GAZİANTEP ÜNİVERSİTESİ

HAVACILIK VE UZAY BİLİMLERİ FAKÜLTESİ

UÇAK VE UZAY MÜHENDİSLİĞİ BÖLÜMÜ

AE 301 Heat transfer

Chapter 6

Empirical and Practical Relations for

Forced-Convection Heat Transfer
Dr.Öğr.Üyesi MOHAMMAD MUNIR ALHAMWI
6-1 Introduction

6-2 Empirical relations for pipe and tube flow

1. Mean flow velocity

1 V
u   udA 
A A A
2. Laminar and turbulent flow
Re<2300 laminar flow
2300<Re<104 transient region

Re>104 turbulent flow

3. Bulk temperature

Energy-averaged fluid temperature or mixing cup

m
 c p (tb1  tb 2 ) d  h 2rdx(t w  tb )   hA(t w  tb ) av

tb 
A
uc tdA p

 uc dA
A
p

For constant physical properties

 utdA 1
tf  A
  utdA
 udA V
A
A

The calculation of Tb needs the distribution of u.

The practical method is to measure Tb after mixing.
4. Dittus-Boelter expression
for fully developed turbulent flow in smooth tubes

Nu  0.023Re0.8 Pr n
0.4 For heating of the fluid tb  t w
n
0.3 For cooling of the fluid tb  t w
Characteristic length, inside diameter
1 ' "
Reference temperature, tb  (tb  tb )
2
Applicability 104  Re  1.2 105 0.6  Pr  100
Fully developed L / d  60
Moderate temperature difference
gas tb  t w  50o C , water tb  t w  20 ~ 30o C , oil tb  t w  10o C
Example : Water is heated from 25.3℃ to 34.6 ℃ in a tube with a diameter
of d=20mm and a length of 5m, the velocity is u=2m/s.
• Calculate the convection heat transfer coefficient.
（1）审题内容，确定类型。（2）定性温度，查取物性。
（3）计算准则，选用公式。（4）代入计算，考虑修正。

Solution
（1）Forced convection in tube 1 ' " 25.3  34.6
（2）Reference temperature
Tb 
2
 
t b  tb 
2
 30o C

Physical properties:
k=0.618W/(m.K), v=0.80510-6m2/s,
Pr=5.42, ρ=995.7kg/m3, cp=4.17 kJ/kg

（3）Calculate dimensionless group and choose equation

ud 2  0.02 4 4
Re    4.97  10  10
v 0.805106

Nu  0.023Re0.8 Prn For heating of the fluid n=0.4

(4) Calculation and correction


Nu  0.023 4.97 10 
4 0.8
5.420.4  258.5
Nuk 258.5  0.618
h   7987W/(m.K)
d 0.02
Check whether the parameters are in the range of application
L 5
  250  60
d 0.02
d 2
q  u
4
 
c p tb"  tb'

  0.022
 995.7  2   4.174103  34.6  25.3  24285W
4
q q
q  hAt w  tb   tb  tb   tb 
hA hDL
24285
 30   39.68o C
7895 0.02  5
t w  tb  39.68  30  9.68  20o C
5. Qualitative analysis and correction
(1) length

Laminar flow x ,   , h
Turbulent flow x ,   , h as turbulent growth h goes up and then down
Entrance length of laminar L/d=0.05RePr
For turbulent flow, the influence of entrance is negligible when L/d>60
If L/d<60 the effect of entrance must be considered. The method is

h   L h0  L  1  d / L0.7
（2）Temperature
tb  a tb  b
t w  b 1 tw  a 2
b>a Φ 1≠Φ 2
Nu  0.023Re0.8 Prn
The value of n is different because physical properties Φ2

liquids t ,  
gases t ,  
Φ1
Take liquid as an example tb  t w
No heat transfer, velocity profile of fully
developed flow is shown in curve1.

If t w  tb ,  w   b curve2
If t w  tb ,  w  b curve3
 Flow rate is constant. T  ,  ,   , du/dr  , dT/dr 
Temperature has effect on heat transfer through laminar sublayer,
heating q 1> q 2, or h1>h2.
 There is a difference between heating and cooling.
If T is small, the difference is not large, it is exact enough to taken into
account by n , that is Prn=(v/a)n。
 If T is large, the following method is used.
For liquids, T only has influence on  , the correction is

0.11 For heating of the fluid

 T   b /  w n n
0.25 For cooling of the fluid

For gases, T has effects on  , , k, cP , the correction is

 T  tb / t w  n

h   L T h0
（3）bend
The secondary flow enhances the heat transfer.

 
1  1.03 d
R
gases
R   3
 R
1  1 . 77 d liquids

h   L t  R h0 R curvature radius

Example : Water is heated from 25.3℃ to 34.6 ℃ in a tube with a diameter

of d=20mm and a length of 0.5m, the velocity is u=2m/s. Calculate the
convection heat transfer coefficient.
Solution: Except for L=0.5m, other conditions are the same with the last
example. We have got h=7987 W/(m2K). L/d=0.5/0.02=25<60
0.7 0.7
d   0.02 
l  1    1    1.11
l   0.5 
h   L h0  1.11 7987  8866W/(m2 K)
 
q  c p b tb"  tb'  24285W
  24285
t w  tb    87.2o C  30o C
hA 8866 0.02  0.5
Temperature difference correction

tb  30o C t w  117.2 o C

 
b  801.5  106  w  243.4  106
0.11
 881.5 
T 
 b /  w 0.11
   1.14
 243.4 
h   L T h0  1.14 1.11 7987  10107W/(m2 K)
24285
t 1
w  30   106.5o C
10107 0.02  0.5

w   T  h  tw Repeat this process until tw does not change

h  10004W/(m2 K )
6. Convection in ducts
characteristic dimension: hydraulic (equivalent) diameter DH.

4A A—the cross-sectional area of the flow

DH  P — the wetted perimeter
P
This method suitable for many cases
There are some notable exceptions where the method does not work

 d 22  d12 
DH   d 2  d1
Annular tube  d 2  d1 

4ab 2ab
Rectangular tube DH  
2a  b  a  b

Tube bank
A  s1s2  d2 P  d
4
  s1s2 
DH  d   1
d d 
2
7. Heat transfer in laminar tube flow

Information of fully developed laminar in ducts by Shah and Londun

The characteristic of heat transfer in laminar duct flow

 Nuq=const>NuTw=const
 Nu is independent of Re

 Generally the h of ducts with different cross sections, the same DH

are different

Generally In practice, the flow in entrance is often laminar

The length of entrance is Gz=RePrd/L=0.05 Graetz number

The results is in fig. 6-5

7. Entrance effects in Turbulent flow

We have considered it by L

6-3 Flow across cylinders and spheres

u
Separation point at 0
y y 0
A -- frontal area of the body is the
u2 product of diameter and length
Drag force FD  CD A
2
1. Correlation for heat transfer
 At Re of the order of 10, no flow separation
 At Re=70800～101300, laminar,φ↑,δ↑, h↓.

At φ=82o, boundary layer separation causes

turbulent eddy motion in the separated flow, φ↑

， h ↑。
 At Re>1.5×105 the flow is turbulent. Two
minimum points of h are observed. The 1st
occurs at the point of transition from laminar to
turbulent, the 2nd occurs when the turbulent
boundary layer separates atφ=130-140o because
eddy motion.
 hd
Nu   C Re n Pr1f / 3 (6 - 17)
kf
Reference temperature (Tw+T∞)/2
Characteristic length d
The constant C and n are given in Table 6-2
Other correlations equation (6-19) ～(6-24)

2. Choice of equations for cross flow over cylinders

3. Noncircular cylinders

hd
Nu   C Re n Pr1f / 3 (6 - 17)
kf

The constant are given in Table 6-3

4. Spheres

Correlations equation (6-25) ～(6-30)

6-4 Flow across tube banks
hstaggered  hin-line
10 or more rows of tubes in
the direction of flow
hd
Nu   C Re n Pr1f / 3 (6 - 17)
kf
Reference temperature

t f  (t w  t ) / 2
Characteristic length d
Re is based on the umax u max  u [ S n /( S n  d )] (in - line arrangement)
For staggered umax  u [Sn /(Sn  d )] for S p is minimum flow area
u  ( S n / 2)
If not u max 
[( S n / 2) 2  S p2 ]1/ 2  d
The constant C and n are given in Table 6-4
For fewer rows the ratio of h for N rows deep to
that for 10 rows is given in table 6-5

h   N h10 rows

6-5 Liquid-metal heat transfer

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