Dried Breanut Male Flower

as an Alternative Mosquito Coil

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

1.1 Introduction

We all live in a toxic environment. No matter where we live or how careful we

are, we can’t avoid environmental toxins. They are in the place we are living, all over the

planet. What are particularly worrying are the mosquitoes, our public health enemy

number one, considerably pro to diseases due to pollution and lack of concern nowadays.

Controlling mosquitoes is of utmost importance in the present day scenario.

Rising number of mosquito borne diseases was being diagnosed by scientists during these

days such as malaria, dengue and yellow fever. These were caused by the increasing

population of disease-carrying mosquitoes which was spread all over the world especially

in our country. Mosquitoes can transmit many infectious diseases that are caused by

variety of microorganisms to people, but these diseases are confined to certain

geographical areas. In the Philippines, the most common infectious disease to people is

dengue. Other infectious diseases that are spread by mosquitoes in the country are

Japanese encephalitis virus, malaria, chikungunya and filariasis, depending on the

province you are in. Many had died because of the mentioned diseases, which usually

occurs in rural areas and especially in forested, swampy, hilly and mountainous regions.

And the most victims of these diseases were the poor people and some are indigenous.

The most common way of repelling mosquitoes involves a large quantity of

harmful chemicals. But insecticides nowadays, are getting harmful and hazardous to

people. Some contain chemicals that can put our health at risk and can cause destruction

1
 Dried Breanut Male Flower
as an Alternative Mosquito Coil
of the environment. The production of developing natural insecticide can contribute to

the prevention of this destruction. We are surrounded by plants. However, some may not

be aware that some plants merely have hidden abilities such as the ability to repel insects

especially mosquitoes. This is the best substitute to synthetic insecticide that can harm

our environment. A synthetic insecticide can contain poisons and toxins that are not

found in natural insecticide. These can be harmful to living things other than insects they

were intended for.

If Breadnut (Artocarpus camansi) male flower will be proven as mosquito

repellent this will breakthrough in the field of botany as a significant study in the world to

use the Breadnut (Artocarpus camansi) male flower that is entirely considered a waste in

the environment in reducing the increasing incidents of fever dengue and other diseases

in our locality.

1.2 Research Objectives

The general objective of this study is to verify the effectiveness of dried Breadnut

(Artocarpus camansi) male flower as a natural mosquito repellent that will be conducted

at Prosperidad, Agusandel Sur.

Specifically, this study intends to:

1. Determine the feasibility of dried Breadnut male flower as mosquito killer.

2. Determine the mortality rate of mosquitoes exposed to Breadnut mosquito coil at

different concentration.

3. Determine the significant difference between the mortality rate of the Breadnut

mosquito coil at different concentration and the positive control.

2
 Dried Breanut Male Flower
as an Alternative Mosquito Coil
1.3 Research Problem

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of dried breadnut male flower as a

natural mosquito repellent. Specifically, this aims to answer the following questions:

1. Does dried Breadnut male flower have the feasibility to kill mosquitoes?

2. What is the mortality rate of Breadnut mosquito coil at different concentration?

3. Is there significant difference between the Breadnut mosquito coil at different

concentration and the positive control?

1.4 Hypotheses

1. The Breadnut male flower is not feasible as a mosquito killer.

2. There is no mortality rate of mosquitoes exposed to Breadnut male flower

mosquito coil at different concentration.

3. There is no significant difference between the mortality rate of the Breadnut

mosquito coil at different concentration and the positive control.

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study was proposed to give information to the people about the alternative

mosquito repellent/ killer which is useful, affordable and effective. It also encourages the

community to stop using insecticides that contain chemicals and other toxic substances

which are very hazardous to our health, and instead, use organic insect repellents that are

non-toxic to humans and safe to the environment since it is based on natural ingredients

and contains simplest chemicals. This might also persuade other researcher to undertake

3
 Dried Breanut Male Flower
as an Alternative Mosquito Coil
similar studies using herbal plants which is common and indigenous in our locality, to

help lessen the increasing number of cases of dengue, malaria and other diseases in our

country. Hence, this study will serve as a complaisant endeavor if ever we could prove

that this Breadnut (Artocarpus camansi) male flower is capable of repelling and killing

mosquitoes.

1.6 Scope and Delimitations of the Study

The study entitled “The Feasibility of Dried Breadnut (Artocarpus camansi) Male

Flower as an Alternative Mosquito Coil” is focused on determining if this natural

insecticide can really kill mosquitoes with the used of the plant sample (Artocarpus

camansi). Also, this study focuses in making a natural insecticide out from natural

ingredients that is not harmful to human health. This study was conducted at

Prosperidad, Agusan del Sur.

4
 Dried Breanut Male Flower
as an Alternative Mosquito Coil
1.7 Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework

Dried Breadnut  Production of Dried Breadnut (Artocarpus

(Artocarpus camansi) male flower as an
Mosquito coil
camansi) male alternative mosquito coil
flower  Treatment and
Mortality rate


Figure 1.Conceptual Paradigm of the Study

Figure 1 shows the main objective of this study which is Dried breadnut

male flower to kill mosquitoes and will undergo process to create Mosquito coil

and to be applied in mosquitoes.

1.8 Definition of terms

Breadnut the breadnut, locally known as kamansi, is a

member of the Moracaeae family, which consists of

nearly fifty species of trees all native of

Southeastern Asia and the Pacific islands, can

usually be found in tropical environments along

low-lying areas and often confused with its close

relative breadfruit.

5
 Dried Breanut Male Flower
as an Alternative Mosquito Coil
Commercial Insecticide it is a type of insecticide that is available in the

market and it will be used in this study to compare

the effectiveness among natural and commercial

insecticide.

Male flower flowers of breadnut are monoecious in nature and

they appear at the terminal of the branches. The

male inflorescence appears first. Male flowers are

club-shaped, up to 3 cm in diameter and 25–35 cm

long or longer. It is the plant that will be used for

this study to make a natural insecticide.

Mortality it is a measure of the number of deaths, in general

or due to a specific cause, in a particular population,

scaled to the size of that population, per unit of

time.

Mosquito they are carriers, or vectors, for some of humanity’s

most deadly illnesses, and they are public enemy

number one in the fight against global infectious

disease. It will be used in this study that will serve

as a medium to test the effectiveness of Breadnut

male flower.

Natural Insecticide it is a natural substance used to kill, repel or prevent

insects; the substance being developed in this study.

6
 Dried Breanut Male Flower
as an Alternative Mosquito Coil
1.9 Review of Related Literature

This research study cited articles which are relevant to the present investigation. It

is composed of related literature and studies both local and foreign, which contain facts

and information on the research problem at hand. It also provides explanations and

logical connections between previous researches and the present at work.

Mosquito-borne diseases have an economic impact, including loss in commercial

and labor outputs, particularly in countries with tropical and subtropical climates;

however, no part of the world is free from vector-borne diseases (Fradin and Day 2002).

In Philippines, the mosquito-borne diseases include, dengue, Chikungunya, Japanese

encephalitis, malaria and filariasis. Dengue, chikungunya, Japanese, encephalitis are

caused by viruses. (DOH, 2016)

The number of dengue fever cases in the country has grown to nearly 36,000 in

the first five months of the year 2017, but lower than the same period last 2016. In a

statement of Asean Dengue Day, from January 1 to May 20 the DOH has recorded 35,

973 dengue cases (Ubial, 2017) The number is actually 31.8 percent lower compared to

the 52, 780 cases recorded during the same period last year. Majority of the dengue cases

were in Central Visayas (15.5 %), Central Luzon (13 %), National Capital Region (12.2

%), Calabarzon (11.4 %) and SOCCSKSARGEN (11.1 %). The report also showed that

most (21.5 %) of the cases belongs to the 5-9 years old age group.

However, last September 2016, the Depertment of Health urged the public to

protect themselves from mosquito bites, following 9 deaths caused by Japanese

encephalitis (JE). Japanese encephalitis involves the inflammation of the brain. The

disease is passed on to humans through the bite of the Culextritaeniorhynchus mosquito,

7
 Dried Breanut Male Flower
as an Alternative Mosquito Coil
which is active during day and night. They are usually found in rural and agricultural

areas. In urban areas, they stay around houses with open water storage containers. Person

bitten by this mosquito may not register symptoms 5 to 15 days after being bitten.

Symptoms include fever, chills, headache, fatigue, nausea, vomiting and confusion.

Severe cases include nick stiffness, paralysis, and comatose that may lead to death. Like

any other mosquito-borne diseases, cases of Japanese encephalitis tend to rise during the

rainy season.

Indeed, mosquitoes are one of the biggest problems on our society because of the

harmful diseases that they bring. Thus, dispatching them is just a one way in solving this

problem.

Insecticides have been used for centuries to fight unwanted pests. There are several

natural (plant) insecticides that have been widely used, although compared with modern

synthetics the plant substances are relatively weak. One benefit of a plant insecticide is

that many of them are biodegradable. More than 1500 species of plants that have been

reported to have insecticidal value, and many more exist, but two products, rotenone and

pyrethrin, have been economically important.

Artocarpus camansi is a moderately fast growing, single-stemmed, evergreen tree

of 10-15 m or more with a trunk 1 m in diameter or larger, often growing to a height of 5

m before branching; a spreading canopy of diameter about half of the tree height and a

more open branching structure than breadfruit (A. altilis) or dugdug (A. mariannensis).

The tree forms buttresses at the base; roots spread and grow on or slightly below the

surface. Sticky, white, milky latex is present in all parts of the tree. Breadnut can be

8
 Dried Breanut Male Flower
as an Alternative Mosquito Coil
readily distinguished from its close relative, breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), by its very

spiny fruits with little pulp and numerous large, light brown seeds. Artocarpus camansi

has often been considered to be a form of seeded breadfruit. Breadfruit, however, is a

separate species that originated from its wild seeded ancestor, breadnut. The plant is

native to Papua New Guinea and possibly the Moluccas (Indonesia) and the Philippines,

and is also produced in surrounding countries. The humid lowland tropical forests which

experience heavy rainfall are the suitable type for its growth.

It has many advantages because of the contents of folic acid, zinc and B vitamins

in the high levels. It’s richly filled with antioxidants and has a low glycemic index. It is

utilized as a vegetable in soups and normally eaten at a growing stage.  Despite the name,

it’s not a nut at all but rather a fruit. Breadnut has numerous health benefits. It is reported

that it can heal rheumatoid arthritis, aids digestion, resistance against infections, lowers

the chance of cardiac arrest and enhances the immune system because of its rich healthy

ingredients.

9
 Dried Breanut Male Flower
as an Alternative Mosquito Coil
CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Concentration
s
B AT MR B AT M B AT MR
T T R T
Treatment
75g y x T2 y x T3 y
x T1
50g y x T2 y x T3 y
x T1
25g y x T2 y x T3 y
x T1
Positive Control y x T2 y x T3 y
x T1
(Baygon mosquito coil)
2.1 Research Design
Legend: AT= After Treatment MR= Mortality Rate (y) BT=Before Treatment

X= 10 pcs of Mosquitoes T1, T2 and T3= number of mosquitoes died

2.2 Materials

Breadnut male flower

Oven

Coil molder

Charcoal

Aluminum foil

Starch

Water

10
 Dried Breanut Male Flower
as an Alternative Mosquito Coil
2.3 Procedure

A. Collection and Preparation of Samples

Breadnut male flower was collected at Patin-ay, Prosperidad, Agusan del Sur. The

sample was cleaned and prepared properly. It was sun-dried for 5 days and

chopped into small pieces and grinded. Then the grinded sample was powdered

using a blender.

B. Mosquito coil Production

20 grams of starch and 10 grams of charcoal were mixed together with 100ml of

water. The liquid mixture was heated and the powdered sample with different

measurement (75g, 50g, 25g) was added to the mixture. After heating, the mixture

was made thick and cooled afterwards. The paste-like mixture was molded using

a coil molder and was placed in the oven for 10 minutes to dry.

C. Collection of Mosquitoes

11
 Dried Breanut Male Flower
as an Alternative Mosquito Coil
Collecting of 90 mosquitoes at P-3, Patin-ay, Prosperidad, Agusan del Sur.

D. Application

After removing mosquito coil from the molder, the researcher prepared the

coils with different concentrations (75g, 50g, 25g). Since the mosquitoes were already in

the containers, the researcher immediately exposed the mosquitoes to the smoke of the

Breadnut male flower mosquito coil with different concentrations and different trials.

Mortality Rate

Number of Dead Mosquitoes

Mortality Rate= X 100
Number of MosquitoesTested

This formula was used in the study to get the mortality rate.

E. Disposal

12
 Dried Breanut Male Flower
as an Alternative Mosquito Coil
The laboratory activity in this study produces an organic material (such as

other parts of Breadnut male flower that are not needed) as waste product. Since it can

be easily decomposed, the waste products were disposed on biodegradable trash can and

considered as municipal waste.

F. Statistical Treatment

The result of mortality rate went through a thorough analysis. Univariate Analysis

of Variance with Post Hoc Analysis was used for the scrutiny of the results. The study

chose to manage and organize the results with SPSS 16.0 software.

2.4 Flow Chart

Collection and
Preparation of
Breadnut male flower
Breadnut male flower Mosquito Coil

Results and Discussion Different concentration

Analysis (75g, 50g, 25g) applied
to mosquitoes

DISPOSAL

Figure 2. Flowchart

CHAPTER 3

13
 Dried Breanut Male Flower
as an Alternative Mosquito Coil
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the data and observation obtained from the experimentation.

Furthermore, it shows the discussion that supports the underlying problems under

investigation.

Table 3.1 Record of the mosquito mortality before and after treatment

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Concentratio
ns B A MR B A MR B A MR
T T T T T T
Treatmen
t 75g 70% 10 6 60% 10 6 60%
7
10
50g 50% 10 6 60% 10 6 60%
10 5
25g 10% 10 0 0% 10 0 0%
10 1
Positive Control 100 10 10 100 10 10 100
10 10
(Baygon mosquito coil) % % %

Legend: BT= Before Treatment AT= After Treatment MR= Mortality Rate

Table 3.1 shows the result after the treatment of the plant sample, Breadnut male

flower. The treatment was separated into 3 different concentrations which is the 75g, 50g,

and 25g of Breadnut male flower with 3 different trials. The researcher used 10

mosquitoes in every trial to determine the effectiveness of the different concentrations.

14
 Dried Breanut Male Flower
as an Alternative Mosquito Coil
Table 3.2 ANOVA result of the Mortality Rate

Type III Sum of

Source Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Corrected Model 121.636a 3 40.545 141.909 .000

Intercept 332.519 1 332.519 1.164E3 .000

Treatment 121.636 3 40.545 141.909 .000

Error 2.000 7 .286

Total 419.000 11

Corrected Total 123.636 10

a. R Squared = .984 (Adjusted R Squared = .977)

Table 3.2 shows the result of the analysis of the treatment and the mortality rate

of different concentrations of plant together with the positive control (baygon mosquito

coil). The result further shows that there is significant difference between the treatment

and the mortality rate since the p-value 0.00 which is less than 0.05 – the level of

significance. Thus, the null hypothesis was rejected.

15
 Dried Breanut Male Flower
as an Alternative Mosquito Coil

Table 3.3 Post Hoc Analysis result of the Mortality Rate

Scheffe

Subset

Treatment N 1 2 3

25g of breadnut male flower 3 .3333

50g of breadnut male flower 3 5.6667

75g of breadnut male flower 3 6.3333

positive control 2 10.0000

Sig. 1.000 .586 1.000

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.

Based on observed means.
The error term is Mean Square(Error) = .286.

Table 3.3 shows the result of the post hoc analysis of the treatment it shows the

reading of all treatment and the identification of subset to what concentration have

significant difference among the different concentration of the plant (75g, 50g, 25g)

including the positive control (Baygon mosquito coil). This was employed to identify

which treatment is different from the others as ANOVA showed significant difference of

the treatments. Result show that there is a significant difference between the positive

control and the other treatment since they belong on different subset and they are the only

treatment in each subset.

16
 Dried Breanut Male Flower
as an Alternative Mosquito Coil

CHAPTER 4

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A. Summary of Findings

This research study investigated the effectiveness of the plant sample collected in

Prosperidad, Agusan del Sur as a potential insecticide. The study was done to determine

if the plant sample, Breadnut male flower of different concentrations is effective in

killing mosquitoes (Aedes Aegypti).

The Univariate Analysis of Variance results showed that there is significant

difference between the positive control and the other different concentrations of the

treatment, since the p-value is 0.00 which is less than 0.05 – level of significance.

Meanwhile, results of the post hoc analysis indicated that the positive control and the 75g

concentration of the dried Breadnut (Artocarpus camansi) male flower mosquito coil has

significant difference but only 1.000 so it means the 75g of the dried breadnut male

flower mosquito coil is almost as effective as the commercialized mosquito coil.

B. Conclusions

Based on the thorough investigation of the data obtained, the following

conclusions were formulated:

1. The Breadnut male flower is feasible as a mosquito killer.

2. The mortality rate of mosquitoes treated with dried breadnut male flowers

mosquito coil at different concentrations does have the result.

17
 Dried Breanut Male Flower
as an Alternative Mosquito Coil
3. There is a significant difference between the commercialized mosquito coil and

breadnut male flower mosquito coil at different concentrations.

C. Recommendations

After the conclusions, the following are recommended for future studies:

1. Test the toxicity rate of the plant sample.

2. Determine if the plant sample has a potentiality to kill mosquitoes.

3. Determine the bioactive compound of the plant sample.

18
 Dried Breanut Male Flower
as an Alternative Mosquito Coil
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Journals

Maia M.F. & Moore S.J. (2011) Plant-based insect repellents: a review of their

efficacy, development and testing. Retrieved from

https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2875-10-S1-S11

Shukla D., Wijayapala S., Vankar P.S., (2017) Effective mosquito repellent from

plant based formulation. International Journal of Mosquito Research2018;5(1):19-24

Retrieved from http://www.dipterajournal.com/pdf/2018/vol5issue1/PartA/4-6-17-

974.pdf

Nandini R., Aakanksha W., Ambarish S.V & Dev Mani P., (2013) Study of

Citronella leaf based herbal mosquito repellents using natural binders. Research in

Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 1, No. 3 (2013): 98-103

Hadiyoana D., Anggorowati H., Herawati V., Atmoko A.W., Sawitri D.R., Hidayat A.,

(2011) Repellent Activity of Bio-active Agent from Artocarpus camansi. Chemical

Engineering Department, Faculty of Industrial Technology, University of Islam Indonesia

Jalan kaliurang km. 14,5 Yogyakarta. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu

Websites

http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Artocarpus_camansi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artocarpus_camansi

https://prezi.com/ai0my4mveczj/mosquito-coil/

19
 Dried Breanut Male Flower
as an Alternative Mosquito Coil
http://www.stuartxchange.com/Kamansi.html

https://www.rtcx.net/dealing-mosquitoes-philippines.html

http://cnphilippines.com/news/2017/09/07/DOH-mosquito-borne-illness-rainy-

season.html

20