research seeks clarification of a prevailing situation to answer question that ask “why” a phenomenon occurred.
4. Prediction and Control – research anticipates possible psychology and physiological reactions to nursing interventions.
CRITERIA FOR CHOICE OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
 Significance of the Problem
 Problem Research ability
 Feasibility of the problem
 Potentials of the Researchers

ETHICAL PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES FOR RESEARCHERS

1. Informed Consent
a. The participants must be fully informed about the nature of research, its purposes and potential risk and benefits.
2. Beneficence and Non-maleficence
a. This is a fundamental ethical principle in research, which means, “to do good” and “to do no harm” to study
participants.
3. Respect for Human Dignity
a. The rights of the study participants must be well protected and respected.
4. Justice and Fairness
a. Study participants deserve fair and equitable treatment before, during and after the study period. The researcher
should provide equal chances in the selection process, must comply with agreements in regard to procedures,
techniques or benefits due to participants.
5. Intellectual honesty and respect
a. Giving acknowledgment/recognition or due respect to the original/previous work of art.

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
 Naturalistic and Interpretative  Experimental and statistical
 Ethnographic and phenomenological  Goal: Measure, test, predict, describe through statistics
 Goal: Rich descriptions of behaviours’ and realities  Quantitative Methods:
 Qualitative Research: - Experiments
- Field Research - Surveys/Questionnaires
- Case studies - Large Data Set
- Open-ended interviews and Observations - Structured Interviews and Observations
 Data Analysis: TEXTUAL ANALYSIS  Data Analysis: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

SAMPLE PROBLEM: *Café Decreasing Sales

RESEARCH QUESTION: * How could the Café find out what the customers want?

QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
 Focus Group Interviews (They could invite group of  Questionnaire (the café may design a questionnaire with
customers for interview and discuss they thoughts and SET OF ANSWERS OPTIONS TO CHOOSE
experiences in the Café) BETWEEN)
 1-on-1 in-depth interviews  Experiment (How many new cakes are sold?)
 Observe customer behavior  Structured Observation (How many enter/walks past)
 CHARACTERISTICS:  Online Booking Measures interaction
- Open-ended questions (“What,How,When”)  CHARACTERISTICS:
- Can’t be quantified (counted) - Can be counted/ measured, is quantifiable
- Uncover motivations, feelings, preferences ... - Closed-ended questions, by providing predefined
 ADVANTAGE: answer options
- Uncovers in-depth information, relatively low-cost  ADVANTAGE:
DISADVANTAGE: - Can be representative and objective
 - Not representative DISADVANTAGE:
- Subjective interpretation - Can’t uncover in-depth/ detailed response, is
relatively costly

Types of Qualitative Research

1. Phenomenological research-concerned with lived experience of human. It is an approach to thinking about what life
experiences of people are like and what they mean.
2. Grounded theory research-seeks to describe and understand the key social psychological and structural processes that occur
a social setting. A major component is the discovery of a core variable that is central in explaining what is going on in that
social scene.
3. Ethnographical research-the primary research tradition within anthropology, which provides a framework for studying the
meanings, patterns, and experiences of a defined cultural group in a holistic fashion.
4. Historical research-narrative description or analysis of events that occurred in the remote or recent past.
5. Case studies- in Depth examination and analysis of people or group of people in relation to nursing issues or problems that
are important to the client and the researcher.
6. Field studies-natural investigations done in the community, such as in nursing home, housing projects and clinical wards.

TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH SAMPLE STUDIES

 Student Life of Jose Rizal: A documentary
 Who is Andres Bonifacio? A closer look to a brave hero.
HISTORICAL/BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH
 The comparative analysis of 19th Century scientists:
Common and Contrast
 Near Death Experience among Critical Patients: A
Phenomenological Analysis
 Online Selling as Students’ Part Time Job: An Analysis
PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH  Phenomenological Research and Adolescent Female
Sexuality: Discoveries and Applications
 An In-depth Exploration into the Sexual Experiences of
People with a Mild or Moderate Intellectual Disability.
 The Delivery of Quality Education: A Ground Theory
Study of the Teachers’ Perspective
 Grounded Learning: an Application of Ground Theory in
GROUNDED RESEARCH Educational Practices
 Using Grounded Theory in Feminist research – A
research about women’s exclusion from administration
positions in primary education
 Child rearing practices among Manobo Tribe: A close
encounter
 Culture and Practices of Liliweños: An Ethnographic
Analysis
ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH  Ethnographic analysis on Internet-mediated
communication practices in Cambodia
 Goffman in 'the home': Exploring the Viability of a
Goffmanian Style Analysis of the nanny and parent
relationship
 Cultural Influences on Social Network Marketing
Effectiveness: A Case study in the Philippines
 Root Cause of Bullying in San Pablo Colleges: A case
CASE STUDY study
 Gender Differences Within Academia : A case study on
the probability of promotion
 Case Study on male prostitution in Cebu City