Differential Equations

15SCIB02C

Lecture 4

Chapter 1

First –Order Differential Equations

With Applications
 Lecture 4 Applications to First order D.E.
MODELING WITH FIRST ORDER D.E.

1.Natural growth and decay

Example 1.
A culture initially has Po number of bacteria. At t = 1 h the number of
3
bacteria is measured to be Po . If the rate of growth is proportional to the
2
number of bacteria P(t) present at time t, determine the time necessary for
the number of bacteria to triple.

t  0 , P  Po 

Solution: 3  t  ? P  3Po
t  1 , P  Po 
2

dP dP
P  t    c1P  t  : c1 Constant
dt dt

Solving the previous D.E. to get a relation between P(t) and t

2
 dP
 P  c1  dt  ln(p)  c1t  k  P  t   c2e 1 , where c2  e
Ct k

3
t 0,P Po t 1,P  Po 3

 Po  c 2 , 
 2
Po  Po ec1
2

3
ln  c1  P  t   Po .e0.4055t
2

To find the time at which the number of bacteria triple let P  t   3Po

ln 3
3 Po  Po e0.4055t  t  2.71h
0.4055

Example 2

3
Example 3.

A breeder reactor converts relatively stable uranium 238 into the isotope
plutonium 239. After 15 years it is determined that 0.043% of the initial
amount Ao of plutonium has disintegrated. Find the half-life of this
isotope if the rate of disintegration is proportional to the amount
remaining.

Solution:

Let A(t) denote the amount of plutonium remaining at time t.

dA
 c1A  t  ,
dt

Where c1 is constant and t = 0 , A = Ao

 43 
t  15 , A  1   A o  0.9957A o
 1000 

The solution of the previous D.E. is the same as that in example (1)

A  t   c 2 ec1t .
4
 t 0 t 15

A A o
 c2  A o , 
A 0.9957A o
0.9957 A o  A o e15c1

1
 c1  ln  0.99957   0.00002867
15

Hence, A  t   A o e 0.00002867

Now we have to find t at

A  t   12 A o

 t  24,180 year.

2.Newton 's law of cooling

dT dT
  T  Ts  ,  K  T  Ts 
dt dt

Example 4

When a cake is removed from an oven, its temperature is measured at 300oF.

Three minutes later its temperature is 200o F. How long will it take for
the cake to cool off to a room temperature of 70oF?

Solution:

dT
 k  T  Ts  , T  0   300
dt

T  3  200

dT
Ts = room temperature = 70 ,  k  T  70 
dt

5
 This D.E. is both separable and linear

dT
 k dt  ln T  70  kt  C1
T  70

T  70  C2 .e kt

T  70  C2 e kt

t 0

T 300
 300  70  C2  C2  230

t 3

T  200
 200  70  230e3k  k  0.19018

Thus, T  t   70  230e 0.19018t

T  70 , at t

Exercise

3.Series R.L.Circuits

6
Example 5.

A 12-volt battery is connected to a series circuit in which the inductance

1
is 2 henry and the resistance is 10 ohms. Determine the current I if the initial
current is zero.

Solution:

The linear differential eq. for the current is

di
L  Ri  E  t  ,
dt

di
1
2  10i  12 , i  0   0
dt

di
 20i  24 , i  0   0
dt

P  t   20 , Q  t   24

  t   e
20dt
 e 20t

And the solution of the D.E is

i  t      t  .Q  t  dt

ie 20t   e 20t .24dt

24 20t
ie 20t  e  C1  i  t   1.2  C1e 20t
20

i 0  0

t 0,i 0
 0  1.2  C1  C1  1.2

i  t   1.2  1.2e 20t

7
Example 6.