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● GPS (Global Positioning System): is a satellite navigation system
which is used to determine the ground position of an object. GPS
signals are sent from a network of 24 satellites orbiting the Earth. At
any one time, the device will be within view of approximately 12 of
these satellites. However, a view of only 4 satellites is required to
calculate an accurate location. This helps people to reach their
desired locations easily or find the best route to that location.

● Sensor: a device that detects and responds to some type of input

from the physical environment such as - light, heat, motion, moisture,
pressure, or any other environmental situations.

● Memory: There are 3 types of memory -

i) Random Access Memory: RAM is used to store programs that are

in use. The more RAM that is available, the more programs can run at the
same time. RAM is volatile, meaning it cannot store data when it has no
power.

ii)Read Only Memory: ROM stores data permanently. Unlike RAM, ROM
is non-volatile. ROM is used in computer systems that store only one
programme such as calculators. General purpose computers such as PC ,
also use ROM to boot the system and load the operating system from
secondary storage.

iii) Flash memory: is a type of ROM. It is also non-volatile. It does not have
any moving parts, so it has fast access time and low power consumption.
Because of its low power consumption, flash memory is used in SSDs that
are used in portable devices, such as laptop computers. It is also often
used as removable storage in USB devices and SD cards.
● Storage: A storage device allows data onto a storage medium.
 There are two types of storage devices used with computers: a
primary storage device, such as RAM, and a secondary storage
device, such as a hard drive. Secondary storage can be removable,
internal, or external.

● Processors: A processor is made up of one or more Central

Processing Units (CPUs). These carry out software instructions,
calculations and process data. In processors that are made of more
than one CPU, each CPU is referred to as a core.

● Radio-frequency identification (RFID): Radio Frequency

Identification (RFID) is a type of wireless technology that uses radio
waves to identify a tagged object. The system has two parts: tags and
readers. The reader gives off radio waves and gets signals back from
the RFID tag, while the tag uses radio waves to communicate its
identity and other information.

● Near field communication (NFC): it enables short-range

communication between compatible devices. It uses close proximity
RFID chips. NFC is used in smartphones, payment cards and travel
cards.