Prof. Dr.

Muzhir Al-Ani
The field of image processing is very
advanced now a days because of the
famous using and wide applications,
such as civil, medical and military and
there are wide applications based on
the internet.

Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani

Images are transmitted as analog
signal with the rate of 25 or 30 frames
per second, to illusion the human eye,
means each frame stay 40msec. This
means that to work in real time, all
operations must be finished during
this time.
Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani
• The image constructed from frames.
• Each frame contains of two fields,
• One field contains of even lines,
• The other field contains of odd
lines.

Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani

 Odd Field Even Field

0
1 2
3
4
5
7 6
9 8

Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani

Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani
Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani
Preceding digital television (DTV), all
televisions encoded pictures as an
analog signal by varying signal voltage
and radio frequencies. DTV is fast
replacing analog TVs as digital
broadcasting enables broadcasters to
offer television with movie-quality picture
and sound. Analog systems are more
commonly known as NTSC systems.
Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani
While televisions were in existence as early as
the 1920's, the first television broadcast did not
occur until 1936 in London.
By 1945, there were less than 7000 TV sets in
U.S. homes, and only nine television stations.
While these analog sets left something to be
desired - they usually took several minutes to
warm up and all broadcasts were in black and
white - it was certainly an exciting improvement
over radio programming. Interestingly though,
analog television broadcasting is transmitted in
much the same method as radio broadcasts.
Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani
Analog TV broadcasting transmits audio and video
signals over the air waves, just as radio
broadcasts send only audio. Each station uses a
single frequency over which it broadcasts analog
television signals. You know these frequencies as
channels. When these broadcasts experience
interference with their frequencies, what you get is
a channel with noisy static and annoying "snow"
disrupting the program you are attempting to view.
Also, because analog TV broadcasting signals
vary and fluctuate depending on several factors,
you may experience instable color, brightness and
sound quality. Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani
While digital TV has only been highly touted in
recent years, the first digital television broadcast
actually took place in 1996, when a North
Carolina TV station broadcast programming in
digital. Digital TV broadcasting uses "packets" of
compressed data to transmit television
programs. The audio and video components of a
program are packaged together into these
packets of data and broadcast to your digital TV
(or analog television with a converter, cable, or
satellite box).
Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani
The code used to transmit sound, picture and
even text (such as Closed Captioning) in digital
TV broadcasting is very similar to the way
pictures and sounds are transmitted to your
computer via the Internet. Digital television
broadcasting is not subject to the same type of
interference often experienced by analog TV
broadcasting. This means that you will enjoy a
consistently clear, bright picture, high-quality
audio and no static or snow.

Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani

 RAM
Input Image Output Image

ADC I/P DIP O/P DAC

RAM

Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani

To start the design of the image
processing system we must know the
following:
– The start and the end of the image.
– The start and the end of the frame.
– The start and the end of the field.
– The start and the end of the line.

Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani

There are many operations that can be
applied on images and the important
operation is CONVOLUTION through it
that we can do the following:
– LPF which is smoothing the image.
– HPF which sharpening the image.
– Edge detection which detect the
edges image.

Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani

The convolution process be implemented
through one of the following ways:
– Direct convolution.
Through time domain.
– Indirect convolution.
Through frequency domain.

Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani

 y(n1,n2)=x(n1,n2)*h(n1,n2)

x(n1,n2)
y(n1,n2)
h(n1,n2) convolution

Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani

 •
x(n1,n2) X(n1,n2)
FFT
X(n1,n2).H(n1,n2) y(n1,n2)

multiplication IFFT

FFT
h(n1,n2) H(n1,n2)

Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani

 x(n1,n2) y(n1,n2)
h(n1,n2)

Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani

Input Image

Set of 9 S.R.
FIFO of
Output

ACC.
256 byte
Image

FIFO of
256 byte

Control Clock
Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani
Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani
if h[m, n] is separable to (M×1) and (1×N);

Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani

Therefore, substitute h[m, n] into the equation;

Since the definition of convolution 1D is;

Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani

it is convolving with input and h1, then convolve once again
with the result of previous convolution and h2. Therefore,
the separable 2D convolution is performing twice of 1D
convolution in horizontal and vertical direction.

And, convolution is associative, it does not matter which

direction perform first. Therefore, you can convolve with
h2[n] first then convolve with h1[m] later.

Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani

Here is a simple example of convolution of 3x3
input signal and impulse response In general,
the size of output signal is getting bigger than
input signal, but we compute only same area
as input has been defined. Because we forced
to pad zeros where inputs are not defined,
such as x[-1,-1], the results around the edge
cannot be accurate. Plus, the size of output is
fixed as same as input size in most image
processing. (kernel) in 2D spatial.

Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani

Input Kernal

Ouput
Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani
Notice that the origin of impulse response is always
centered. (h[0,0] is located at the center sample of kernel,
not the first element.)
Let's start calculate each sample of the output one by one.
First, flip the kernel, which is the shaded box, in both
horizontal and vertical direction. Then, move it over the
input array. If the kernel is centered (aligned) exactly at the
sample that we are interested in, multiply the kernel data by
the overlapped input data.
The accumulation (adding these 9 multiplications) is the last
thing to do to find out the output value.
Note that the matrices are referenced here as [column, row],
not [row, column]. M is horizontal (column) direction and N
is vertical (row) direction.
Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani
Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani
Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani
Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani
Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani
Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani
Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani
Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani
Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani
Prof. Dr. Muzhir Al-Ani