Understanding

Socialization lwsash Man as a social being needs other people to survive.
We develop 0m“ s
where? ' beings through our social interaction. Socialization is a continumg Pro“? d ‘ individual
acquires a personal identity and learns the nouns, val ues, behaVIOl‘, an 30612) skills
appropriate to his and her social position (http://www.dictionary.00m)Th? pm of socialization is
very essential because it teaches us how to behave and act With“! on: society. Hence, it is a
continuous process in life. As people move from one stage to another,.such as from childhood to
adolescence, from adulthood to old age, or from one group to another, they discard old ways of
behaving and learn new patterns ofbehaVior (Panopio, 1994 p. 91). ' Socialization can be
described from two points of view: objectively and subjectively
(Palispis, 2007 p. 108).
Objective Socialization
>> It refers to the society acting upon the child.
Subjective >> The process by whiCh society transmits its cu] fr one generation to the next and
adapts the individ om
Socializatlon accepted 'and approved ways of organized social 1i re the
Socialization lwsash Man as a social being needs other people to survive. We develop 0m“ s
where? ' beings through our social interaction. Socialization is a continumg Pro“? d ‘ individual
acquires a personal identity and learns the nouns, val ues, behaVIOl‘, an 30612) skills
appropriate to his and her social position (http://www.dictionary.00m)Th? pm of socialization is
very essential because it teaches us how to behave and act With“! on: society. Hence, it is a
continuous process in life. As people move from one stage to another,.such as from childhood to
adolescence, from adulthood to old age, or from one group to another, they discard old ways of
behaving and learn new patterns ofbehaVior (Panopio, 1994 p. 91). ' Socialization can be
described from two points of view: objectively and subjectively
(Palispis, 2007 p. 108).
Objective Socialization
>> It refers to the society acting upon the child.
Subjective >> The process by whiCh society transmits its cu] fr one generation to the next and
adapts the individ om
Socializatlon accepted 'and approved ways of organized social 1i re the
This perspective on sociaiization helps identity formation of individuals which isessmti 8.! in
establishing his/her 3001a] role. Likewise, it includes the following functions:
Personality and >> It is through the process of socialization that we develop
Role Development .our sense Ofidentity and belongingness Skins $> Th h . . . Development emuc
-needed 50°13] 31““5 mmmmmmmmmand Training terpersonal, and occupational are
developed,
Values F ormation
>> Individuals are influenced or engulfed by the prevailing values of social groups and society,
Socal hitegration >> The socialization process allows us'to Iit-in an organized andAdJustment way
oflife bybeing accustomed including cultural setting
Social Control >> Integration to society binds individuals to the control and Stability mechanisms
set forth by society's norms with regard to acceptable social relationships and social behavior.
Source: Banaag, Lee Mark 7? (2012). Socio-Anthro: An Integrated and Disciplinary Airproach to
the Study of Society and Culture. Mandaluyong City: Book: Atbp. Publishing Corp.
Socialization continues to be an imporIMPORTANCE taut part of human development. It is an ‘

OF 1nStl'ument on how an individual will ‘ Cultute SOCIALIZATION adapt to his existing
environment in Ordfér'to survive. The process of M mixingrmhe individillal *3 K 3x (Medina, 199
“cm“ 30°13 y Sex Role Socialization ~
1 p. 47). Hence, the ’. exemiatim is vital to: Personality
mmmm's social reality modithe Cal Cultum. Sociologists say that

Mh‘ERPQcomes"mtema1ized", Mn MTMM "imbibes" it, and
Way, "130m the inside", it
‘Amw
Manon NW
7 I source: Paltspu, Epitacm S (200 ) " Rn publmlm'! Cam
and Anthropology. Manlla‘
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Likewise, through socialization, individuals learn to analyze and evaluate the appropriateness of
things. According to Peter Worsley, values are general conceptions of "the good", ideas about the
kind of ends that people should pursue throughout their lives and throughout the many different
activities in which they engage. Values such as fundamental rights, patriotism, respect for human
d1 gmty, rationality, sacrifice, individuality, equality, democracy etc. guide our behavior in many
ways (http: //www. yourarticle library. com). Hence, values are relative depending on its context.
Robin William attempted to identify the major value on'entau'ons of many societies (Please refer
to the diagram).
Achievement and Success
* Activity and Work ~Moral Orientation Efficiency and Practicality
Source: Palispis. Epitacio S (2007). Introduction to Sociology and Anthropology Manila: Rex
Publishing Corp.
In a study about Filipino values, J aime Bulatao, ‘SJ, discovered the following values
121d highly by the Filipinos (Please refer to the diagram).
8 /// /
b //x.
/ / Emotional Closeness and Security in the / ////////////,, Famlly ‘ 11/ Authority Value
/ //////, '/’///////////////,2
Economic and Social Bettennent
// , W /! WM / / , 4/7 11% W / Bum / ,// Patience, Suffering, 311d End / / // // / / / / / / / I ' / / 4 /{/y/
14
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14
Socialization as a continuous process serves as an avenue for developing self-concept Whlch is

essential in role identification. The selfresponds to categories called social stax
tuses (Clark and Robboy, 1986 p. 65). The child must learn the categories or statuses by Which to
identify or define himself or herself like being a daughter, fi’iend, student, Catholic lay
evangelist, secretary of the Book Lovers Club, etc (Panopio, 1994 p. 97). Social status refers to the
position an individual occupies in society and implies an array of rights and duties (Linton, 1936
p. 113). Related to status is a social role which involves (ha pattern of expected behavior-in a
social relationship with one or more persons occupyin
& other statuses (Panopio, 1994 p. 97). Social Statuses can be classified into two (Plem see the
diagram). '
' Ascribcd Statuses Achieved Statuses Those which are assigned to It is acquired by choice, the
individual from birth. merit, or individual effort I ., 1 1i . It is made possible through IEHVO V96
ttle personal chmce special abilities or talents, e age and sex performance or opportunities
‘ f It canies with it certain expecif” ‘i‘
. . Choice in occupation, martations of behav10r riage, joining areligious org. ~ m“ t ’}

ganizationare examples, *2? «*3 ‘3“
Source: PanOplo, at. al. (I994).General Sociology Fm 0,, tin phmppines. Quezon Cuy: Ken
Incorporated
individuals learn their roles through the different agents of SOCialiZation. This avenlw for
socialization molds the individuals in relation to the expecwd behaVior pattcfnSThe essential
inroie playing are (Lindesmith, Strauss, and Denzin, 1975 p.400);
1 . A definition of the role and an identification of self.
2'BehaViOI’ in given situations appropriate to the role.
ck ound of related acts by others (counter roles . t0 3 A 1.1; Slicifm perfomanm. ) which serve as
was
Valuation by the individuail and by others ofthem C
4 An onnanoe ofthe role.
,3
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diagram). '

Incorporated
was
,3
Conformity and Deviance The identification of oneself in society is always relative to his/her
existing environv ment. Social role must be performed in connection with the expected behavior.
Erving
Goffman. in his book The Presentation of Self 1n Everyday Life, tried to show how certain social
processes modify the presentation of self and the impact of role expectations
on the behavior of an individual. To Goffman, everyone is consciously playing arole. When

persons present themselves to others in everyday interaction, they organize their oven behavior in
such a way as to guide and control the impressions others form of them to elicit role-taking
response (Panopio, et. a1, 1994 p. 99) .
More so, it is a process of conformity where individuals attempt to change his/her behavior
because of the desire to conform with deiined social norm. Kehnan (1958) distinguished between
the different types of confonnity: compliance, internalization, identification, and ingratiational.
1. Compliance (or group acceptance)
This occurs 'when an individual accepts influence because he hopes to achieve a favorable
reaction from another person or group. He adopts the induced behavior because he expects to gaih
specific rewards or approval and avoids specific punishment or disapproval by conformity'
(Kehnan, l 95 8, p. 5 3)
2. Internalization (genuine acceptance of group norms)
This occurs 'when an individual accepts influence because the content of the induced behavior the
ideas and actions of which it is composed is intrinsically rewarding. He adopts the induced
behavior because it is congruent or consistent with his value system' (Kehnan, 1958, p. 53). ,
Intemaiization always involves public and private conformity. A perso‘n publicly changes his
behavior to fit in with the group, while also agreeing with others privately. This is the deepest
level of conformity where the beliefs of the group become pan of the individual's own
beliefsystem.
3. Identification (01' group membership)
This occurs “when an individual accepts influence because he wants to establish or maintain a
satisfying self-deiining relationship to another person or group” (Kelman, 1958, p.
53).Individuals conform to the expectations of a social role, e.g. nurses, police officers. It is
similar to compliance as there does not have to be
a change in private opinion.
4. lngratiational “ This is when a person conforms to impress or gain favor/acceptance from other
PCOple. It is similar to normative influence, but is motivated by the need for social rewards rather
than the threat of rejection, i.e., group pressure does not enter the
decision to conform.
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diagram). '

Incorporated
was
,3
Erving

(Kehnan, l 95 8, p. 5 3)
beliefsystem.
On the other hand, nonconformity of an individual would mean deviation from acceptable social
norms which is known as social deviance. Social deviance refers to any behavior that differs or
diverges from established social norms (Banaag, 2012 p‘ 144). The concept of deviance is
complex because norms vary considerably across gmUPS,
times, and places. In other words, what one group may consider acceptable, another may consider
deviant. (www.cliffsnotes.com)
Functions of Deviance
Ronald W. Smith and Frederick W. Preston outlined some mnctions which deviance performs to
support the social system in the following: .
Deviance serves as an outlet for diverse forms of expressions.
Deviance serves to define the limits of acceptable behavior

L.“
Deviance may also promote in-group solidarity
3L Deviance can serve as a barometer of social strain
3 _._ M v. "r
’3.
Source: Pallspls. Eptlaclo S (2007). Introduction to Sociology and Anthropology Manila: Rex
Publishing Corp ,
Sociological Theories of Deviance 1. Functionalist Theory
According to Emile Durkheim, deviance can serve a number of functions for soci
ety. He asserted that there is nothing abnormal in deviance. He gave fommajor functions of
deviance: '
a. Deviance atfn'ms cultural values and norms.
b. Responding to deviance clariiies moral boundary 0. Responding to deviance promotes social

unity d., Deviance encourages social change
2Strain Theory
° ualsociety thetc ~ man Wu Robert Merton argued that m an uneq . . mm; m. socially approved
goals and an individual's ablllty t0 meet those goals through socially /
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diagram). '

Incorporated
was
,3
Erving


(Kehnan, l 95 8, p. 5 3)
beliefsystem.
L.“
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’3.
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deviance: '

2Strain Theory
w‘ “73...... N,vw W ._,,.«Y..,.nx
approved means will lead to deviance as individuals reject either the goals, the means, or both.
Robert K. Merton’s Deviance Typology
[nstitulionalised Means
Accept Reject '
g Conformity Innovation <2
Cultuml goals
H .237 Ritualism Retreation CK New means m 76’ ‘ Source: https://commons. wikimediaorg

8) Rebellion E Z WW-f
Merton gave the following forms of dev1ance that emerge from strain (Palispis 2007, p. 218-219):
a. ConformityIt involves accepting both the cultural goal of success and the use of legxtlmate
means for achieving that goal.
b. Innovation This response involves accepting the goal of success but rejecting the use of socially
accepted means of achieving it, tuming instead to unconventional, illegitimate means.
c. Ritualism This occurs when pe0ple deemphasize or reject the importance of success once they
realize they will never achieve it and instead coneentmte on following or enforcing these rules
than ever was intended.
d. Retreatism This means withdrawal hom society, caring neither about success nor about
working.
e. Rebellion -This occurs when people re] ect and attempt to change both the goals and the means
approved by society
3_ ~contl‘0‘ Theory
Travis Hirschi assumed that the family. school. and other social institutions can gently wnln’bute
to social order by controlling deviant tendencies in very individual.
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diagram). '

Incorporated
was
,3
Erving

(Kehnan, l 95 8, p. 5 3)
beliefsystem.
L.“
3 _._ M v. "r
’3.
Publishing Corp ,
deviance: '

2Strain Theory
w‘ “73...... N,vw W ._,,.«Y..,.nx

Accept Reject '
Cultuml goals

working.
approved by society
Social Control of Deviance
In order to regulate nonconfonnity with the social nouns, order to limit deviance. Social control
refers to the efforts of a 9‘0 the behavior of its members in conformity with established norms
Social control includes the use of behavioral restraints to encourage social expectations.
There are two types of sanctions:
society created measmu in up or SOCiety 1” regulate people to follow set

>> These are unofEcial, often casual pressures to conform.
>> Positive informal sanctions involve reward for conformity 01' compliance. Examples are:
smiles, kiss, an atfnrnadon. 01' Words Informal of approval. Sanctions >> Negative sanctions or
informal sanctions involve penalties for not conforming. These may take the form of ridicule,
ostmcism, rejection, or even expulsion from the group.
>> These are official, institutionalized incentives to conform and penalties for deviance.
>> These are needed in large, complex societies.
Formal >> The criminal justice system is the most important and vide Saqctions mstJtuu'on of
social control. e
>> These may take the form of arrest, pre-trial, sente
prisonment ncmg’orim"
Scum: Pallxpis. Epitacio 8‘ 0007). Introduction to Sociology A Manila: Ru Mlmxoo ”A
Human Rights and Dignity
Human rights are natural rights of all human beings whatever their nationality, 'Rhglon,
ethnicity,sex,language,andoolor. ‘ Wemequally entitled toour human rights , Withogt
discrimination (www.ohchnorg). ‘ ‘" I ‘ Hence. human rights are imam}: rights mmme
dignity as human beings. «I . .are dlffemnt kinds ofrights people M c511103!umdcmocratic:
society, namely: ” N
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to the diagram).

Publishing Corp.
8 /// /
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14

diagram). '

Incorporated
was
,3
Erving

(Kehnan, l 95 8, p. 5 3)
beliefsystem.

L.“
3 _._ M v. "r
’3.
Publishing Corp ,
deviance: '

2Strain Theory
w‘ “73...... N,vw W ._,,.«Y..,.nx
Accept Reject '

Cultuml goals

working.
approved by society
Social Control of Deviance
In order to regulate nonconfonnity with the social nouns, order to limit deviance. Social control
refers to the efforts of a 9‘0 the behavior of its members in conformity with established norms
Social control includes the use of behavioral restraints to encourage social expectations.
There are two types of sanctions:
society created measmu in up or SOCiety 1” regulate people to follow set
>> These are unofEcial, often casual pressures to conform.
>> Positive informal sanctions involve reward for conformity 01' compliance. Examples are:
smiles, kiss, an atfnrnadon. 01' Words Informal of approval. Sanctions >> Negative sanctions or
informal sanctions involve penalties for not conforming. These may take the form of ridicule,
ostmcism, rejection, or even expulsion from the group.
>> These are official, institutionalized incentives to conform and penalties for deviance.
>> These are needed in large, complex societies.
Formal >> The criminal justice system is the most important and vide Saqctions mstJtuu'on of
social control. e
>> These may take the form of arrest, pre-trial, sente
prisonment ncmg’orim"
Scum: Pallxpis. Epitacio 8‘ 0007). Introduction to Sociology A Manila: Ru Mlmxoo ”A
Human Rights and Dignity
Human rights are natural rights of all human beings whatever their nationality, 'Rhglon,
ethnicity,sex,language,andoolor. ‘ Wemequally entitled toour human rights , Withogt
discrimination (www.ohchnorg). ‘ ‘" I ‘ Hence. human rights are imam}: rights mmme
dignity as human beings. «I . .are dlffemnt kinds ofrights people M c511103!umdcmocratic:
society, namely: ” N
W"
i U ~ . NP“! 653 are rights Inherent to
an and given to him by God as. Natural m bemg. Examples “these 4,
M" marethe n'ght to live, love and y Em mic R1ghts Consdmf’ml WW , Rigs ‘ Rights 2‘
onsdmhonalnghts . ‘
Thwearethe rights guaranteed Rights of
dame fundamental charter of , HumanBeingS the country. Examples of these Political Statutory
rightsa’c‘he‘ights againstmeaRights Rights Somme searches and seizures, the ' , rights
against bill of attainder, and ' CW“ , merights safeguarding the accused Rights underthe Bill of
Rights
3. Statutory Rights
These are rights provided by the lawmaking body of a country or by law, §uch as
the rightto receive a minimum wage and the right to preliminary investigation 4. Civil Rights
These are rights specified under the Bill ofRights, such as freedom of speech, right to infomation.
These are rights enj oyed by an individual by virtue of his citizenship in aStateor community '
5' Economic Rights
These are rights to property, whether personal, real, or intellectual? Some examples of these rights
include the following: nght to “33 and dispose his prom, righ t0Practice one's profession, and
right to makealiving. ~
POIiticalRights
These are rights an individual enjoys as a consequence of being a member of a
body politic. Some examples of political rights are the following: right to vote and right to be
voted into public office
Source: Garcla. Carina h (2010). Philippine History and Government for College Stud!”
Mandaluyong City: Book: Atbp. Publishing Corporation
. 591° protection of the different rights ofhuman beings promotes the notion gfhungan “13ml
Dignity of human being is an essential concept in the society as well as in momllty ’ becamse
through it the quality and honor owe people can be determingd, and from thq Mae of dignity the
concept of human‘ rights. 03380 be measured (hup;,/www.crvp.ozg)‘ \Ihe knowledge and
understanding of Wm” 8 “their basic 1111mm rights will help iq

Understanding

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Understanding

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Socialization lwsash Man as a social being needs other people to survive.

(Palispis, 2007 p. 108).

>> It refers to the society acting upon the child.

Socializatlon accepted 'and approved ways of organized social 1i re the

(Palispis, 2007 p. 108).

>> It refers to the society acting upon the child.

Socializatlon accepted 'and approved ways of organized social 1i re the

Personality and >> It is through the process of socialization that we develop

Socialization continues to be an imporIMPORTANCE taut part of human development. It is an ‘

1 p. 47). Hence, the ’. exemiatim is vital to: Personality

mmmm's social reality modithe Cal Cultum. Sociologists say that

Way, "130m the inside", it

7 I source: Paltspu, Epitacm S (200 ) " Rn publmlm'! Cam

and Anthropology. Manlla‘

Achievement and Success

* Activity and Work ~Moral Orientation Efficiency and Practicality

121d highly by the Filipinos (Please refer to the diagram).

Economic and Social Bettennent

3 9W0? Palisplz. Epllacln 5' I’M,

Achievement and Success

* Activity and Work ~Moral Orientation Efficiency and Practicality

121d highly by the Filipinos (Please refer to the diagram).

Economic and Social Bettennent

3 9W0? Palisplz. Epllacln 5' I’M,

Socialization as a continuous process serves as an avenue for developing self-concept Whlch is

‘ f It canies with it certain expecif” ‘i‘

. . Choice in occupation, martations of behav10r riage, joining areligious org. ~ m“ t ’}

1 . A definition of the role and an identification of self.

2'BehaViOI’ in given situations appropriate to the role.

Valuation by the individuail and by others ofthem C

4 An onnanoe ofthe role.

* Activity and Work ~Moral Orientation Efficiency and Practicality

121d highly by the Filipinos (Please refer to the diagram).

Economic and Social Bettennent

3 9W0? Palisplz. Epllacln 5' I’M,

Socialization as a continuous process serves as an avenue for developing self-concept Whlch is

. . Choice in occupation, martations of behav10r riage, joining areligious org. ~ m“ t ’}

1 . A definition of the role and an identification of self.

2'BehaViOI’ in given situations appropriate to the role.

Valuation by the individuail and by others ofthem C

4 An onnanoe ofthe role.

on the behavior of an individual. To Goffman, everyone is consciously playing arole. When

1. Compliance (or group acceptance)

2. Internalization (genuine acceptance of group norms)

3. Identification (01' group membership)

a change in private opinion.

Achievement and Success

121d highly by the Filipinos (Please refer to the diagram).

Economic and Social Bettennent

3 9W0? Palisplz. Epllacln 5' I’M,

Socialization as a continuous process serves as an avenue for developing self-concept Whlch is

‘ f It canies with it certain expecif” ‘i‘

1 . A definition of the role and an identification of self.

2'BehaViOI’ in given situations appropriate to the role.

Valuation by the individuail and by others ofthem C

4 An onnanoe ofthe role.

on the behavior of an individual. To Goffman, everyone is consciously playing arole. When

1. Compliance (or group acceptance)

2. Internalization (genuine acceptance of group norms)

3. Identification (01' group membership)

a change in private opinion.

Deviance serves as an outlet for diverse forms of expressions.

Deviance serves to define the limits of acceptable behavior