Punching shear

Punching shear is a type of failure of reinforced concrete slabs subjected to high localized forces.
In flat slab structures this occurs at column support points. The failure is due to shear. This type
of failure is catastrophic because no visible signs are shown prior to failure. Punching shear
failure disasters have occurred several times in this past decade.

Types of cracks
Flexural cracks: These cracks form at the bottom near the midspan and propagate upwards
Web shear cracks: These cracks form near the neutral axis close to the support and propagate
inclined to the beam axis
Flexure shear cracks: These cracks form at the bottom due to flexure and propagate due to both
flexure and shear

UNIT – III
Anchorage length
The length of a member required to develop the full bond is called the anchorage length

Development Length
A tensile member has to be anchored properly by providing additional length on either side of
the point of maximum tension, which is known as ‘Development length in tension’. Similarly,
for compression members also, we have ‘Development length Ld in compression’.

Flexure Bond
Flexure bond is a function of rate of change of moment with respect to distance along span that is
shear

Anchorage Bond Stress

Anchorage bond stress is average bond stress between a point of peak bar stress and end of the
bar where stress is zero

Bond failure
Bond failure is likely to occur near ends of beams, where high flexural bond stresses can
combine with high local bond stresses

Modes of failure due to shear

Diagonal tension failure
Shear compression failure
Shear tension failure
Web crushing failure
Arch rib failure

Diagonal tension failure: In this mode, an inclined crack propagates rapidly due to inadequate
shear reinforcement.
Shear compression failure: There is crushing of the concrete near the compression flange
above the tip of the inclined crack
Shear tension failure: Due to inadequate anchorage of the longitudinal bars, the diagonal cracks
propagate horizontally along the bars
Web crushing failure: The concrete in the web crushes due to inadequate web thickness
Arch rib failure: For deep beams, the web may buckle and subsequently crush. There can be
anchorage failure or failure of the bearing

Functions of stirrups:
 Stirrups resist part of the applied shear
 They restrict the growth of diagonal cracks
 The stirrups counteract widening of the diagonal cracks, thus maintaining aggregate
interlock to a certain extent
 The splitting of concrete cover is restrained by the stirrups, by reducing dowel forces in
the longitudinal bars

Types of Torsion:
Equilibrium torsion: This is generated due to loading eccentric to the centroidal axis. For
example, a) in a beam supporting cantilever slab or precast slab or floor joists on one side, b) in a
(curved) bridge deck subjected to eccentric live load and c) in an electric pole subjected to loads
from wires on one side
Compatibility torsion: This is generated by twisting, to maintain compatibility in deformation
with the connected member. This type of torsion generates in a primary beam supporting
secondary beams

Skew Bending Theory

The skew bending theory explains that the flexural moment (Mu) and torsional moment (Tu)
combine to generate a resultant moment inclined to the axis of the beam. This moment causes
compression and tension in a planar surface inclined to the axis of the beam.

Modes of failure in Torsion:

Modified bending failure (Mode 1): This occurs when the effect of Mu is larger than that of Tu
Lateral bending failure (Mode 2): This is observed in beams with thin webs when the effect of
Mu and Tu are comparable
Negative bending failure (Mode 3): When the effect of Tu is large and the top steel is less, this
mode of failure occurs

Interaction diagram for shear and Torsion:

 UNIT – IV

1. Slenderness ratio
2. How to classify columns?
3. Modes of failure in columns
4. Define Pedestal
5. Braced and Unbraced columns
6. Minimum & Maximum amount of steel
7. Maximum spacing of the bars
8. Diameter and pitch of the transverse reinforcement
9. Classifications of foundation
10. Under what circumstances isolated footing is provided?
11. When trapezoidal footings are preferred?
12. Why strap beams are provided in footings?
13. Define SBC of soil.
14. How to determine the minimum depth of foundation?
15. Define Punching shear failure
16. Critical sections for BM & SF
17. Active & Passive Earth pressure.
18. Uplift pressure
19. Overturning effect