CYCLIC SIMPLE-SHEAR BEHAVIOR OF SAND-STEEL INTERFACES

UNDER CONSTANT NORMAL STIFFNESS CONDITION

By Kazem Fakharian 1 and Erman EvginZ

ABSTRACT: This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on the cyclic behavior of a sand-
steel interface under constant normal stress and normal stiffness conditions. The experiments were performed
by using an automated interface testing apparatus called C3DSSI. A simple shear-type soil container was used
to measure simultaneously the shear deformation of the sand mass and the sliding displacement at the interface.
Two-way cyclic tangential-displacement-controlled experiments were performed under a constant normal stiff-
ness condition to study the phenomenon of reduction in the maximum shear stress with cycles. This phenomenon
is known to be the cause of degradation of shaft resistance in piles subjected to cyclic loading in the axial
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direction. Effects of the tangential-displacement amplitude and the magnitude of the normal stiffness on the
cyclic response were investigated. It was concluded that the reduction in maximum shear stress was not only
due to the reduction in the normal stress, but also to a greater extent due to the increased amount of mobilized
sliding displacement at the interface with an increasing number of cycles. The reduction in maximum shear
stress with cycles was dramatic when failure was experienced at the interface, Le., when the shear stress-normal
stress ratio (T!crn ) reached a peak value and subsequently approached a residual value.

INTRODUCTION
The load-deformation response of soil-structure systems is
significantly influenced by the stress-displacement relations of
interfaces between soils and structural materials. This is par-
ticularly important in the case of systems subjected to cyclic
loading conditions, such as those resulting from earthquakes,
wind, or ocean waves. Numerous experimental studies have
been reported in the literature about the behavior of interfaces
under monotonic loading conditions. A detailed literature re-
view on interface behavior and also a comparison of various
available interface testing devices are given in Paikowsky et
al. (1995). The data on the behavior of interfaces between soil
and structural materials under cyclic loading conditions, how-
ever, are rare, particularly under the constant normal stiffness
boundary condition. Desai et al. (1985) employed a direct
shear-type device in a series of two-way, small-amplitude tan-
gential-displacement-controlled cyclic tests on interfaces be-
tween Ottawa sand and concrete under constant normal stress
conditions. Desai et al. (1985) concluded that for cohesionless
soils, the interface response becomes stiffer with an increase
in the number of cycles, and the rate of stiffening decreases
as the number of cycles increases. Using a simple shear-type
soil container, Uesugi et al. (1989) studied the cyclic behavior
of an interface between Toyoura sand and a steel during one-
and two-way tangential-displacement-controlled tests. Their
results showed that even at small tangential-displacement am-
plitudes, the shear stress at the interface could reach a peak
value, equivalent to the peak strength of the same interface
under monotonic loading conditions, and subsequently it
would reduce to a residual value.
Generally, a stress boundary condition is specified in the
conventional interface experiments in which the normal stress
applied on the interface plane is maintained constant through-
out shearing. A conventional interface experiment would be
appropriate for stability problems such as retaining walls and
the stability of slopes. There are many practical problems,
'Res. Assoc., Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Univ. of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario
KIN 6N5, Canada.
'Prof., Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Univ. of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario KIN
6N5, Canada.
Note. Discussion open until May I, 1998. To extend the closing date
one month, a written request must be filed with the ASCE Manager of
Journals. The manuscript for this paper was submitted for review and
possible publication on July 31, 1996. This paper is part of the Journal
of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 123, No. 12,
December, 1997. ©ASCE, ISSN 1090-0241/97/0012-1096-1105/$4.00
+ $.50 per page. Paper No. 13812.
1096/ JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING / DECEMBER 1997
however, where the normal stress acting on the interface does
not remain constant during shearing. For example, for a typical
interface between a pile shaft and the surrounding soil, any
volume change in the interface zone is constrained by the soil
beyond this zone. In other words, the surrounding soil imposes
a normal stiffness condition on the interface between the pile
shaft and the soil. Consequently, the normal stress acting on
the interface may increase or decrease, depending on whether
the soil in the interface zone tends to compress or to dilate.
For the analysis of this class of problems, it would be more
realistic to use parameters obtained from constant normal stiff-
ness tests rather than using parameters from constant normal
stress tests.
Failure of piles arising from the degradation of shaft resis-
tance is recognized to be predominant under axial two-way
cyclic loading conditions (Poulos 1989). The degradation of
the shaft resistance was observed in model-scale tests as well
as in full-scale field tests (e.g., Chan and Hanna 1980; Poulos
1981; Turner and Kulhawy 1989). Poulos (1989) attributed the
degradation in shaft resistance to the compressibility of the
soil. Particle crushing, volume changes due to shearing, and
particle reorientation were considered to be the causes of large
reductions in the soil's volume near the pile shaft. A reduction
in volume leads to a reduction in the normal stress, and con-
sequently, to a reduction in the maximum shear stress mobi-
lized between the shaft and the soil. Airey et al. (1992) and
Tabucanon et al. (1995) confirmed experimentally the preced-
ing idea, expressed by Poulos (1989), by presenting two-way
cyclic displacement-controlled tests on sand under constant
normal stiffness conditions using a direct shear device. These
investigations, however, were mainly focused on the calcare-
ous sands because of their large compressibility. Similarly, Ooi
and Carter (1987) performed constant normal stiffness tests on
calcareous sediments and attributed the reduction in maximum
shear stress to the compressibility of the sediments. Uesugi
and Kishida (1991) argued that the governing factor for the
degradation of the maximum shear stress is the magnitude of
slip (sliding displacement) at the soil-pile interface. This state-
ment was based on cyclic two-way tangential-displacement-
controlled experiments on an interface between sand and steel
using a simple shear-type soil container (Uesugi et al. 1989).
In response to Uesugi and Kishida's discussion, Poulos (1991)
stated that the degradation of shaft resistance depends not only
on the reduction of the maximum shear-stress ratio, which is
a function of the absolute cyclic slip displacement, but also
on the reduction in normal effective stress at the interface,
which results from the development of the volumetric strains

J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 1997.123:1096-1105.

 during cyclic shearing. Poulos (1991) also states that in com-
pressible soils such as calcareous sands, the latter component
may dominate, and in less compressible soils, the former com-
ponent may become more significant.
The main objective of this paper is to investigate the relative
importance of the governing factors influencing the degrada-
tion of maximum shear stress acting on an interface between
silica sand and a steel plate subjected to two-way tangential-
displacement-controlled cycles. A recently developed interface
apparatus, C3DSSI (Evgin and Fakharian 1996; Fakharian
1996; Fakharian and Evgin 1996), is employed in the inves-
tigation of the degradation phenomenon. A simple shear-type
soil container used in C3DSSI permits separate measurements
of the sliding displacement at the interface and the simple
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shear deformation of the soil mass. A closed-loop computer-
controlled pneumatic actuator is employed to simulate the con-
stant normal stiffness and constant normal stress boundary
conditions. Therefore, this apparatus is a suitable device for
investigating simultaneously the two previously mentioned
causes of degradation of the maximum shear stress.
A brief description of C3DSSI, the boundary conditions, and
the materials used in the experiments are presented first. The
results of a monotonic test under constant normal stress con-
ditions are presented as a reference case for the presentation
of the cyclic test results. Then the results of a constant normal
stress cyclic test are presented. Subsequently, the results of a
series of two-way cyclic tangential-displacement-controlled
constant normal stiffness tests are discussed to evaluate the
effects of the tangential-displacement amplitude and the mag-
nitudes of the normal stiffness on the degradation of the max-
imum shear stress.
APPARATUS
The interface apparatus is illustrated schematically in Fig.
1. Three orthogonal forces can be applied simultaneously on
the interface plane to induce the normal stress, an, in the z-
direction, and the shear stresses, 'T'x and 'T'y, in the x- and y-
directions, respectively. In this study, the tests were performed
in the z-x plane, and therefore, reference will only be made to
the normal stress, am and shear stress, 'T'X'
Pneumatic Actuator
Top Plate
Vertical
Load Cell
Ball Bushing
Bearing
Load Cell,
x-Direction
Stepper Motor,
x-Direction
Bottom
/ = K (constant normal stiffness).
Bottom Plate
FIG. 1. Schematic View of C3DSSI
JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 1 DECEMBER 1997/1097
J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 1997.123:1096-1105.
Staok of Alum. pia
Initial Soli
position L~~iiiEEEEii!i!iii!~EE.iii.(
lII( ) (Horizontal dlsplaoement)
FIG. 2. Schematic Diagrams of Tangential Displacements
A pneumatic actuator is used to apply the normal load on
the interface. The operation of this actuator is controlled by a
computer to impose a constant normal stress or a constant
normal stiffness condition, as described in the next section.
The tangential force in the x-direction is applied to the in-
terface plane through a loading table by a computer-controlled
ball screw stepper motor that is capable of applying displace-
ment or load-controlled cyclic or monotonic shear in the
x-direction. The testing apparatus is described in more detail
by Fakharian and Evgin (1996) and Fakharian (1996).
A simple shear box is used as the soil container, which
consists of a stack of 2-mm-thick, anodized, Teflon-coated,
square aluminium plates with an inside area of 100 X 100
mm. The simple shear box is placed on the steel plate, which
has an area of 300 X 300 mm. Because the steel plate is longer
than the sand surface, the area of contract surface remains
constant during sliding. Conceptually, this design is similar to
that of the simple shear box used by Uesugi and Kishida
(1986). A thin layer of foam covered with a Teflon sheet is
pasted to the bottom surface of the bottom aluminium plate to
prevent leakage of the sand particles during shearing. No leak-
age is observed during any monotonic or cyclic experiments.
Two tangential displacements are measured to distinguish
between the sliding displacement along the contact surface and
the displacement resulting from the shear deformation of the
soil mass. The tangential displacements are measured by two
linear variable differential transducers (LVDTs). Fig. 2 illus-
trates the schematic diagrams of tangential displacements in
the x-direction. The total tangential displacement, Uxa ' is mea-
sured between the top aluminum plate and the steel plate by
the LVDT, ax. The tangential displacement resulting from the
shear deformation of the soil mass, Uxb, is measured by the
LVDT, b" which reads the relative tangential displacement be-
tween the top and bottom aluminium plates. The sliding dis-
placement at the soil-steel interface, u" is obtained from U x =
Uxa - Uxb (Fig. 2).
CONSTANT NORMAL STIFFNESS BOUNDARY
CONDITION
The stiffness in the direction normal to the interface is com-
monly denoted by K, and it is defined as the ratio of the var-
iation in the normal stress to the variation in the normal dis-
placement at the upper boundary of the sample, i.e., K = daj
dv. Three typical boundary conditions (Fig. 3) are generally
used in laboratory experiments:
Case I. K = 0, i.e., dan = 0; dv '# 0 (constant normal
stress).
• Case II. K = 00, i.e., dan '# 0; dv = 0 (constant volume).
• Case III. K = constant, i.e., dan '# 0; dv'# 0 and dan/dv
Case I is a representation of the condition in which the
 K=O K= 00 K=Constant
mm. An average surface roughness, Rmaxo 25 J.Lm for a gauge
(J n = Constant
length, L = 0.8 mm, was created by sand blasting. The value
I I I I I I I I I I I I ~ ~ I~II~I~I
I II I
Fixed Boundary
Rmax is the average of 10 measurements along the direction of
soil
structure
\
._IIIIIIIII~stlllllrulllct!llulllllre-lIIIIIIIII.
soil soil
structure
interface shearing. The selected gauge length, L, was the clos-
L..--F-/x":e:::'d::;B:":ou::'n::'d-ary---' Fixed Boundary Fixed Boundary est available value to the mean grain size of the sand, D~o =
Interface 0.6 mm, on the surface profile tester device used. The relative
density of the sand was 88% at the beginning of each test
FIG. 3. Boundary Conditions In Direction Normal to Interface:
(a) Constant Normal Stress; (b) Constant Volume; (c) Constant
throughout the experimental program.
Normal Stiffness (K= dunldv)
TEXT RESULTS
normal stress does not change during the process of shearing Monotonic Test
as shown in Fig. 3(a). In this case, the interface may compress The results of a typical monotonic test are presented in Fig.
or dilate freely (dan = 0; dv ¢ 0). 4. The sample was sheared under a constant normal stress, an>
Case II is the condition of constant volume. No displace- 100 r-----;---,---,--,.----,
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by East Carolina University on 09/22/13. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

ment is allowed at the upper boundary of the sample in the

au
~...
direction normal to the interface plane as illustrated in Fig.
3(b). During the test, the normal stress increases or decreases ._ ! .
80
depending on the tendency of the soil to dilate or compress
(dan ¢ 0; dv = 0).
Case III is the condition of constant normal stiffness [Fig. l 40
;
[
I
..................1"...... ············T············ ...j
!
.

3(c)], in which normal stress and normal displacement vary J

I/) 20
i i
II
i:
··I·················+···················!······
i
...J ...
proportionally where the proportionality constant is denoted i
by K(da jdv = K). Cases I and II are the lower and upper 0
bounds of case III, respectively. In most of the available in- 0 1.4 3 4
terface testing devices, a simply supported reaction beam is
(a) Total Tangential Displacement, Uxl (mm)
used to impose the constant normal stiffness condition. The
desired stiffness is achieved by varying the span or moment 0.8
of inertia of the beam. ,
In C3DSSI, the boundary conditions in the direction normal
to the interface are imposed by a computer-controlled system,
E 0.4
f
···················1···········
g
which includes a pneumatic actuator, a motorized regulator, a > !
load cell, an LVDT, and a closed-loop computer control unit. l 0.2 CIotk>n ~~~i~i·orm.ldmu,;;·~;;;·~bi~ii~·~· .·
The stiffness, K, is specified as a set point. The computer con-
trol unit varies the pressure in the pneumatic actuator such that
the ratio between the variation in the normal stress and the
l 0.0
t'
·-~r·I + + +-.. ·1
variation in the normal displacement is kept constant at the set 00n'IlI.11on
-4.2
point, K. A correction is made in the set point to account for
the compliance of the testing device.
0 1 1.4 2 3 ..
The specified normal stiffness is externally imposed on both (b) Total Tangential Displacement, Ux. (mm)
the sand mass and the interface. Therefore, the changes taking 100
place in the normal displacement within the sand mass during

--
shearing interfere with the imposed normal stiffness intended Peak
'iii 80
for the interface alone. One of the advantages of the computer-
controlled systems, to impose normal stiffness condition, is
~
... SO
"'--
that by having the variations of the normal displacement in
the sand mass at different normal stress levels, it would be
possible to make corrections in the magnitude of the applied
l
lli
40

external boundary condition to impose the desired stiffness on 1!

I/) 20
the interface itself. In this study, however, such corrections
were not made and the normal stiffness imposed represents an 0
average value for the sand mass and interface together. 0
0.6
2 3 ..
(e) Slicing Dlaplacement, Ux (mm)

TEST MATERIALS
100

.
til
The tests were conducted on an interface between dry me- Peak
dium crushed silica sand and a rough steel plate. The mean 80
grain size, minimum void ratio, and maximum void ratio of ~
the sand were 0.6 mm, 0.651, and 1.024, respectively. The
... 80

sand was rained on the steel plate by using the multiple-siev-

ing-pluviation method described by Miura and Toki (1982), I 40 .............

with some modifications (Fakharian and Evgin 1996). The J

I/) 20
sand surface was leveled off by means of suction so that the
initial height of the sand sample was always 20 mm. The
crushed silica sand had angular grains. The internal friction
angle, <p, was measured 45 at the peak in a direct shear test
0

(d) Shear Deformation of Sand, Uxb (mm)

under a constant normal stress of 100 kPa and an initial rel-
ative density of 88%. FIG. 4. Results of Monotonic Test under Constant Normal
The steel plates, made of low carbon steel, were 300 X 300 Stress of 100 kPa (Benchmark Test)

1098/ JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING / DECEMBER 1997

J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 1997.123:1096-1105.

 of 100 kPa at a total tangential displacement rate of 1 mml 100 ,..---;-----"
min. The normal displacement measurements included the
combined effects of the normal displacement in the interface
zone and in the remaining portion of the sand mass. The peak
I
~
10

and residual shear strengths were 80.3 and 62.0 kPa, respec-
tively. If the application of the tangential displacement was I
continued, the residual strength would possibly continue to
reduce to about 60 kPa for the described interface. The peak J -10
shear strength was reached at a total tangential displacement, -100 L....~_.L....._ .............._ _......._~.....
UXQ ' of 1.4 mm.
-1 oQ.1 0 0.1
The total tangential displacement, Uxa , includes the sliding
displacement, ux , and the displacement due to the shear defor- (a) TotIIl Tengentlel Ollpl., u.. (mm)

mation of sand, Uxb (Note: the tangential displacement due to

the shear deformation of the sand mass, Uxb, is indicated in 0.2 r----;-,-----;1-----;'---'

i::=~-m',;
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short form as "shear deformation of sand" in Figs. 4-10). It

was observed that the major portion of the displacements due
to shear deformation of sand took place before the peak shear
strength was reached [Fig. 4(d)]. Thereafter, the shear defor-
mation of the sand mass was negligibly small while the sliding
displacement at the contact surface continued [Fig. 4(c)]. This
observation indicated that (1) the contribution of the sand mass
I oQ.1 h..h'"'C:i
.
j.h
1
L:::=-
.
55

to the normal displacement becomes negligible after the peak oQ.8 L....~_l.-o-
!
.............J.............................._ .......
shear stress, because the shear deformation does not change -1 oQ.1 0 0.5
significantly thereafter; and (2) the shear strength of the soil (b) TotIIl Tengentlel Ollpl., U.. (mm)
mass was higher than the shear strength at the interface, oth-
erwise, the shear failure would have occurred within the sand 100 r----.,---,..---.,..--;:--..,
mass. The measured peak shear strength of the sand mass at
88% initial relative density was 100 kPa under (J'n of 100 kPa,
which was 20% higher than the shear strength of the interface. I~
10
"- 55
The peak shear strength was reached at a sliding displacement iii
0
of 0.6 mm. At this point, the displacement due to the shear j
deformation of the sand mass was 0.8 mm. The summation of
these two values resulted in the total tangential displacement I
III
-10
of 1.4 mm, as shown in Fig. 4(a).
-100
Two-Way Cyclic Test under Constant Normal Stress -1 oQ.1 0 0.5
(c) Sliding Ollplecement, u,. (mm)
Based on a series of two-way displacement-controlled cyclic
test results, Uesugi et al. (1989) and Uesugi and Kishida
100
(1991) concluded that the dominant factor in the degradation
of the maximum shear stress at a sand-steel interface was the 'iii
50
amount of sliding displacement at the interface. These tests ~
were conducted under constant normal stress conditions using ~
<Ii
a simple shear box. Their results were especially important for ~ 0
the case of small displacement amplitudes, demonstrating that Iii
the peak strength could be reached and softening could occur Ii
.&; -50
III
even at tangential-displacement amplitudes smaller than that
required to mobilize the peak strength in a monotonically -100
sheared interface. Similar experiments were conducted in this ·1 oQ.5 o 0.5
study to further examine this phenomenon and to establish a (d) Sheer Deform. of Send, u", (mm)
basis for evaluating the experimental results under the condi-
FIG. 5. lWo-Way Tangentlal-Dlsplacement-Controlled Cyclic
tion of constant normal stiffness.
Test under Constant Normal Stress Condition
The results of a representative test are presented in Figs.
5 - 7. The normal stress was set at a constant value of 100 kPa
throughout cycling, and the total number of cycles was 55 at cycle, reached a peak of 83.0 kPa at cycle 12, after which the
a frequency of 11200 Hz. The amplitude of the total tangential shear stress decreased and stabilized at 60.0 kPa. The rapid
displacement was set at 0.75 mm, which was smaller than the changes in the shear stress continued up to about 30 cycles
total tangential displacement, Uxa , of 1.4 mm at the peak equivalent to 6000 s, after which the shear stress decreased
strength for a monotonic test on the same interface [Fig. 4(a)]. gradually toward the residual value of 60.0 kPa.
It was observed that the amplitudes of the sliding displacement Figs. 7(a)-7(c) illustrate the changes taking place in the
at the interface, U and the displacement resulting from the
X' total tangential displacement, the displacement resulted from
shear deformation of the sand mass, Uxb' varied with the cycles, the shear deformation of the sand mass, and the sliding dis-
as illustrated in Figs. 5(c) and 5(d), respectively. A gradual placement as a function of time, respectively. During the first
compression was observed in the sand mass in such a manner cycle, the amplitude of the displacement resulting from the
that the rate of compression decreased with an increase in the shear deformation of the sand mass was 0.5 mm, i.e., 2/3 of
number of cycles [Fig. 5(b)]. the total-displacement amplitude of 0.75 mm. As the number
The plots of shear stress versus time (Fig. 6), illustrate that of cycles increased, the shear-deformation amplitude for the
the peak strength was reached at cycle 12. It is observed that sand mass reduced and the sliding-displacement amplitude at
the maximum shear stress, which was 72.0 kPa during the first the interface increased. The amplitude of displacement result-
JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING / DECEMBER 1997/1099

J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 1997.123:1096-1105.

 100 ,...-----r~
are skewed upward. During the initial shearing of the interface
(upward or positive direction of x on the uxb-axis), some re-
10
arrangement occurs within the sand mass due to shearing,
causing some plastic deformation of the sand mass. This plas-
"i.. 0 tic deformation is not fully recoverable during reverse shearing
(downward or negative direction of x on the uXb-axis). Thus,
-110 the variations of the shear deformation component are shifted
slightly upward in Fig. 7(b).
•100 1 -_ _--l.. ....L. l...-_ _...... ...J...._ _.......J

2000 ..,00 1000 1000 10000 12000 TwO-Way Cyclic Tests under Constant Normal
nml(Sec.) Stiffness
FIG. 6. Variations of Shear Stress with Time for Results of Fig. The results of a typical test are presented in Figs. 8-13, to
S identify the main characteristics of the behavior of a sand-steel
200 ,...---jr-----;---.,.--..,
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0.1 II ,
··..······..····..··1··..··············..·····

o .
-0..

I
(a) ·1
2000 ..,00 1000 1000 10000 12000
J ·100

0.1 ~IT.;·;·i·i·i·;·;·L~~::::T=:~=:¢'·······! j I ·200

·1 -0.5 o 0.5
(a) Totll Tlngentlll Olspl., u.. (mm)
-0.1 f·e ..; + I··········· ·········•··· + !!.......•...............······1

(b)'1 1----200.J..0---..,.J.00---1..J.00-0--~IO...l00---1....1000-0--~1...J2ooo
o ,...--~--~~--.,...---.
1.0 r-(~::=============-,-----,---" E
S·U
0.1 r················=r==~~~;ittrniTI'~·1 >

I 0.0 1-0.4
Q
~
-0.. f·······

.1.0 1 -_ _......
:..,.,' ,u·H

..L-_ _---i. ...J...._ _---' ...J

J -0.1

(c) 2000 4000 1000 1000 10000 12000

-0.1
Time (Seconds)
-1 -0.15 o 0.15
FIG. 7. Variations of Tangential Displacements with Time for (b) Total Tangential Olspl., u.. (mm)
Results of Fig. S (ux• = Ux + UXb )
200 ,...-----.,.--....,....--...,....----,
ing from the shear deformation reduced to 0.07 mm [Fig.
7(b)], and the sliding-displacement amplitude increased to 0.68 Ii 100
mm [Fig. 7(c)], thereafter they remained at these values. Sta- ~
....
bilization took place after about 30 cycles, which is equivalent <Ii
0
to 6000 s. This was about the same amount of time after which
the shear stress variations became negligible in Fig. 6. These
~
observations agree qualitatively well with the results reported
i
~ ·100
by Uesugi et al. (1989). '"
It was observed that at a total tangential-displacement am- -200 ..................~~-'-.......................................
plitude of 0.75 mm, which is smaller than the 1.4-mm dis- ·1 -0.15 o 0.15
placement required for the peak strength to develop in a mono-
(c) Sliding Displacement, u, (mm)
tonic test, the mobilized maximum shear stress increased with
an increase in the number of cycles. Eventually, however, after
200 ,...-----,---,--....,..--..,
the peak strength was reached, the maximum shear stress
started decreasing with an increase in the number of cycles,
and after a certain number of cycles, the hysterisis curves con- i 100 f ....··..·.......... ·i......···....·........f"
verged to a loop, equivalent to the residual shear strength of ....
the interface in monotonic shearing. The stiffening of the sand o ~ +.
mass with cycles, adjacent to the interface [Fig. 5(b)], and thus
a gradual decrease in the amplitude of the shear deformation
with cycles [Figs. 5(d) and 7(b)], caused the amplitude of the
! ·1 00 ~ " ! .

sliding displacement of the interface to increase [Figs. 5(c) and ·200 ...............-'-...............-'-...............- ......................
7(c)]. A sufficient increase in the sliding-displacement ampli- -1 -0.15 o 0.15
tude caused the mobilization of the peak strength, followed by
(d) Shear Deform. of sand, u"" (mm)
a strength reduction to a residual value. It is also observed in
Fig. 7(b) that the variations of the displacement related to FIG. 8. 1\No-Way Totsl Tangential-Displacement-Controlled
shear deformation of the sand, Uxb, are not symmetrical and Test Results under Constant Normal Stiffness Condition

1100 / JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING / DECEMBER 1997

J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 1997.123:1096-1105.

 200 ~---,----,---....,...----. ..
I

.. 100 ~ + ; >,r..
0.5
~
I-'
...tS
I-'

I 0
0
1:
lX:
0

! -100 j -0.5

-200 L...-...............J ...............l........._ .........~.........J

-1
-1 -0.5 o 0.5 ·1 -0.5 o 0.5
(a) Total Tangentiel Displ., u. (mm) (a) Totel Tangential Dlspl., u. (mm)

o
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E
.§. -0.2
>
tS 0.6 r···············t·····,~~;'

~ -0.4
is
········~Cycle11 i
0-
0
Ii
~ i~1 lX:
~ .....................". ..; cycle 50
-0.6 . .
~....
! -0.6
fn

-0.8
·1 -0.6 o 0.6 .1 L...-.........................~........~~........~................
(b) Total Tangential Displ., u. (mm) ·1 -0.6 o 0.6
(b) Sliding Displacement, u. (mm)
200 ...----,,----..,----,.--....,

.
~
100
,..----,--......,.--......,., cycle 11
~(pe8k)
...J
..~
I-'

0 cycle
...tS
I-'
0.6 cycle 50
... i..,
, cycle 1

tii 50 i- 0
i

: lX:
. ····················t..·····
en ·100
J:;

j -0.6 ;,
.................... ... .. (

-200 l-o-.........................~........~........................~......
-1 L..-<-........................~................_ ...........................
-1 -0.6 o
(e) Sliding Displacement, u. (mm) -1 -0.6 o 0.6
(e) Shear Deform. of sand, u.., (mm)

200 .------,,----..,----,.--....,

.
~ 100 ~ ; +/
cycle 1

cycle 11
I
FIG. 10. Stress Ratio Variations at Cycles 1, 11 (peak), and 50;
Normalized Results of Fig. 9

I-'
o ~··················+·····I..,
! -100
.200 L..-<-.
-1 -0.6
(d) Shear Deform. of sand, u.. (mm)
FIG. 9. Shear-Stress Variations at Cycles 1, 11, and 50 for Re-
sults of Fig. 8
interface under a constant normal stiffness condition in two-
way total tangential-displacement-controlled tests. The testing
procedure was the same as that presented under a constant
normal stress condition, except that a constant normal stiff-
ness, K, of 400 kPalmm was imposed in the direction normal
to the interface plane. The initial normal stress, (J'",,, was 300
kPa. The specimen was subjected to 50 cycles of displace-
ments at a frequency of 1/200 Hz with a total tangential-dis-
placement amplitude of 0.75 mm.
Fig. 8 shows that the maximum shear stress reduced with
an increase in the number of cycles in such a way that the rate
of reduction was higher within the first few cycles. Fig. 9
illustrates the plots for cycles I, II, and 50 (T = 170, 109, and
I 50 kPa, respectively). A substantial reduction is observed in
. ·····1· cycle 50 the maximum shear stress with an increase in cycles. The mo-
bilized shear stress, which was 170 kPa at the displacement
amplitude of 0.75 mm during the first cycle, dropped to 50
kPa in the 50th cycle.
........... The shear stress was normalized by the corresponding nor-
o 0.6 mal stress and was plotted against tangential displacements as
illustrated in Fig. 10. The variations of the stress ratio, T/(J'",
with the total tangential displacement, sliding displacement,
and shear deformation of the sand mass exhibited the same
trend as the results of the constant normal stress tests (Fig. 5).
The mobilized stress ratio, T/(J'", which was 0.61 at the maxi-
mum tangential displacement during the first cycle, increased
to 0.8 at cycle 11, and subsequently decreased and reached a
residual value of 0.61. Despite the fact that the maximum
shear stress decreased from the beginning of the cycles, the
stress ratio followed exactly the same pattern as in a typical
two-way displacement-controlled cyclic test with a constant
normal stress.
The results also indicate that the sliding displacement at the
interface and the displacement due to the shear deformation
of the sand mass underwent the same variations as in the case
of constant normal stress tests. With an increase in the number
of cycles, the amplitude of the displacement resulting from the
shear deformation of the sand mass, Uxb, decreased while the
JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING / DECEMBER 1997/1101

J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 1997.123:1096-1105.

 200 r---"------,,;===:::;:1'---11.----, 7eak !strength ratio
il Shear SlressI i .

'€,,71
! I i
100
. . "HHlnnnnlA AAiAAAAA1A~i;·~~·~~~l; (0.8 ----+--
·100
large reduction In maximum shear stress .
lUllUIBJll!l~l~'!V VVlr ' VVI I II ill ~ VVVVVV !
(:.:1 .
Residual

- -
I !
strength
2000 1000 1000 10000 ~ ratio

'~HIT~~~H
Slress Ratio

OJ ..

~
. a failure occured
alcycle 11
i
-0.5 """,,,,,.,,,,.,,,,,,,

'nnnn~l"
.0.5 ...
I

2000 4000 1000 1000 10000

-1
SOOh--!--~==:::;:::::::;:r--!--1
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0 10 120 110 240 300

I'Normal Stress II ,,i
I
"!
. . !.. . . (a) Normal Slress, O'n (kPa)
! ·················1
!
.. 1. . ... ·····················t··
cycle 11
(failure)

2000

FIG. 11. Variations of Shear Stress, Stress Ratio, and Normal

- Time (Sac,)
1000 1000 10000

t5
0.5
--
cycle 50

Stress with Time --

~
ci
0
'Iii
Cl:
on

~
200 - , - Residual - - . . , . - - - . . . ,
Peak I Envelope
E~velope ~ !
! I -0.5
i '
i
100 "..."...,,'

-1 .....""--~..J--'-_---'-~~_'-"-
...........L...-'-_......

o 60 120 180 240 300

o
(b) Normal Slress, O'n (kPa)

FIG. 13. Stress Paths In Tlu n - un Space

-1 00 ~""'"'''''''''''' !".""""."""."..,
sliding displacement amplitude, ux , increased. The changes
taking place in the shear stress, stress ratio, and normal stress
with tim~ are shown in Fig. 11. A rapid reduction in the shear
.200 L.-",,--~...i--,-_--i-~~---'~~'--J...-
......._ . . J stress and normal stress continued up to about 30 cycles (time
o 60 120 180 240 300 6000 s), after which these stresses approached their respective
residual values. The peak stress ratio, (7/0'n)peak' was reached
(a) Normal Slress, O'n (kPa) at cycle 11, equivalent to 2200 s [Fig. 11 (b»). This graph is
similar to the one shown in Fig. 6, which was obtained from
200 . . . - - - - , - - - Residual =r:---...,----, a displacement-controlled cyclic test under the condition of a
Envelope
Peak constant normal stress. Due to the compressive nature of the
Envelope~ volume changes in sand under cyclic loads, the normal stress
i

..........L . had to decrease [Fig. II(c») at the same rate as the normal
100 j
displacement, to maintain the normal stiffness, K, at the des-
ignated value of 400 kPalmm throughout the cycles. The re-
duction of the normal stress with the cycles resulted in the
reduction of the maximum shear stress, which is the so-called
"degradation of maximum shear stress" with cycles.
The stress path, illustrated in Fig. 12(a), demonstrates a
cycle 50 gradual decrease in both the shear stress and normal stress with
-100 ~ ·.. ·,,"",,·+·· · 1i· d cycles. The loops for cycles I, 11, and 50 are plotted in Fig.
12(b). The envelopes of both the peak and residual strengths
are also plotted. The stress path cycles are inside the peak
envelope before the failure. At failure (cycle 11), the stress
-200 L.-~_--'-~_---J'--_~....L...~~--'- _ _.........
path touched the failure envelope and subsequently bounced
o 80 120 110 240 300 back inward and stabilized on the residual envelope. The fail-
(b) Normal Slress, O'n (kPa)
ure occurred at a normal stress of 134 kPa and a shear stress
of 106 kPa. After 50 cycles, the normal stress and shear stress
FIG. 12. Stress Paths In T - Un Space dropped to 79 and 51 kPa, respectively.
1102/ JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING I DECEMBER 1997

.. - ..,._... __. _ - - - - - - - - - - - - -

J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 1997.123:1096-1105.

 Similar plots based on the normalized shear stress, -r/0"., are
shown in Fig. 13. Despite the drop in both the normal stress
and the maximum shear stress with cycles, the maximum stress
ratio increased and reached a peak strength ratio of 0.8, as
clearly observed at a normal stress, 0".. of 134 kPa, after which
the stress ratio decreased to reach a residual strength ratio of
0.61.
The experimental results clearly demonstrate the phenome-
non of the maximum shear stress degradation for a sand-steel
interface, and explain the degradation of shaft resistance of
axially loaded piles subjected to two-way cyclic axial displace-
ments. It seems apparent that both factors contributing to the
shear-stress degradation are shown to be applicable simulta-
neously. The first factor (Poulos 1989) attributed the maximum
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Effect of Displacement Amplitude
Two additional tests were conducted at low tangential-dis-
placement amplitudes. The first one had a total tangential-dis-
placement amplitude of 0.25 mm. The variations of the shear
stress, stress ratio, and normal stress with the number of cycles
are presented in Fig. 14. Although the normal stress dropped
substantially during the cycles (from 300 kPa down to 110
kPa), the maximum shear stress decreased only slightly (from
138 kPa in the first cycle down to about 90 kPa in the 50th
cycle). The stress ratio variations in Fig. 14(b) showed a grad-
ual increase with the cycles, but no failure was observed. The
second test was conducted under a total tangential-displace-
ment amplitude of 0.5 mm. As demonstrated in Fig. 15, no
failure occurred during this test either. However, the normal

shear-stress degradation with cycles to the reduction in the stress and, hence, the shear stress, reduced at a slightly higher
normal effective stress due to the compressive response of the rate compared to the test with 0.25-mm amplitude.
sand with an increase in the number of cycles. The second
factor, proposed by Uesugi et al. (1989) and Uesugi and Kish- aool--i----r-;::==~::::r--T--I
ida (1991), attributed the reduction in the maximum stress ra-
i ! Shear Stress

~.~l·~·~··~·~··~·l~·l~In·n·n~·J ···~··~T~··~·~·····
100

tio, -rIO".. to the sliding displacement at the interface, and it

was considered to be the dominant factor. This explanation .. moderate reduction in maximum shear sire..
was justified within the framework of their experimental re- .100 ~nUl~.l~l~~i~··UJltUl'rU.1JJJJ
sults, which was limited to one- and two-way cyclic displace- -2Q0L !
.L- !
-'- !
..L- ...L -'
ment-controlled tests under the condition of constant normal (a) 2000 8000 8000 10000
stress.
Figs. 8, ll(a), and II(c), which illustrate a decrease in both i Stre.. Ratio

the maximum shear stress and the normal stress with an in-
crease in the number of cycles, provide support for the first
factor. The stress ratio variations, -rIO".. shown in Figs. 10 and
~
..
D••

. HHH
no failure

11 (b), resemble the shear stress variations in similar tests un-

der constant normal stress conditions. This observation is in
".s
.1 l -
ij~ijHijl
..l...- -'- ....L... -J... ......J
favor of the second factor that the sliding displacement is the (b) 2000 .aDO 8000 8000 10000
dominant factor.
To determine each factor's degree of contribution to the
strength degradation, two sets of experiments were performed.
The first one was to investigate the effect of the displacement
amplitude, and the second one was to determine the effect of
the magnitude of constant normal stiffness, as described in the
next section.
2000 .aDO
Time (Sec.)
8000 .... 10000

aoo
~ Shear Stress ) I FIG. 15. Variations of Shear Stress, Stress Ratio, and Normal

m
100

~k~~n~nlnnnn~ ~ln~~ A· i Stress with Time

.
~
·100 f
small reduction In maximum shear stres~
~ ~ ~ ~~UUVIUUJl~~1IHH1 ...
II
"f'" N
200 . . . . . - - - - _ . . . . - - - - . . . , . - - - - - ; - - - - - - ,

-0- Mean Normal Stress

I . ;
i

(a) -- 1000 2000

i Stress Ratio
3000 .aDO 5000 180 .........!.-..
I
.i ...-_ MaxI_rn_urn
6-_ ......
Sh_8_ar_S_tre_ss
J

I
i
!
~AU~~
•.1
.. 120 . ·······1··
E
.. 0 no failure
.
l
111~l~lH J
~-
".1 i

(b) .1
I b 10

... 1000 2000 3000 llOOO

I
~.
I:
Normal Stress
40 ··········1·········· .......••• ~ ...••..j•..... ..........\ ..

, I
I [ Results 8fter 30 cycles )
I
f· OL ~_~_~i.-_~_~_~_~
I

I o 0.28 O.S US
(c) • 1000 2000 3000 5000 Total Tangential Ol.pl. Amplituda
Tlma (Sec,)
FIG. 16. Effect of Magnitude of Total Tangential-Displacement
FIG. 14. Variations of Shear Stress, Stress Ratio, and Normal Amplitude on Variations of Mean Normal Stress and Maximum
Stress with Time Shear Stress after 30 Cycles

JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING / DECEMBER 1997/1103

J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 1997.123:1096-1105.

 The degradation of the maximum shear stress for different (K = 200 kPalmm I
values of the total tangential displacement is shown in Fig. 16, I '·············......··············..···t
which includes results of the three cyclic tests with displace- I I
ment amplitudes of 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mm. Fig. 16 shows
the plots of the mean normal stress and maximum shear stress
after 30 cycles, at which a large portion of the degradation
had already taken place, against the total tangential-displace-
.... .... .... .....
ment amplitudes. There is not much difference between the
results of the tests at 0.25- and 0.5-mm amplitudes. This is
attributed to the fact that no failure occurred at those ampli-
tudes at the interface [Figs. 14(b) and 15(b)]. At the displace-
ment amplitude of 0.75 mm, a substantial reduction took place
in both the normal and shear stresses, which is related to the
failure of the interface at cycle 11.
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These experimental results demonstrate how the amplitude

of the total tangential displacement affects the degradation
phenomenon. If the sliding displacement does not accumulate
with cycles, no degradation will occur in the stress ratio. The
maximum shear stress, however, will still reduce even when a
failure does not occur, because of a decrease in the normal
stress due to the compression of the sand. 3OOr---i---r::===:::::=:::=:==\--T-----,
Effect of Magnitude of Normal Stiffness
The results of four constant normal stiffness tests are pre-
sented in Figs. 17 and 18. The total tangential displacement
amplitude was 0.75 mm in all tests. The values of K were 200,
.... .... Time (Sec.)
.... .... .....
400, 800, and 1200 kPalmm. All four tests had an initial nor-
mal stress of 300 kPa. The changes taking place in the shear FIG. 18. Variation of Normal Stress with Cycles for Different
stress during the cycles (shown in Fig. 17), indicate that the Values of K
shear-stress degradation occurred faster, and the maximum 200 , . . - - - - - - - , - - - - . . . . . , . - - - - - - ; - - - - - . . ,
shear stress was much lower after the same number of cycles,
for higher normal stiffness values. At higher K values, the -0- Mean Nannal Stress
normal stress also dropped rapidly (Fig. 18). The reduction in -+-Maxlmum Shear Stress
the mean normal stress and maximum shear stress as a func- 180
tion of the normal stiffness are plotted in Fig. 19, which rep-
resents the results after 30 cycles. It is observed that the mean
normal stress and the maximum shear stress decreased with ii 120
increasing K values.
..
~

- :~.1 K.200kPa/mm
I
.
.
11
~ 80
l · .
... , i ,
: i 11 .

.... ,... ....

===
1....

_ :~
~.~~~~~~m m;•• ....•.................•................... oL- --'_ _ ~ _ __I.._ _ ~ _ __'_ ...J

l · . ..
...
.
; i i b
o 400 aoo 1200 1800
·.00 ; [...1..... .
Nannal 81Iffn•••• K (kPalmm)
: , I '
1

.- 2000 .coo 1000 aooo 10000 FIG. 19. Effect of Magnitude of Normal Stiffness on Variations
of Mean Normal Stress and Maximum Shear Stress after 30 Cy-
... .------,-----F=:=:===:===.---i-----, cles
.00

l. •'00· CONCLUSIONS
The results of two-way displacement-controlled cyclic tests
....
._L-----'------'-----'-----'-----'
.... 1....
indicated that the interface may fail, and strength degradation
may occur, even at tangential-displacement amplitudes less

;;;;=;;_.-_. . --_.._-I
~ . . ~ ~:_
I

2000
tK=i2OOkf'8JI11

.cooo
Tima (Sac.)
1000 1000 10000
than that required to mobilize the peak strength in a monotonic
test. It was possible to explain this phenomenon by using a
simple shear-type soil container. This observation agrees well
with those presented by Uesugi et al. (1989) and Uesugi and
Kishida (1991).
The two-way displacement-controlled cyclic tests under the
condition of constant normal stiffness indicated that the max-
FIG. 17. Variation of Shear Stress with Cycles for Different imum shear stress decreases with the increase in the number
Values of K of cycles, irrespective of the magnitude of the tangential-dis-
1104 / JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING / DECEMBER 1997

J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 1997.123:1096-1105.

 placement amplitude. The maximum shear stress begins to de-
crease right after cycling starts and the rate of reduction is
higher during the first few cycles. This is an indication that
the degradation of the maximum shear stress depends on the
compressibility of the sand mass during the shearing cycles.
Compression of the sand mass results in a reduction in the
normal stress, and consequently, a reduction in the shear stress.
The rate of decrease in the maximum shear stress, however,
is significantly affected by the magnitude of the tangential-
displacement amplitude. If the tangential-displacement ampli-
tude is sufficiently large, then the stress ratio, T/a n, would
reach its peak value after several cycles. After the peak (fail-
ure), the stress ratio would approach a residual value, and the
maximum shear stress would reduce at a faster rate than the
case where no failure is experienced.
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Using these observations, it can be concluded that the max-
imum shear-stress degradation is influenced not only by the
compression of the sand, but is also affected by the amount
of mobilized sliding displacement. The occurrence of failure
at the interface, as a result of the accumulation of the sliding
displacement with cycles, plays a major role in the degradation
of the maximum shear stress at the interface between the dense
silica sand and a steel plate. In addition, the degradation of
the maximum shear stress is affected by the magnitude of the
constant normal stiffness in such a way that with increasing
values of the normal stiffness, the reduction in the normal
stress becomes larger and, as a result, the maximum shear
stress reduces at a faster rate.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Financial support for this research was provided by the Natural Sci-
ences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the National
Energy Board of Canada.
APPENDIX. REFERENCES
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Turner, J. P., and Kulhawy, E H. (1989). "Issues in evaluating combined
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Uesugi, M., and Kishida, H. (1986). "Frictional resistllnce at yield be-
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Uesugi, M., Kishida, H., and Tsubakihara, Y. (1989). "Friction between
sand and steel under repeated loading," Soils and Found., 29(3),
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