Senior Management

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Senior management, executive management, upper management, or a management team is generally a

team of individuals at the highest level of management of an organization who have the day-to-day tasks of
managing that organization—sometimes a company or a corporation.

Contents
 1 Overview
 2 Top management teams
 3 See also
 4 References

Overview
Executive managers hold executive powers delegated to them with and by authority of a board of directors
and/or the shareholders. Generally, higher levels of responsibility exist, such as a board of directors and those
who own the company (shareholders), but they focus on managing the senior or executive management instead
of on the day-to-day activities of the business. The executive management typically consists of the heads of a
firm's product and/or geographic units and of functional executives such as the chief financial officer, the chief
operating officer, and the chief strategy officer.[1] In project management, senior management authorises the
funding of projects.[2]

Senior management are sometimes referred to, within corporations, as executive management, top
management, upper management, higher management, or simply seniors.[citation needed]

Top management teams

A top management team (TMT) is a specific form of team which typically consists of some of the top managers
in a firm. However, there is no clear definition to what the top management team of an organization is. It is put
together by the chief executive officer (CEO) to work on a specific task.[3] In working on this task, the team
generally has a much higher responsibility and considerable autonomy than other types of teams.

Possible tasks include

 ensuring the organization is effective and successful by taking on responsibility for the implementation
of an appropriate strategy that the organization can adapt to,
 effectively managing the demands of stakeholders,
 giving clear definitions of what constitutes effectiveness and success,
 ensuring the implementation of the strategy and the targeting of resources towards success
 reviewing if their actions are relevant to the organization's overall goals.

The way TMTs are put together and work together as a team can greatly differ from other teams. This is mainly
based on the fact that top managers have succeeded as individuals which often leads to a focus on functional
team objectives rather than to working interdependently on a shared goal. TMTs consist of top managers from
different functional areas of the firm, so they usually have different areas of expertise. Diversity and
heterogeneity in teams can have a positive effect on teamwork. Nevertheless, there are also negative effects
which have to be overcome as a team like not valuing different opinions and perspectives. A CEO that models
valuing behavior and ensures the team has both a clear purpose and clear objectives can do just that. This also
reduces social categorization effects because it leads to team members focusing more on their shared goals than
on their differences.

The exchange of information during the working process is as important for TMTs as it is for all other kinds of
teams. In order to work effectively, the team needs to understand how to communicate, share information, set
goals, give feedback, manage conflict, engage in joint planning and task coordination and solve problems
collaboratively. The CEO plays a key role in enabling the team to do so. He or she must take on the
responsibility to coach the team and to reflect on their work. In their research in 2005, Simsek and colleagues[4]
found that especially a CEO's collectivistic orientation has a positive influence on team work behavior.
Collectivistic orientation means that the CEO subordinates his or her personal to the group interests and goals,
emphasizes sharing and cooperation within the team and enhances task-relevant processes of team work like
gathering, processing and interpreting strategic information. This in turn enhances a process called behavioral
integration which was developed by Hambrick (1994).[5] It describes the degree to which a group, here the top
management team, engages in mutual and collective interaction.

Hambrick divided this concept into three parts:

(1) the level of collaborative behavior within the team,

(2) the quantity and quality of exchanged information and

(3) the emphasis on joint decision making. TMTs can face multiple difficulties which mainly derive from their
individualistic views and strong opinions. It is therefore of great importance that the team works through these
conflicts, creating a climate of safety, keeping their vision and mission in mind and build an appropriate work
environment for themselves and the organization.

See also
 Business school
 Corporate titles
 Executive education
 List of accounting topics
 List of business law topics
 List of business theorists
 List of economics topics
 List of economists
 List of finance topics
 List of management topics
 List of marketing topics
 List of production topics

References
1.
 Menz, M. 2012. Functional Top Management Team Members: A Review, Synthesis, and Research Agenda.
Journal of Management, 38(1), 45-80.
  Compare: Hankewicz, Alexander (2008-02-21). "Project Management Pitfalls".
The.Project.Management.Hut. PM Hut. Retrieved 2016-09-05. Senior Management although providing the
authorization for the funding, must be seen playing an active role in providing top–down leadership for the
project and participate in key decisions related to the project.
  West, Michael A. (2012). Effective teamwork: Practical lessons from organizational research. John
Wiley & Sons. pp. 241–268.
  Simsek, Zeki; Veiga, John F.; Lubatkin, Michael H.; Dino, Richard N. (2005-02-01). "Modeling the
Multilevel Determinants of Top Management Team Behavioral Integration". Academy of Management Journal.
48 (1): 69–84. doi:10.5465/AMJ.2005.15993139. ISSN 0001-4273.

1.  Hambrick, I. (1994). "Top management groups: A conceptual integration and

reconsideration ol 'the team label". Research in Organizational Behavior. 15: 171–214.
2.

 v
 t
 e

Corporate titles
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 Chairperson
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Senior  Executive director
executives  Non-executive director
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 Manager
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Mid-level  Account manager
executives  Supervisor
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 Board of directors
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Related  List of business and finance abbreviations
topics  Senior management
 Supervisory board
 Talent management

Categories:

 Management occupations
 Human resource management