DOME AND VAULTS

BHAGWAN MAHAVIR COLLEGE OF

ARCHITECRURE

SUBJECT : BUILDING MATERIAL AND

CONSTRUCTION
Sem : 3

FACULTIES : KUNAL SIR

NITU MAM
DEFINATION  Definition : A dome is a element of architecture that
resembles the hollow upper half of the sphere.
HISTORY OF
DOME  Dome is rounded vault made of either curved
ELEMENTS segments or a shell of revolution , meaning an arch
OF DOME rotated around its central axis.
TYPES OF  A masonary dome produces an thrust downward
DOMES and outward so domes can be divided into 2 kinds:
VAULTS simple and compound , depending on the use.
HISTORY OF  A dome can be supported by columns or piers that
VAULTS transition to the dome through squinches or
TYPES OF pendentives.
VAULTS
  Early and indigenous domes
DEFINATION
 the early domes were likely to be made from saplings, reeds
HISTORY OF timbers and covered with thatch tuff or skins.
DOME
 Materials may have transmitted to ramed earth , mud bricks or
ELEMENTS more durable adobes as result of local conditions.
OF DOME
 Roman and byzantine domes
TYPES OF  They are customarily hemispherical in shape on general and
DOMES monumental dome in particular.
VAULTS  The dome of pantheon is the most important dome of roman
period Largest roman concrete dome.
HISTORY OF
VAULTS  Morden period domes
 Morden period domes were made from many durable materials
TYPES OF and in many new styles and forms.
VAULTS
 New production techniques allowed iron, wood and many
different materials to use in dome construction..
 Unique glass domes springing straight from ground level were
used for green house.
DEFINATION  Elements of dome
HISTORY OF  Coffer
DOME
 Cupola
ELEMENTS  Lantern
OF DOME
 Oculus
TYPES OF
DOMES  Pendentive
VAULTS  Rotunda
HISTORY OF  Squinch
VAULTS
 Tholobate
TYPES OF
VAULTS  Whispering gallery
DEFINATION A Coffer
HISTORY OF A coffer in architecture is a series of sunken panels.
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS

PENTEON
DEFINATION  Cupola
HISTORY OF  A cupola is a small, most often dome like structure
DOME on top of building. It usually crowns a larger dome.
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
DEFINATION  Lantern
HISTORY OF  A lantern is a day lighting cupola architectural
DOME element
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
DEFINATION  Rotunda
HISTORY OF  The rotunda is any building with a circular ground
DOME plan and covered by a dome
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
DEFINATION  Squinch
HISTORY OF  A squinch in architecture is a construction filling in
DOME the upper angles of a square room so as to form a
ELEMENTS base to receive a dome
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
DEFINATION  Tholobate
HISTORY OF  A tholodate or drum is the upright part of building on
DOME which dome is raised
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
DEFINATION  Pendentive
HISTORY OF  A pendentive is constructive device which allows the
DOME placement of the circular dome over the square
ELEMENTS room or elliptical over the rectangular room.
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
DEFINATION  Whispering gallery
HISTORY OF  A whispering gallery is a circular, hemispherical,
DOME enclosure, often beneath a dome in which whispers
ELEMENTS can be heard clearly in other parts other gallery
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS

GOL GUMBAJ
DEFINATION  TYPES OF DOME
HISTORY OF • Geodesic dome
DOME
• Beehive dome
ELEMENTS
OF DOME • onion dome
TYPES OF • oval dome
DOMES
• hemispherical dome
VAULTS
• Cross arch dome
HISTORY OF
VAULTS • Bullbose dome
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 Geodesic Dome

DEFINATION A. Geodesic dome is a sphere or say partial spherical structure

based on a network of great circles on the surface of a
HISTORY OF sphere.
DOME B. The triangular elements formed by network makes it rigid
ELEMENTS and also helps in distributing stress of the structure.
OF DOME C. Its main part is the joints that completes the whole sphere.
TYPES OF D. Geo means earth and desic means divided
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS Spaceship Earth At Epcot
Walt Disney World
TYPES OF A Geodesic Sphere
VAULTS
 PANELIZED DOMES

DEFINATION  The Panelized Technique Allows The Builder To Attach The

Plywood Skin To The Triangles While Safely Working On The
HISTORY OF Ground Or In A Comfortable Shop Out Of The Weather. This
DOME Method Does Not Require Expensive Steel Hubs….

ELEMENTS
OF DOME  Holes Are Drilled Through The Members At Precise Locations
And Steel Bolts Then Connect The Triangles To Form The Dome.
TYPES OF These Members Are Often 2x4's Or 2x6's, Which Allow For
DOMES
More Insulation To Fit Within The Triangle
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 CONCRETE AND FOAM PLASTIC DOMES

DEFINATION  Generally For Such Domes They Start With A Steel Framework
Dome, Wrapped With Chicken Wire And Wire Screen For
HISTORY OF Reinforcement. The Chicken Wire And Screen Is Tied To The
DOME Framework With Wire Ties.

ELEMENTS  A Coat Of Material Is Then Sprayed Or Molded Onto The Frame.

OF DOME Tests Should Be Performed With Small Squares To Achieve The
Correct Consistency Of Concrete Or Plastic.
TYPES OF  Generally, Several Coats Are Necessary On The Inside And
DOMES
Outside. The Last Step Is To Saturate Concrete Or Polyester
VAULTS Domes With A Thin Layer Of Epoxy Compound To Shed Water

HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS

Concrete Plastic Dome

Dome
 HEMISPHERICAL DOME

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS

The hemispherical dome is half of a sphere

 EXAMPLES

DEFINATION cathedral at valencia,spain

HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS

gol gumbaz,karnataka
 MATERIALS AND
MASONARY DETAILS

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS

bricks
 BAMBOO

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
temporary bamboo dome for india pavilion
at 2010 shanghai expo .
 PREFABRICATED SHEETS

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS

permanent structures from prefabricated

sheets for fast construction on site
 SAUCER DOME

DEFINATION  It is a dome having the form of a segment of a sphere,

with the center well below the springing line; a shallow
HISTORY OF dome.
DOME
 A dome that is very shallow; its radius of curvature of
ELEMENTS the dome is very large compared with its rise.
OF DOME
 They exist entirely in compression so that it can be
TYPES OF built much thinnoer than other dome shapes without
DOMES becoming unstable.
VAULTS
 The trade-off between the proportionately increased
HISTORY OF
VAULTS horizontal thrust at their abutments and their
decreased weight and quantity of materials may make
TYPES OF them more economical.
VAULTS

 They are more vulnerable to damage from movement

in their supports.
DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 UMBRELLA DOME

DEFINATION  Also called

HISTORY OF gadrooned,fluted,organ-
DOME piped,pumpkin,melon,
ELEMENTS ribbed,parachute, scalloped,or
OF DOME lobed domes.
TYPES OF  these are a type of dome
DOMES
divided at the base into curved
VAULTS segments, which follow the
HISTORY OF curve of the elevation.
VAULTS  The "ribs" of a dome are the
TYPES OF radial lines of masonry that
VAULTS extend from the crown down
st.peter's basilica,rome
to the springing.
 PARABOLIC DOME

DEFINATION  A parabolic dome is a unique

structure in which bending
HISTORY OF stress due to the uniformly
DOME
distributed load of its dead
ELEMENTS load is zero.
OF DOME
 Hence it was widely used in
TYPES OF buildings in ancient
DOMES times,before the advent of
VAULTS composite structure.
 However if a point load is
HISTORY OF
VAULTS applied on the apex of a
parabolic dome,the bending
TYPES OF stress becomes infinite.
VAULTS
 Hence it is found in most
ancient structures,the apex of
the dome is stiffened or the
shape modified to avoid the
 SAIL DOME

DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF This type can be throught of as pendentives
VAULTS That,Rather than Merely Touching each other to farm a
circular base for a drum or compound Dome,Smoothy
continue Their Curvature to farm the dome itself.The
Dome gives the impression of a square sail pinned
down at each corner and billowing upward.
 VAULT

DEFINATION DEFINITION:
HISTORY OF A vault is a ceiling of brick , concrete , Stone , timber ,
DOME etc built in principle of arch.
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS

lisbon cathedral
 • In ancient Egypt brick vaulting was used ,chiefly for drains . The
DEFINATION Chaldeans and Assyrians used vaults for the same purpose but
seem also to have made architectural use of high domes and
HISTORY OF barrel vaults.
DOME • The Greeks made no use of vaults.
ELEMENTS
OF DOME • Then Rome adopted this technique by using concrete as a
construction material so that no outer or external thrust or
TYPES OF buttresses need to be given. Thus vaults could be easily erected
DOMES over vast spaces ,producing impressive and complex thermo ,
amphitheatres , and basilicas .
VAULTS
• The tunnel vault spans between two walls ,like a continuous arch.
HISTORY OF The cross , or groined , vault is formed by the intersection at right
VAULTS angles of two barrel vaults , producing a surface that has arched
openings for its four sides and concentration of load at the four
TYPES OF corner points of the square or rectangle .
VAULTS
• the semicircular arch was universally employed in Romanesque
vaulting throughout Europe , and the roman cross vault was the
type used for covering square or rectangular compartments.
DEFINATION  TYPES 0F VAULTS
HISTORY OF • Barrel vault
DOME • Pitched brick barrel vault
ELEMENTS • Groin vault
OF DOME
• Rib vault
TYPES OF • Fan vault
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 BARREL VAULT

DEFINATION • Formed by an extension of

arch as an unbroken
HISTORY OF series passed together one
DOME
behind another.
ELEMENTS  Characteristics
OF DOME
• It is known as wagon or
TYPES OF tunnel vault.
DOMES
• Circular in shape and semi
VAULTS cylindrical in appearance.
HISTORY OF • Series of arches placed
VAULTS side by side is known as
TYPES OF barrel roof.
VAULTS • It is the simplest form of
vault.
• It is best for roofing
purpose.
DEFINATION  Short span barrel
vaults
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS  Short span barrel vaults are
OF DOME those in which span is
shorter than its width . It is
TYPES OF used for the width of the
DOMES
arch ribs between which the
VAULTS barrel vault span.
HISTORY OF
VAULTS  Long span barrel
TYPES OF vault
VAULTS

 Long span barrel vaults are

those in which span is larger
then its width.
DEFINATION  JOINERY AND DETAILS
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
DEFINATION
 STRENGTH
• The thrust generated against
HISTORY OF wall which is its failure.
DOME • Solution :
ELEMENTS 1. Walls should be thick(approx.
OF DOME 4m) and strong.
 2. Two or more vaults
TYPES OF should be kept parallel to
DOMES
each other.
VAULTS 3. Intersection of two vaults
sholud be done at right angle
HISTORY OF which is known as groin vault.
VAULTS
• Butressing should be done.
TYPES OF • Uses:
VAULTS church,cloisters,cellars,crypts,
hallways,caponier,etc.
DEFINATION  EXAMPLES
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS

Roman barrel vault Mausoleum, Recoleta cemetery

Argentina
DEFINATION  MATERIALS
HISTORY OF • Bricks , stone , timber ,
DOME wood are use generally.

ELEMENTS
OF DOME • In stone barrel vault due to
TYPES OF the problem of
DOMES fenestration , they provide a
small window which
VAULTS restricts the more light and
HISTORY OF hence for this cloister is
VAULTS used.
TYPES OF
VAULTS the cloisters, new york city
DEFINATION  PITCHED BRICK BARREL VAULT
HISTORY OF • Bricks are installed vertically ( not radially ) and are
DOME leaning at an angle.
ELEMENTS • Its construction doesn’t reaquire centering
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
  GROIN VAULT
DEFINATION  Definition
HISTORY OF
DOME  A Groin vault (also known as a double barrel vault) is produced by the
intersection at right angles of two barrel vault.
ELEMENTS
OF DOME  Characteristics

TYPES OF
DOMES  The word “groin” refers to the edge between the intersecting vaults.
 Sometime the arches of groin vaults are pointed instead of round.
VAULTS  In comparison with a barrel vault, a groin vault provides good economies of
material and labour.
HISTORY OF  The groin vault required great skills in cutting stone to from a neat arris.
VAULTS  Difficult to construct neatly because of the geometry of cross groins.
TYPES OF  The construction of groin vault can be understood most simply by
visualizing two barrel vault section at right angles merging to form a
VAULTS squarish unit.
DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
Santa maria maggiore
at guardiagrele
DEFINATION  CROSS ARCH
A cross vault or groined vault
HISTORY OF
DOME (also sometimes known as a
double barrel vault or groin vault)
ELEMENTS is produced by the intersection at
OF DOME
right angles of two barrel vaults.
TYPES OF The word "groin" refers to the
DOMES edge between the intersecting
VAULTS vaults.
so the vault need only be abutted
HISTORY OF at its four corners.
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
DEFINATION  STRUCTURE
HISTORY OF  The construction method
DOME was particularly common
on the basement level,
ELEMENTS such as at Myres Castle in
OF DOME
Scotland, or at the ground
TYPES OF floor level for the
DOMES storerooms as at Muchalls
VAULTS Castle in Scotland.
 accomplish the multiple
HISTORY OF
VAULTS goals of minimum
materials use, wide span
TYPES OF of construction, ability to
VAULTS
achieve lateral
illumination, and
avoidance of lateral
stresses.
DEFINATION  FAN VAULT
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS

A fan vault is a form of vault in which the ribs are all of the
same curve and spaced equidistantly, in a manner
DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
DEFINATION  RIB VAULT
 Definition
HISTORY OF  The intersection of two or three barrel vaults produces a rib vault or ribbed
DOME vault .
ELEMENTS
OF DOME  Characteristics

TYPES OF  when they are edged with an armature of piped masonry often carved
DOMES in decorative patterns compare groin vault an older from of vault
construction.
VAULTS
 While the mechanics of the weight of a groin vault and its
HISTORY OF transmission outwards to the supporting pillars remained as it had
been the new use of rib vaults demonstrates the skill of the masons
VAULTS
and the grandeu of the new ideas circulating at the introduction of
gothic architecture in the end of the eleventh century.
TYPES OF
VAULTS  This technique was new in the leta eleventh century for example in
the roof of the lchoir side aisles at Durham cathedral.
 Ancestors of the gothic rib vault in the Romanesque vault can be
found at caen and durham both sites of early gothic constructions and
elsewhere.
 Some ribbed vaults even have six section in each bay.
DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
DEFINATION  TYPES OF RIB VAULT
HISTORY OF  Rib vaults is reinforced by masonry ribs.
DOME
 There are two types of rib vault.
ELEMENTS - Quadripartite rib vault
OF DOME
-Sexpartite rib vault
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
DEFINATION  TYPES OF RIB VAULTS
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS

The vault has two masonry ribs dividing

into four sections is called Quadripartite
vault
DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS

Lierne vault of the nave of chester cathedral