HEAT TRANSFER

(ME 421)

Fall 2009

Chapter 6

Kazem M. Osaily
kazemosaily@hotmail.com

Department of Mechanical Engineering PPU

Forced Convection Heat Transfer
Empirical Relations for Pipe Flow

Tb1 Tb2

 cp
m,

L
q = m c p (Tb 2 − Tb1 )
dq = m c p dTb = h(2πr )dx(Tw − Tb )

q = hA(Tw − Tb ) avg.
 Empirical Relations for Pipe Flow
Dittus and Boelter (1930)

Fully developed turbulent in smooth pipe

 0.4 for heating the fluid

Nu d = 0.023Re Pr 0.8 n
n =
d
0.3 for cooling the fluid
L / d > 60
Physical properties are evaluated at the Tb

Applicability:
0.6 < Pr <100 10 4 ≤ Re ≤ 1.2 ×105
Moderate temperature differences between wall and the fluid

gas tb − t w ≤ 50o C , water tb − t w ≤ 20 ~ 30o C , oil tb − t w ≤ 10o C

Example : Water is heated from 25.3 ℃ to 34.6 ℃ in a tube with a
diameter of d = 20mm and a length of 5m, the velocity is u = 2m/s.
Calculate the convection heat transfer coefficient.

Solution
（1）Forced convection in tube 25.3 + 34.6
（2）Reference temperature Tb =
2
(
1 '
Tb + Tb
"
) =
2
= 30 o
C

Physical properties:
k = 0.618 W/(m.K), v = 0.805×10-6 m2/s,
Pr = 5.42, ρ = 995.7 kg/m3, Cp = 4.17 kJ/kg

（3）Calculate dimensionless group and choose equation

ud 2 × 0.02 −4 −4
Re = = = 4 .97 × 10 > 10
v 0.805 ×10 −6

Nu = 0.023 Re 0.8 Pr n For heating of the fluid n = 0.4

(4) Calculation and correction
(
Nu = 0.023 × 4.97 ×10 )
4 0.8
5.420.4 = 258.5
Nuk 258.5 × 0.618
h= = = 7987 W/(m.K)
d 0.02
Check whether the parameters are in the range of application
L 5
= = 250 > 60
d 0.02
πd2
q ρu c p (Tb" − Tb' )
4
π × 0.022
= 995.7 × 2 × × 4.174 × 103 × ( 34.6 − 25.3
= ) 24285W
4
q hA (Tw − Tb ) ⇒ T =T + q =T +
= q
hπ DL
b b b
hA
24285
=
30 + =
39.68 o C
7895 × 0.02π × 5
Tw − Tb= 39.68 − 30= 9.68 < 20 o C
 Empirical Relations for Pipe Flow
When:
Wide temperature differences are present in the flow:

Sieder and Tate (1936)

Fully developed turbulent in smooth pipe

µ 0.14
Nu d = 0.027 Re Pr ( )
0.8 1/ 3

µw
d

All physical properties are evaluated at the Tb

Except μw, which is evaluated at the Tw.
 Empirical Relations for Pipe Flow
For the entrance region where the flow is not fully developed:

Nusselt (1931)

Entrance Regions

d 0.055 L
Nu d = 0.036 Re Pr ( )
0.8
d
1/ 3
for 10 < < 400
d
L
All physical properties are evaluated at the Tb
Except μw, which is evaluated at the Tw.
 Empirical Relations for Pipe Flow
Petukhov (1970)

Fully developed turbulent in smooth pipe

(f / 8)Re d Pr µb n
Nu d = ( )
1.07 +12.7(f / 8) (Pr −1) µ w
1/ 2 2/3

0.11 for Tw > Tb


n = 0.25 for Tw < Tb
0
 for gases or constant heat flux

Applicability:
0.5 < Pr < 200 6% Accuracy
All properties are evaluated at the film 0.5 < Pr < 2000 10% Accuracy
temperature Tf , Except μb & μw. 10 4 < Re d < 5 ×10 6
0.8 < µ b /µ w < 40
 Empirical Relations for Pipe Flow
Hausen (1943)
Fully developed Laminar flow in tubes
@ constant wall temperature

0.0668(d / L)Re d Pr
Nu d = 3.66 + if
d
→0 then Nu d = 3.66
1+ 0.04[(d / L)Re d Pr]2 / 3 L

Sieder and Tate (1936)

Fully developed Laminar flow in tubes (simpler formula)

d 1/ 3 µ 0.14
Nu d =1.86(Re d Pr) ( ) ( )
1/ 3

L µw
d
Applicability: Graetz number = Re d Pr >10
L
 Note: Channel flow
If the channel is not of circular cross section, it is recommended
that the Hydraulic Diameter, DH, be used.

4A A: Cross sectional area of the flow

DH = P: Wetted perimeter
P

π (d 22 − d12 )
Annular tube DH = = d 2 − d1
π (d 2 + d1 )
4ab 2ab
Rectangular tube DH = =
2(a + b ) a + b
π
Tube bank
A = s1s2 − d2 P = πd
4
 π s1s2 
DH = d  − 1
d d 
2
Empirical Relations for Flow Across Cylinders and Spheres
Knudsen and Katz (1958)

U ∞ d n 1/ 3
Nu df = C( ) Pr (Liquids and gases)
νf

Redf C n
0.4-4 0.989 0.330
4-40 0.911 0.385
40-4000 0.683 0.466
4000-40,000 0.193 0.618
40,000-400,000 0.0266 0.805

All properties are evaluated at the film temperature Tf.

Empirical Relations for Flow Across Cylinders and Spheres
Fand (1965) (Liquids)

Nu f = (0.35 + 0.56 Re 0.52

f )Pr f
0.3

Applicability: 10 −1 < Re f <10 5

Eckert and Drake (1972) (Liquids and Gases)

Prf 0.25
Nu = (0.43 + 0.5 Re )Pr 0.5 0.38
( ) 1 < Re <10 3
Prw
Prf 0.25
Nu = 0.25 Re 0.6
Pr 0.38
( ) 10 3 < Re < 2 ×10 5
Prw
For gases: properties @ film temperature.
For liquids: properties @ free-stream temperature.
Empirical Relations for Flow Across Cylinders and Spheres
Churchill and Bernstein (1977)

 5/8
1/ 2 1/ 3 4 /5
0.62 Re Pr Re
Nu d = 0.3 + 1+ ( 282,000 ) 
0.4 2 / 3 1/ 4
[1+ ( ) ]
Pr
Applicability: 10 2 < Re d <10 7 ;Pe d = Re.Pr > 0.2
&

0.62 Re Pr 1/ 2 1/ 3
 Re 1/ 2 
Nu d = 0.3 + 1+ ( 282,000 ) 
0.4 2 / 3 1/ 4
[1+ ( ) ]
Pr
Applicability: 20,000 < Re d < 400,000;Pe d > 0.2

This formula is even accurate for liquid metals!

Properties: @ the film temperature
Empirical Relations for Flow Across Cylinders and Spheres
Whitaker (1972)

hd 0.4 µ ∞ 0.25
Nu d = = (0.4 Re + 0.06 Re )Pr ( )
0.5 2/3

k µw
40 < Re <10 5
Properties: @ the
Applicability: 0.65 < Pr < 300
free-stream temperature.
0.25 < µ ∞ /µ w < 5.2

Nakai and Okazaki (1975)

Applicability: Pe d < 0.2

Nu d = [0.8237 −1n(Pe1/d 2 )]−1

Properties: @ the film temperature

 Flow Across Tube Banks
Sp Sp
Sp

U∞
U∞

Sn
Sn

In-line arrangement
Staggered arrangement

u max = U ∞ [Sn /(Sn − d)] U ∞ (Sn / 2)

u max =
[(Sn / 2) 2 + S2p ]1/ 2 − d

hd
= C Re nd,max Pr 1/ 3 ** C and n are given in Table 6-4. **
k
Thank you!