Differential Equations

15SCIB02C

Lecture 2

Chapter 1

First –Order Differential Equations

With Applications
(3)D.E. Reducible to either homogeneous or separation.

Let the first order and first degree D.E. be of the form

dy a1x  b1 y  c1

dx a2 x  b 2 y  c 2

in which a1 ,b1 ,c1 , a2 , b 2 and c 2 are constants. We have two

cases first if L1 ; a1x  b1 y  c1 and L 2 ; a2 x  b 2 y  c 2

represent two parallel lines, second if they represent intersected

lines. We will show how to solve D.E. in each case by examples

Example:

Solve the following D.E.

dy y  x  1 dy x  y  4
(1)  . (2) 
dx y  x  5 dx 2x  y  1

Solution:

The previous two differential equations are not separable

and also are not homogeneous.

dy y  x  1
(1)  .
dx y  x  5

L1 : y  x  1  0 
Let
L2 : y  x  5  0  (1)


They are equations of two parallel straight lines

 dz dy
Let z yx ,  1 (*)
dx dx

dz z 1
In (1)  1 
dx z5

dz z  1 z  5 4
  
dx z  5 z  5 z  5

 z  5 dz  4dx  Integrating 

  z  5 dz  4 dx
z2
 5z  c  4x
2

y  x
2

 5  y  x   c  4x
 y  x

z

This is the general solution of the D.E.

dy x  y  4
(2) 
dx 2x  y  1

Let L1 : x  y  4  0 (1)

L 2 : 2x  y  1  0 (2)

1 
m1    1 
1
Let # 
2 
m2    2
1 

Are slopes of the two straight lines (1), (2).

 Solving the two equations to get the point of Intersection
(1) + (2)

3x  3  0  x 1

In (1)  1 y  4  0  y3

The point of Intersection is (1, 3)

Let

x  X  1  dx  dX
(*)
y  Y  3  dy  dY

From (*) in the D.E.

dY  X  1   Y  3  4

dX 2  X  1   Y  3  1

dY X  Y
  Homogeneous  (3)
dX 2X  Y

Y dY dU
Let U ,  U  X. (**)
X dX dX

Divided both sides in (3) by X

Y
1
dY X
 then using (**)
dX 2  Y
X

dU 1  U
UX 
dX 2  U
 dU 1  U U  2  U 
X  
dX 2  U  2  U 

dU 1  U  2U  U 2
X 
dX 2U

dU U 2  U  1
X 
dX 2U

2U 1
dU  dX
U2  U  1 X

2U 1
 3
dU   dX
 U  12   X
2

 y3 y3 1 2  y  3
2

 ln 
1
   1  3 tan   12   ln  x  1  c
 x 1  x 1 3  x 1
2


(4) Linear first order D.E.

A first order differential eq. of the form

y ' yP  x   Q  x 

Where P(x), Q(x) are continuous functions.

The differential equation may be transformed into a separable

D.E. by multiplying both sides by the Integrating factor e 

P x dx

as follows

e .y' P  x  .e  .y  e 
P x dx P x dx P x dx
.Q  x 
Which can be written as

d   P x dx 
.y  e 
P x dx
e .Q  x 
dx  

y.e    e
P x dx P x dx
.Q  x  dx  C

For a constant C. So the solution is

y.M  x    M  x  .Q  x  dx  C , where M  x  = e 
P x dx

Example:

Solve the following D.E.

(1) y ' y  tan x   cos x .

3y
(2) y'  2x 4 ; y 1  3.
x

Solution:

(1) y' y  tan x   cos x .

Linear first order D.E.

P  x   tan x , Q  x   cos x

sin x
M  x   e  e  e  cos x
P x dx tan xdx   dx

 ln  cos x  ln  cos x 
1 1
e e   sec x.
cos x

The solution of the D.E. is

 y.sec x   sec x.cos xdx  C

ysec x   dx  C

ysec x  x  C

 3
(2) y ' y     2x 4
 x

3
Px   , Q  x   2x 4
x
1
M  x   e  e  x  e 3ln x
P x dx 3 dx

1
M  x   eln x 
3

x3

The solution of the D.E. is

1 1
x3  x3
y.  .2x 4
dx  C

y y13
3
 x 2  C 
x 1,y 3
3  1 C  C2
x

y
Then the particular solution is 3
 x2  2
x

dy 3 3e x
(3)  y 2 .
dx x x

3 3e x
Linear D.E.  Px  , Qx   2
x x
 M  x   e
P x dx
 eln x  x 3 .
3

The solution is

 3e x 
y.x   x .  2
3 3
 dx
 x 

yx 3  3 xe x dx

ux dv  e x dx
By parts
du  dx v  ex

yx 3  3  xe x  e x   C

(4) x 2 y ' xy  1  H.W.

(5) y' y tan x  sec x  2x cos x. (H.W.)

(5) Bernouli's D.E.

The differential equation of the more general form

y' yP  x   Q  x  .y n

is called Bernouli's D.E. The D.E. is a non linear first order D.E.
However it can be made linear by a simple transformation
divided by yn

y  n .y' y1n P  x   Q  x 

dz dy
Let Z  y1n ,  1  n  y  n .
dx dx
 So the D.E. reduces to

dz
 1  n  P  x  Z  1  n  Q  x 
dx

(Linear D.E. in Z ,we can solve it like previous one).

Example:

Solve the following D.E.

dy
(1) x  2y  x 6 .y3  0
dx

dy 2
 y  x 5 .y3 (Bernolui's D.E.)
dx x

dy 2 2
Divided by y3  y 3 .  y  x5 (1)
dx x

Let Z  y 2 (2)

dz dy
 12  y 3 (3)
dx dx

From (2), (3) in (1) 

dz 2
 12  z  x5
dx x

dz 4
 z  2x 5 . (L.D.E.)
dx x

4
Px   , Q  x   2x 5
x
 M  x   e
P x dx 1
 e 4ln x 
x4

The solution of the D.E. is

4 
. 2x 5  dx
1 1
Z.
x 4
  x

Z x2
 2  C
x4 2

1
2 4
 x 2  C
yx

dy 2x 2
(2)  2 y
dx x  16 x4

2x 2
Linear D.E.  P  x   , Qx 
x  16
2
x4

   x 2  16
Mx  e
ln x 2 16
 
The solution is

2  x  4  x  4 
y  x 2  16    dx
 x  4

 x2 
y  x  16   2   4x   C
2

2 
  y   x 4 cos x  y3
dy 2
(3)
dx x

Divided by y3.

dy 2 2
y 3  y  x 4 .cos x (1)
dx x

Let Z  y 2 (2)

dz dy
 12  y 3 (3)
dx dx

dz 2
From (2), (3) in (1)   12  Z  x 4 cos x
dx x

dZ 4
 Z  2x 4 cos x (L.D.E.)
dx x

4
Px   , Q  x   2x 4 cos x .
x

1
M  x   e 4ln x  eln x 
4

x4

The solution is

1
x4 
Z.  2cos xdx

1
y 2 . 4
 2sin x  C
x
 dy
(4) x2  xy  y 2
dx
2
dy y  y 
    divided by y2
dx x  x 

dy 1 1 1
y 2 .  y  2
dx x x

dz dy
Let Z  y 1 ,   y 2 .
dx dx

dz 1 1
  Z  2 (L.D.E.)
dx x x

1 1
Px  , Qx   , Mx  x
x x2

The solution is

 1 
Z.x   x.  2  dx
 x 

x
  ln x  C
y

Another solution:
2
dy y  y 
    (H.D.E.) Complete……..
dx x  x 
 dy
(5)  2y  6e 2x . y. (B.D.E.)
dx

dy
 y 2 .  2y 2  6e 2x
1 1 1
Divided by y 2

dx

dz 1  12 dy
Zy  2y .
1
Let 2
,
dx dx

Then D.E. reduces to

dz
2  2z  6e 2x
dx

dz
 z  3e 2x (L.E.E.)
dx

P  x   1 , Q  x   3e 2x

M  x   ex

The solution of D.E.

Z.e x   e x .3e 2x dx

Z.e x  3 e3x dx

y 2 e x  e3x  C
1
(6) y ' xy  x 3 y3

Solution:

Divided both sides by y3

y 3 .y ' xy 2
 x3 (1)

dz dy
Let Z  y 2 ,  12  y 3 . (2)
dx dx

From (2) in (1) 

dz
 12  xz  x 3
dx

dz
 2xz  2x 3  L.D.E.
dx

P  x   2x , Q  x   2x 3

M  x   e
2xdx
 e x
2

The solution is

Z.M  x    M  x  .Q  x  dx  C

Z.e  x   e  x . 2x 3  dx  C
2 2

By parts Complete ……..

(7) y ' y tan x  y 4 .cot x.

Divided both sides by y4

y 4 .y ' y 3 tan x  cot x (1)

1 dz dy
Let Z  y 3 ,  y 4 . (2)
3 dx dx

From (2) in (1) 

1 dZ
  Z tan x  cot x
3 dx

dZ
  3tan x  Z  3cot x
dx

Linear D.E. in Z. Complete ……….

dy
(8) 4   tan x  y   sec x  y 3
dx

(B.D.E.) , Z  y4 , M  x   sec x

Complete…………

dy 1 ex 4
(9)  y 2 y
dx x x

(B.D.E.) , Z  y 3 , M  x   X3

Complete…………..

[10] Solve (x+y)(dx-dy)=(dx+dy) (H.W)